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Fake news during the pandemic times: A systematic literature review using PRISMA

Tahir Mumtaz Awan, Mahroz Aziz, Aruba Sharif, Tehreem Raza Ch., Taha Jasam, Yusra Alvi

Open Information Science, volume 6 (2022), pp. 49-60

"The purpose of this systematic literature review is to review the major studies about misinformation and fake news during COVID-19 on social media. A total of 144 articles studies were retrieved from ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and 20 relevant articles were selected using th ... more

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Civic Participation in the Datafied Society: Towards Democratic Auditing?

Arne Hintz, Lina Dencik, Joanna Redden, Emiliano Treré, Jess Brand, Harry Warne

Data Justice Lab; Cardiff University (2022), 188 pp.

"Digital infrastructure increasingly enables the extraction, exploitation, processing and analysis of personal and behavioural data. Data analytics have not just become the core of the digital economy but also constitute a growing feature of the public sector. Wide areas of public administration are ... more

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Use of Community Engagement Interventions to Improve Child Immunisation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Monica Jain, Shannon Shisler, Charlotte Lane, Avantika Bagai, Elisabeth Brown

Campbell Systematic Reviews, volume 18, issue e1253 (2022), 118 pp.

"This systematic review examines the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community engagement interventions on outcomes related to childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and identifies contextual, design and implementation features that may be associated with effectiv ... more

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Academic Consultation Report and Recommendations: 10th Anniversary of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity

2022: UNESCO (2022), 70 pp.

"As press freedom continues a downward trend across the globe against a backdrop of rapidly changing landscape for the safety of journalists, the 10th anniversary of the UN Plan provided an opportunity to take stock of its key achievements during this first decade of implementation, as well as to id ... entify solutions to challenges that have arisen along the way. In this respect, UNESCO coordinated a multi-stakeholder consultative process involving regional and thematic consultations to collect partners’ experiences in promoting safety of journalists over the last decade as a basis for informing the course of action in the next 10 years and beyond. The consultative process included five regional and sub-regional consultations (for Africa, South Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Arab States and Europe), two thematic consultations (on the safety of women journalists, on risk management and transparency of digital platforms), and crosscutting academic consultations. This process brought together governments representatives, civil society organizations, academia, journalists, news organizations, IGOs and tech companies who shared experiences of the implementation of the Plan and provided and provided possible solutions to improve its coordination amidst a complex safety environment. From the eight consultations, UNESCO published a concise outcome document summarizing key processes and outcomes of each of the consultations. This document provided background reading and highlights of key issues and trends that informed discussions during the High-level conference on the Safety of Journalists which took place in Vienna on 3 -4 November. The conference was organized by the Austrian Federal Ministry of European and International Affairs in cooperation with UNESCO and the UN Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the UN Plan of Action and to reaffirm, recommit and reposition it for the next 10 years. Three other regional events were held to mark this anniversary. These are the Arab regional event that took place on 2-4 November in Tunis, Tunisia; the New York Group of Friends on Safety of Journalists event that took place in New York on 7 November 2022, and the Africa event that took place in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, on 11-12 November 2022. This report provides a detailed account of the three consultations held with academics on supporting and strengthening the future successful implementation of the UN Plan of Action." (Background, page 4-5) more

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Affordances of Digital Platforms in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analytical Review

Olawande Daramola, Ernest Etim

Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), issue 88: e12213 (2022), 21 pp.

"This paper presents an analytical review of the technological affordances of digital platforms in SSA. We adopted a systematic literature review methodology that entailed gathering evidence from relevant literature and digital platforms in three countries in SSA (South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya). ... more

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Digital Media for Behavior Change: Review of an Emerging Field of Study

William Douglas Evans, Lorien C. Abroms, David Broniatowski, Melissa A. Napolitano, Jeanie Arnold

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, volume 19, issue 9129 (2022), 14 pp.

"The purpose of the current paper is to provide an overview and describe methods in this emerging field, present use cases, describe a future agenda, and raise central questions to be addressed in future digital health research for behavior change. Digital media for behavior change employs three mai ... more

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Social media use and well-being: What we know and what we need to know

Patti M. Valkenburg

Science Direct, issue 45 : 101294 (2022), 8 pp.

"Research into the impact of social media use (SMU) on wellbeing (e.g., happiness) and ill-being (e.g., depression) has exploded over the past few years. From 2019 to August 2021, 27 reviews have been published: nine meta-analyses, nine systematic reviews, and nine narrative reviews, which together ... more

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Mapping the nexus between media reporting of violence against girls: The normalization of violence, and the perpetuation of harmful gender norms and stereotypes. Evidence review

Lorena Fuentes, Abha Shri Saxena, Jennifer Bitterly

UNICEF; UN Women (2022), 66 pp.

"It finds broad consensus across the literature that mainstream news media outlets tend to make use of harmful tropes and stereotypes when reporting on cases of gender-based violence, and that this contributes to the normalization of violence and perpetuation of discriminatory gender norms and stere ... otypes. The key modalities considered in the scholarly literature relate to the visual and textual features of news stories, and the sourcing practices used by journalists. Studies highlight a tendency for mainstream news reporting to mirror and reinforce the dynamics that contribute to gender-based violence in the first place, such as victim blaming, decentring the responsibility of perpetrators, and deploying stigmatizing or sensationalizing language that draws upon harmful gender norms and stereotypes about women’s and girls’ ‘appropriate roles’. Overall, the effect of these reporting modalities is to direct the public’s attention towards the behaviour and actions of victims and to suggest that the transgression is in the violation of a gender norm, rather than in the exercise of violence. Evidence from the scholarly literature also highlights that incidents of gender-based violence are largely reported as episodic events or independent incidents of crime, that such reports deploy language that blames the victim by suggesting that she violated established or expected gender norms and rules, and that the level of sensationalism or ‘shock value’ in the case determines its ‘newsworthiness’. Evidence also suggests that reporters still largely neglect to include inputs from gender-based violence, women’s rights or child protection experts. Subsequent sections dig deeper into the evidence of the nexus between news media reporting of violence against girls and the normalization of that violence. This involves analysing some of the more common tropes and stereotypes that circulate in relation to victims and perpetrators, and providing illustrative examples of how these shape interpretations of gender-based violence and its victims. These tropes and stereotypes are also shaped by vectors of intersectional discrimination across regional contexts, and evidence highlights that media reports play a crucial role in reinforcing hierarchies by differentiating between ‘types’ of victims (where some victims matter, or matter more than others). Significantly, from the age analysis perspective, evidence from media reports also indicates that there is often an ‘expiration date’ after which girl victims may not ‘count’ as children. Specifically, sexualization in news media coverage of cases of gender-based violence can function as a mechanism to portray adolescent girls as adult women, and thus to obscure not only the gender dimension but also age-based rights violations at play. Notably, while this review identifies a burgeoning literature analysing the dynamics of media reporting on gender-based violence against women and how these relate to the perpetuation of discriminatory gender norms and stereotypes, there is a concerning gap in similar scholarly literature analysing these dynamics in relation to girls. Specifically, while there is a rich body of literature that includes gender and intersectional analyses of media reporting of gender-based violence, research that centres the age-related lens and analysis alongside the gender lens is relatively thin or nascent. The final section spotlights the range of existing frameworks and guidelines for promoting more gender- and age-sensitive as well as victim-/survivor-centred reporting. It notes that, while there is a relatively clear path forward in terms of what needs to be done to drive positive change, a pressing gap remains in how to incentivize and ensure uptake and implementation of these frameworks and strategies for more responsible reporting of GBV within and across media organizations and among media practitioners. This section leverages insights from stakeholders, as well as the literature, to flag additional ‘enablers’ that may be key to unlocking the potential within these existing frameworks. These include dynamics that may have more or less impact at scale, including the values and commitments of individual journalists, networks of feminist journalists and gender editors, the presence of strong feminist and women’s movements that mobilize civil society in response to cases of violence and push for greater accountability from the state and media organizations, and advocacy and engagement with local news organizations and media practitioners by international organizations. Reflecting on the evidence, the review concludes by suggesting that achieving the kinds of changes needed to enable more gender- and age-sensitive reporting will require a combination of formal and informal mechanisms, strategies, and long-term efforts and investments. These need to acknowledge that, even though gender norms and stereotypes are ‘sticky’ and take time to change, the vast sphere of influence of news reporting, and of the media more broadly, means that it presents a tremendous opportunity and entry point for catalysing positive changes in how gender-based violence against girls is represented, and thus how we as a society interpret and respond to it." (Overview, pages 7-8) more

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Comprehending Media Systems for Media Development

Johanna Mack

Dortmund: Forum Medien und Entwicklung (fome); MEDAS21 (2022), 29 pp.

"Media development assistance and media systems research are intricately connected: by describing, assessing, and attempting to change them, media development actors produce knowledge about media systems and directly impact them. This research review explores the intersections of academic media syst ... more

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Research Note: Fighting Misinformation or Fighting for Information?

Alberto Acerbi, Sacha Altay, Hugo Mercier

Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 3, issue 1 (2022), pp. 1-15

"A wealth of interventions have been devised to reduce belief in fake news or the tendency to share such news. By contrast, interventions aimed at increasing trust in reliable news sources have received less attention. In this article, we show that, given the very limited prevalence of misinformatio ... more

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Infodemics and Health Misinformation: A Systematic Review of Reviews

Israel Júnior Borges do Nascimento, Ana Beatriz Pizarro, Jussara M. Almeida, Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat, Marcos André Gonçalves, Maria Björklunde, David Novillo-Ortiz

Bulletin of the World Health Organization, volume 100, issue 9 (2022), pp. 544-561

"Our search identified 31 systematic reviews, of which 17 were published. The proportion of health-related misinformation on social media ranged from 0.2% to 28.8%. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram are critical in disseminating the rapid and far-reaching information. The most negative conseq ... more

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Communicating for Social Change: A Model of Communicative Power

Lauren Kogen

International Communication Gazette, volume 84, issue 7-8 (2022), pp. 591-612

"There are two fundamental concerns about global communication for social change (CSC) research and practice that guide the present study. The first is whether CSC researchers are collecting evidence regarding whether interventions work, the second is whether the sub-field is building theory about h ... more

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Radikalisierung im Internet: Ein systematischer Überblick über Forschungsstand, Wirkungsebenen sowie Implikationen für Wissenschaft und Praxis
Deep Insights

Sophia Rothut, Heidi Schulze, Julian Hohner, Simon Greipl, Diana Rieger

Bonn: Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies (BICC); CoRE-NRW Netzwerk für Extremismusforschung in Nordrhein-Westfalen (2022), 48 pp.

"Das Internet unterstützt auf vielfältige Weise die Wirkung, Effizienz und Effektivität radikalen und extremistischen Gedankenguts, indem es Austausch, Koordination und Informationsbeschaffung erleichtert und beschleunigt. In Folge der langfristigen, strategischen Nutzung der Gelegenheitsstruktur ... en des Internets durch radikale/extremistische Akteure, haben diese umfangreiche, extremismenspezifische Online-Ökosysteme aufgebaut, die auf verschiedene Plattformen verteilt – je nach Angebotscharakter – alle notwendigen Funktionalitäten zur Verbreitung der eigenen Ideologie bieten: von Rekrutierung über Finanzierung bis zu Anschlagsplanung, und insbesondere auch zur Vernetzung und Mobilisierung. Beispielsweise dienen Foren, Chaträume und Instant Messenger primär dem Austausch mit Gleichgesinnten und zu Rekrutierungszwecken. Webseiten werden als teils themenspezifische Informationssammlungen und zur Bereitstellung von Propagandamaterialien genutzt und soziale Medien ermöglichen die großflächige Verbreitung ideologisch-motivierter Botschaften mit enormer Geschwindigkeit sowie die Vernetzung über regionale Bereiche hinweg. Eigene Nachrichtenwebseiten, sogenannte alternative Nachrichtenmedien, dienen der Verzerrung aktueller Ereignisse ganz im Sinne des ideologisch geprägten Weltbilds. Zum Teil hochgradig spezifische Angebote wie Dating-Websites oder extremistische Online-Games werden entwickelt, um Vernetzung und Gruppenkohäsion zu stärken [...] Die systematische Literaturanalyse hat gezeigt, dass sich das Forschungsfeld Online-Radikalisierung innerhalb der letzten Jahre kontinuierlich vergrößert hat und sich sowohl phänomenologisch als auch methodologisch ausdifferenzierte. Trotzdem besteht gegeben der – vor allem auch aktuell – hohen Relevanz des Themas erheblicher empirischer Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich des Umfangs, der Wirkung und der tatsächlichen Folgen von Radikalisierung im Internet. Zusätzlich zur Konzentration auf konkrete Angebote wie spezifische Websites ist von zentraler Bedeutung, sich mehr auf die Besonderheiten technischer Architekturen zu konzentrieren. Erst dadurch werden systematische, längerfristig gültige Aussagen ermöglicht und die Identifikation konkreter Problemfelder verbessert. Die Entwicklung und empirische Prüfung von Indikatoren für verschiedene Ausprägungen von Radikalisierungsdynamiken ermöglicht die Beobachtung und langfristiges Monitoring des Geschehens, um frühzeitig mit adäquaten, gezielten Gegenmaßnahmen reagieren zu können." (Fazit, Seite 36) more

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Nutzungserfahrungen Mit Konstruktivem Journalismus

Uli Gleich

Media Perspektiven, issue 12 (2022), pp. 582-588

"Konstruktiver Journalismus unterscheidet sich vom traditionellen Journalismus dadurch, dass Nachrichten nicht nur mit negativer und konfliktbasierter Konnotation präsentiert, sondern konstruktive Auswege aufgezeigt werden. Er zeichnet sich durch spezifische Elemente in der Berichterstattung aus: L ... more

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Mediennutzung in der Corona-Pandemie

Uli Gleich

Media Perspektiven, issue 2 (2022), pp. 81-88

"Während der Corona-Pandemie und der damit verbundenen Einschränkungen des öffentlichen Lebens hat sich der Medienkonsum in allen Bereichen signifikant erhöht. Um auf dem Laufenden und mit anderen in Kontakt zu bleiben, aber auch um sich zu unterhalten und abzulenken, nutzten (und nutzen) die Me ... nschen sowohl die traditionellen Angebote als auch die digitalen Medien- und Kommunikationstechnologien in stärkerem Ausmaß. Medienangebote haben während der Pandemie neben der Informations- auch psychosoziale Funktionen. Die stärker ausgeprägte Nutzung von Medien, die interpersonale Kommunikation und hohe soziale Präsenz ermöglichen (z.B. Video-Calls, Instant-Messenger), ist ein Indikator für das starke soziale Bedürfnis während der Pandemie, das durch den Gebrauch entsprechender Technologien befriedigt werden soll. Neben nützlichen Funktionen können dabei auch eher problematische Folgen der Mediennutzung beobachtet werden. Das Internet wirkt sich beispielsweise in der Krisenzeit positiv als Kommunikationsweg aus, um mit anderen in Kontakt zu bleiben und Informationen zu erhalten. Gleichzeitig berichten die Nutzer aber auch von Überforderung und Erschöpfung sowie negativen emotionalen Auswirkungen durch die Berichterstattung. Mit andauernder Krise zeigen sich zudem Anzeichen dafür, dass weniger Informationen gesucht werden und es bei vielen Menschen zur Informationsüberlastung hinsichtlich des Themas Corona-Pandemie gekommen ist. Wenn subjektiv eine kritische Masse an COVID-19-Informationen erreicht ist, können auch negative Effekte, wie zum Beispiel depressive Symptome, entstehen. Um die psychosozialen Belastungen abzufedern und das Wohlbefinden zu steigern, nutzen die Konsumenten spezifische inhaltliche Medienangebote. So dient zum Beispiel die Rezeption nostalgischer Medieninhalte neben der Unterhaltung auch der Bewältigung von Isolationsbefürchtungen. Als weitere hilfreiche Strategie, um das Bedürfnis nach Zugehörigkeit und sozialen Kontakten zu befriedigen, kann auch die Intensivierung parasozialer Beziehungen mit medialen Charakteren (Prominenten, Personas u.ä.) dienen. Spezifische Medienangebote können somit auch die Funktion haben, einen Ausgleich zur belastenden Situation in der Krise zu bieten." (https://www.ard-media.de/media-perspektiven) more

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Negacionismo climático e desinformação online: Uma revisão de escopo

Rose Marie Santini, Carlos Eduardo Barros

Liinc em Revista (Rio de Janeiro), volume 18, issue 1, e5948 (2022), 27 pp.

"Esforços de síntese de evidências vêm apontando para o avanço das formas organizadas de desinformação e negação do conhecimento científico sobre a mudança climática global. Em vários países do mundo, há um forte debate sobre a difusão dessas narrativas no ambiente online e seus impa ... more

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Evaluating Capacity Strengthening for Social and Behavior Change Communication: A Systematic Review

Grace N. Awantang, Anna Helland, Sanjanthi Velu, Tilly Gurman

Health Promotion International, volume 37, issue 1: daab068 (2022), 16 pp.

"The current systematic review identified seven overall findings with distinct programmatic and research implications for capacity strengthening (CS) in social and behavior change communication (SBCC). First, there is a scarcity of literature about specific evaluation of CS for SBCC. Although CS has ... become a ‘buzz word’ in international development (Hawe et al., 2000), published evaluations of CS activities that aim to build SBCC capacity in LMICs are rare. Only 19 publications met the study’s eligibility criteria, and only three focused solely on CS findings. This review’s findings complement previous literature which has noted that evaluation of CS efforts for SBCC is rare (Lettenmaier et al., 2014). Future evaluations should publish their findings more widely in order to share lessons learned with others interested in implementing CS activities in SBCC and generate further knowledge about what works and what does not work. Second, the review found that among publications that described evaluation findings of CS for SBCC, most did not emphasize the assessment of CS activities. The details of how CS activities were evaluated was often lost in description of large multi-arm interventions that were not focused on SBCC or CS [...] Third, the current systematic review found that evaluation assessments of CS for SBCC generally employ non-experimental designs. Of the reviewed publications, only one described an experimental design [...] Fourth, in terms of the SBCC Capacity Ecosystem, while evaluations commonly addressed organization-level capacity and individual-level competencies, they rarely addressed system-level capacity [...] Fifth, publications highlighted several challenges regarding assessing sustainability of CS activities. Although CS is key to ensuring sustainable gains in development, most publications did not explicitly assess sustainability [...] Sixth, authors identified the shortcomings in terms of quality, both in terms of the writing as well as providing sufficient detail and documentation to support claims. Problems of clarity in the writing, particularly in gray literature, made it difficult to understand what kind of CS activities were most effective at strengthening capacity for SBCC [...] Finally, publications did not consistently support all of their recommendations and conclusions with evaluation findings." (Discussion, page 13-14) more

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Le reportage de guerre 1854-2022

Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF) (2022), 21 pp.

"Le reportage de guerre est une pratique journalistique qui nous est à la fois familière et mal connue. Familière par la présence au quotidien de ce type de reportage dans les médias ; mal connue en ce qui concerne les conditions de fabrication de ces reportages, autour desquelles s’est déve ... more

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Communication in Neglected Tropical Diseases’ Elimination: A Scoping Review and Call for Action

Claudia Nieto-Sanchez, David M. Hatley, Mario J. Grijalva, Koen Peeters Grietens, Benjamin R. Bates

Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, volume 16, issue 10: e0009774 (2022), 22 pp.

"To understand how communication action is conceived and practiced, we conducted a scoping review with a focus on two diseases currently targeted for elimination: lymphatic filariasis (LF) and Chagas disease (CD). We examined 43 studies published between 2012 and 2020 to identify communication pract ... more

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COVID-19 Misinformation: Preparing for Future Crises. An Overview of the Early Behavioural Sciences Literature
Deep Insights

Hendrik Bruns, François J. Dessart, Myrto Pantazi

Luxembourg: European Union (2022), 82 pp.

"This report takes stock of the early behavioural sciences literature on COVID-19 misinformation. Specifically, it addresses the following three main questions: (1) Who was most likely to believe or share COVID-19 misinformation? (2) What were the consequences of being exposed to or believing COVID- ... more

Radikalisierung im Internet: Ein systematischer Überblick über Forschungsstand, Wirkungsebenen sowie Implikationen für Wissenschaft und Praxis Deep Insights

COVID-19 Misinformation: Preparing for Future Crises. An Overview of the Early Behavioural Sciences Literature Deep Insights

Radikalisierung im Internet: Ein systematischer Überblick über Forschungsstand, Wirkungsebenen sowie Implikationen für Wissenschaft und Praxis
Deep Insights

COVID-19 Misinformation: Preparing for Future Crises. An Overview of the Early Behavioural Sciences Literature
Deep Insights