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Media focus
7411
3780
1362
821
505
458
415
327
109
97
Publication Years
4674
5197
2879
812
450
282
323
140
21
1
1
Methods applied
530
368
338
276
255
132
107
29
22
22
20
17
12
7
6
4
2
1
1
1
1
Output Type
14780
Metastudie "Nachhaltigkeitseffekte der Digitalisierung": Eine Auswertung aktueller Studien zur (quantitativen) Bemessung der Umwelteffekte durch die Digitalisierung
Berlin: Technopolis; Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung (2024), ix, 96 pp.
"In dieser Studie werden auf Basis der Literaturanalyse eine Vielzahl an Anwendungsfällen mit besonders hohen Potenzialen für positive Umwelteffekte identifiziert. Insbesondere im Energiebereich gibt es eine Vielzahl von vergleichsweise gut erforschten Anwendungsfällen. Hierzu zählt beispielswei
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se der Einsatz von Smart Metering und preisdynamischen Tarifen. Auch Automatisierung und Monitoring im Gebäudebereich können den Energieverbrauch deutlich verringern. Durch Digitalisierung im Energiesektor kann außerdem das Abregeln erneuerbarer Energien vermieden werden. Im Bereich Verkehr können Technologien wie Internet of Things (IoT) und 5G z. B. die THG-Emissionen im Güterverkehr deutlich senken. Die positiven Umweltpotenziale der Digitalisierung sind jedoch nicht auf das Einsparen von CO2-Emissionen beschränkt. In der Landwirtschaft können z. B. durch den Einsatz von Precision Farming durch digital gestütztes Monitoring der Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Bewässerung reduziert werden. Trotz einer Vielzahl von Studien, die sich mit Umwelteffekten von Digitalisierung beschäftigen, ist der Wissensstand über das Ausmaß der Potenziale in vielen Bereichen jedoch immer noch lückenhaft. In den für diese Studie analysierten Veröffentlichungen wird eine Vielzahl von digitalen Technologien und Anwendungsfällen qualitativ bzw. anekdotisch als sehr relevant beschrieben, es fehlen jedoch in der Regel Quantifizierungen. Obwohl z. B. für den Bereich KI viele Veröffentlichungen identifiziert wurden, enthielten nur wenige quantifizierte Analysen, auch Bilanzierungen fehlten zum Teil. Diese Studien wurden daher nur begrenzt in die Metastudie miteinbezogen, deuten aber auf ein potenziell disruptives Potenzial von KI in manchen Anwendungsbereichen hin (z. B. im Bereich Klimaanpassung kann KI durch die Verbesserung von Prognosen die Reaktionsfähigkeit auf Umweltereignisse erhöhen). Mit der Digitalisierung gehen neben Umweltchancen auch negative Umwelteffekte einher. Zu den negativen Effekten der Digitalisierung gehören direkte Effekte, die durch den Energie- und Ressourcenverbrauch der Produktion und den Betrieb digitaler Infrastruktur entstehen. Ein weiteres prominentes Beispiel sind negative systemische Effekte wie Rebound-Effekte. Daher führt Digitalisierung nicht zwangsläufig zu einer Verringerung des Ressourcenverbrauchs. Positive Umwelteffekte der Digitalisierung gehen oft auf positive Enabling-Effekte wie Optimierungs- und Substitutionseffekte zurück, oder ergeben sich durch den Wandel zu nachhaltigen Verhaltens- und Konsummustern. Im Fokus der Literatur stehen meist positive Enabling-Effekte. Die vorhandenen Quantifizierungen konzentrieren sich meist auf die Potenziale digitaler Technologien (die positiven Enabling-Effekte). Nur in wenigen Studien werden vor- und nachgelagerte Umwelteffekte der Produktion der digitalen Technologien sowie weitere systemische Effekte wie Rebound-Effekte in die Umweltbewertung mit einbezogen. Eine übergeordnete Bewertung der Gesamtbilanz digitaler Technologien im Rahmen wissenschaftlicher Analysen wird somit erschwert. Bei vielen Studien handelt es sich zudem um Fallstudien, die Umwelteffekte unter sehr spezifischen Rahmenbedingungen ermitteln. Es ist daher häufig nicht klar, inwieweit sich diese Potenziale skalieren bzw. auf andere Kontexte übertragen lassen. Schließlich werden Umweltauswirkungen häufig auf CO2-Äq. verkürzt und auf eine breitere Betrachtung von Umwelteffekten im Sinne von Ressourcenverbrauch wird oft verzichtet." (Zusammenfassung, Seite 7-8)
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Final Evaluation
Washington, DC: Adaptation Fund, Technical Evaluation Reference Group (AF-TERG) (2024), 29 pp.
"This guidance note outlines what is Final Evaluation at the Adaptation Fund, when does it occur, who is involved, and how to plan and implement them in accordance with the Fund’s Evaluation Policy. The accompanying annexes provide a general checklist for planning (Annex 1), common analytical appr
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oaches (Annex 2), evaluation inception report (Annex 3) and the evaluation criteria rating scales (Annex 4)." (Page 2)
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Change Inside and Out: An Evaluator’s Guide to Outcome Harvesting + Attitude Change
Ripple Peace Research & Consulting, revised ed. (2024), 63 pp.
"This Guide updates the learning on Outcome Harvesting + Attitude Change (OH+AC), an adapted version of Outcome Harvesting that adds the consideration of attitudes while upholding Outcome Harvesting’s primary concepts and core principles. Whereas Outcome Harvesting centers behavior change among so
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cial change actors, attitudes can be a valuable addition to Outcome Harvesting wherever inner transformation is essential for achieving the outward behavior change that drives social change program results, or wherever attitudes are particularly central to the worldview of program stakeholders. There has been significant experience and feedback since the trial version OH+AC toolkit, originally published by Tearfund, was launched in 2020. It is time to share what we have learned. One key learning is that most colleagues find it easier to learn OH+AC if they already have a solid grasp of Outcome Harvesting. So, unlike the trial version toolkit, this update is designed for evaluation facilitators with some Outcome Harvesting experience. We assume some evaluation basics, and we keep the reminders of Outcome Harvesting basics to a minimum. However, we do not assume that you are an Outcome Harvesting expert or that English is your first language. We aim to explain the addition of attitude considerations to Outcome Harvesting in a way that is complete and clear." (Introduction, page 7)
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AI and the Holocaust: Rewriting history? The impact of artificial intelligence on understanding the Holocaust
Paris: UNESCO (2024), 26 pp.
"The threats associated with AI on safeguarding the record of the Holocaust are manifold, including the potential for manipulation by malicious actors, the introduction of falsehoods or dissemination of biased information, and the gradual erosion of public trust in authentic records. This paper prov
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ides a warning of what is at stake for the preservation of historical truth in a digital era increasingly mediated by AI. This report highlights five major concerns: 1. AI automated content may invent facts about the Holocaust. [...] 2. Falsifying historical evidence: Deepfake Technology. [...] 3. AI models can be manipulated to spread hate speech. [...] 4. Algorithmic bias can spread Holocaust denial. [...] 5. Oversimplifying history. [...]" (Executive summary)
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"This paper presents an exploratory study aimed at systematically mapping the public actions taken by OSCE participating States to combat online violence against female journalists. Adopting a qualitative large N research design, the study examines national policies and initiatives across all 57 OSC
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E participating States. Through extensive desk research of official government documents and gray literature qualitative data is collected. The analysis thereof is guided by three research aims: (a) identifying actions implemented by participating states, (b) examining the roles of public sphere actors, and (c) assessing the approaches adopted to combat online violence. The paper discusses best practices identified in eleven OSCE participating States, shedding light on strategies for addressing online violence against female journalists. However, the findings highlight significant disparities in policy implementation and acknowledgment of the issue, with only a minority of states demonstrating proactive measures on the safety of journalists (11 states; 19.3%). Of these 11 States, only 7 participating States (12.28%) were found to have a gendered approach. 47 (80.7%) participating States lack information and/or targeted action on violence against journalists. Challenges including the legal gray area surrounding online violence, limited response from tech platforms, and the complexities of transnational collaboration are discussed. Finally, based on these insights, policy recommendations are proposed to enhance to address the multifaceted challenges more effectively. These include working towards multinational definitions and approaches on online gender-based violence against journalists, and developing international multi stakeholder cooperation and peer education." (Abstract)
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Mapping ODA to media and information environment integrity
Deep Insights
Paris: OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (2024), 105 pp.
"Interviews with 25 officials from development ministries and agencies and media experts, and a review of over 100 documents, confirmed that development partners are aware of the pressures faced by traditional and new media, and how the information environment can influence their wider democracy and
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sustainable development objectives. Despite this, the sector only receives a very small share of total ODA. While ODA for media and the information environment has increased since 2002, reaching USD 1.5 billion in 2022, this only represented 0.5% of total ODA in that year. When support to media and communications infrastructure is excluded, ODA for media has actually remained stagnant, at around USD 500 million a year since 2008 (representing 0.19% of total ODA in 2022). Only up to 8% of ODA for media and the information environment (representing 0.05% of total ODA over 2016-2022) is directly channelled to media organisations in partner countries, such as journalists, media outlets and civil society organisations. In contrast, 42% is directly delivered to recipient governments, especially for infrastructure programmes funded by the World Bank. A quarter (26%) of ODA for media and the information environment goes to organisations based in donor countries, and this figure excludes funding for international public broadcasters (such as Deutsche Welle and the BBC World Service). ODA can achieve important results. The case studies demonstrate that in worsening political contexts or under war conditions, international co-operation can help media sectors survive and keep citizens as well informed as possible, such as in Myanmar and Tanzania. Long-term and large investments can have a system-wide effect, such as supporting the transformation of Ukraine’s media sector. Thematic programmes can be effective, such as for shining a light on corruption and holding perpetrators to account through investigative journalism networks, as in the Western Balkans. Well-designed capacity development for journalists, media outlets and the wider media enabling environment can ensure larger audiences are reached with better quality and more engaging information." (Key findings, page 8)
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User empowerment through Media and Information Literacy responses to the evolution of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI)
Paris: UNESCO (2024), 16 pp.
"The goal of this policy brief is to demonstrate how stakeholders can apply the lens of Media and Information Literacy for all to Artificial Intelligence/Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI/GAI) to address its risks and opportunities in the information and digital ecologies. A special focus is on
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the empowerment of youth and highlighting issues of gender and cultural diversity. It also aims to provide recommendations based on Media and Information Literacy (MIL) principles and competences that can lead to concrete policy actions. This policy brief is also useful for civil society organizations and a variety of stakeholders, including media, digital platforms, and governments." (Introduction)
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Journalism in the #Meetoo Era
Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2024), 39 pp.
"This dis- and misinformation fact-checking toolkit was developed by Africa Check for young journalism students and members of NGOs and CSOs with a focus on youth-led organisations. It aims to equip members of the youth with the knowledge and practical tips to stop the spread of false information. T
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his toolkit [...] provides an easily understandable overview of fact-checking with a focus on health information." (About this toolkit)
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Digital Ethics: A Teaching Handbook
Geneva: Globethics Publications (2024), 119 pp.
"This 'Digital Ethics' handbook emphasises ethics in the digital era, targeting educators in higher education. It comprises three main chapters: “Digital Ethics” covers technology-society dynamics, a range of ethical approaches and tools, and contemporary issues such as data ethics, AI ethics, a
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nd corporate digital responsibility ; “Teaching Digital Ethics” focuses on a range of teaching methods to foster ethical literacy, encouraging reflection on personal and societal values ; “Ethical Decision Making” explores professional ethics, offering a structured decision-making template and comparing human and AI decision-making. In conclusion, the text recognises the dynamic nature of digital ethics." (Publisher description)
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Mapping and analysis of ODA to media and the information environment
Deep Insights
Paris: OECD; OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (2024), 101 pp.
"Laure-Hélène Piron (The Policy Practice Director) undertook an analysis of official development assistance to media and the information environment for the Governance Network of the OECD Development Assistance Committee which was published in June 2024. The report shows that the rhetoric of gover
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nments which support freedom of expression and condemn disinformation is not matched by sufficient resources. ODA for media and the information environment has increased since 2002, reaching USD 1.5 billion in 2022, but this only represented 0.5% of total ODA in that year. When infrastructure support is excluded, ODA for media fluctuated around USD 500 million a year since 2008 (representing 0.19% of total ODA in 2022). This is despite the growth of threats facing media, such as the rise of censorship and the dominance of technology platforms.
And not enough aid directly reaches local organisations. Only up to 8% of ODA for media and the information environment (representing only 0.05% of total ODA) is directly channelled to media organisations in partner countries, such as journalists, media outlets or civil society organisations working with media or on access to information. To improve the quality and quantity of ODA for media and the information environment, the report recommends: increasing direct assistance for local public interest media; adopting a broader “information environment” lens; improving coordination between (i) digital transformation and ICT infrastructure and (ii) media and information policies and programmes; improving co-ordination and coherence between development partners (including global initiatives); strengthening the evidence base." (https://thepolicypractice.com)
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"●The Armenian media market is defined by diversity, polarization and the struggle between financial stability and editorial independence.
● Greater understanding of Armenian media audiences and where they can be reached will strengthen independent media’s ability to achieve impact. The tran
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sition to digital media has further fragmented the audience, primarily cleaving it into a younger, digital-focused audience and an older audience still largely dependent on TV. Facebook is far and away the dominant platform for media and news engagement. YouTube, Instagram and particularly Telegram are growing in popularity as key platforms. Print media consumption has declined significantly, while the extensive network of regional media and the fragmented diaspora media ecosystem struggle to capitalize on their theoretical audience potential.
● Identifying effective financial sustainability models must be prioritized if outlets are to operate more strategically and maintain their editorial independence. Independent media outlets struggle to establish longer-term viability as they are at the mercy of project-based donor funding, a volatile and fickle advertising market and politically aligned private backers. Consequently, the most accessible outes to financial sustainability often clash with the core goals and ethos of independent media as they require sacrificing a degree of editorial independence. This can take the form of either compliance with a political bias or the thematic priorities of international donors, which may or may not align with the thematic priorities of Armenian audiences. The general absence of core institutional support from these donors leaves these outlets vulnerable, as their financial stability is often tied to the success of individual initiatives rather than long-term structural backing. According to those interviewed, advertisers are increasingly looking to work directly with media platforms and individuals, entertainment-focused influencers, while tightened regulation around gambling advertisement has negatively impacted the revenue of a broad spectrum of media outlets (these companies were frequent advertisers on news sites). Additionally, Armenian media consumers are largely unwilling to spend money on media content without clear added value, and even with added value the ceiling for contributions appears to be low.
● Developing an understanding of how to build trust with audiences, avoid or be resilient to politicization, and facilitating positive attitudes toward media freedom will be essential for the health of both individual outlets and the media ecosystem. Polarization, declining levels of trust, and increasing doubts over press freedom are concerning trends across the entirety of the Armenian information ecosystem. Foreign and domestic disinformation compound an existing crisis of trust in the media among Armenian audiences, who perceive a near-total lack of objective information and reporting. Reliance on person-to-person networks for information sharing exacerbates echo chambers within Armenian society and prioritizes personal trust in a way that poses a challenge for independent media. The Armenian media ecosystem reflects the intense political polarization that exists in society at large, while independent outlets also regularly fall victim to often undue public criticism by aggrieved political actors. As a result, audience perceptions of media freedom in Armenia appear to be becoming more negative than the relatively positive picture presented by international indices." (Executive summary, pages 3-4)
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