"La primera parte, justo después de esta introducción, aborda las necesidades más habituales de los medios de comunicación a la hora de hacer los análisis de redes. Muchas veces resulta difícil saber por dónde empezar a analizar la actividad en las redes sociales. La primera parte del manual
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te ayudará a encontrar rápidamente las respuestas que necesitas sin tener que buscar por todo el documento. En la segunda parte, nos fijaremos en algunos de los aspectos básicos del análisis de redes. Veremos lo que significan las diferentes métricas de las redes sociales y cuáles son las más importantes. La tercera parte explica brevemente los recursos que necesitamos para analizar eficazmente nuestra comunicación por internet. La cuarta parte es la más importante de este manual. En esta sección, nos centramos en Facebook, Twitter, YouTube y WhatsApp, y te explicamos cómo utilizar herramientas de análisis gratuitas para obtener mayor información sobre tu comunicación y tu audiencia. En esta guía no abordamos Instagram porque cuando la elaboramos había muy pocos socios de la DW Akademie en África activos en la plataforma. La quinta parte es una introducción a cómo elaborar informes y cuál es la mejor manera de presentar los análisis a jefes o publicistas. La sexta parte sirve de orientación para facilitadores que quieran utilizar este manual en talleres o cursos. Y, por último, la séptima parte contiene un glosario exhaustivo que explica los términos técnicos más importantes en el campo del análisis de redes sociales." (Introducción, página 4)
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"Young Ugandans are reluctant to voice their concerns and take part in public discussions according to indicative findings from the MIL INDEX country study presented here. The eight focus groups conducted for the study in Kampala and Bugembe early in 2019 revealed that youths are using both traditio
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nal and social media extensively, but discussions of political and public issues take place mainly in closed circles on platforms like WhatsApp. “It is a suffocated environment,” says media expert Gerald Businge.
This MIL INDEX study is aimed at obtaining a concise picture of media- and information-related skills amongst youths under the age of 35 in Uganda. It addresses five dimensions of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) based on DW Akademie’s MIL model: access, analysis, reflection, creation, and action.
The focus group participants see themselves living in the “the dot-com era” though access to the Internet and even television is far from universal in Uganda. The smartphone is the most popular device and it serves as a benchmark when judging more traditional media (radio, television, and newspapers). Social media are used alongside traditional media, but there is a feeling that traditional media, especially radio, are losing touch with the Ugandan youth of today. There is a general neglect of printed media, based on an aversion to long reads and often also difficulties in understanding them. Some participants feel they are addicted to social media and online messengers.
When it comes to analytical skills, the Ugandan youths in the focus groups are not very critical of the media environment they live in despite the overwhelming evidence that state control, intimidation, and media concentration are problems in Uganda. But they do pick up on news bias and sensationalism. They are also aware of the fact that online sources and social media information should not be trusted blindly. Participants can differentiate between quality and tabloid-type media, but an alarming proportion does not know their constitutional right to freedom of expression.
The level of reflection on the part of focus group participants is medium to low. They can render many cases of cyberbullying/hate speech, disinformation and cybercrime, though they are not always aware of the difference. Especially the examples of cyber-harassment that are recounted in the focus groups reveal that female youths are primarily targeted. At the same time there seems to be little in the way of counselling for victims and there was not enough reflection of the background to such malevolent forms of communication. Strategies in coping with them are not very elaborate, though some groups did mention methods of verification in the context of disinformation several times. There is considerable potential for support when it comes to dealing with cyberbullying, cyber-harassment, hate speech and cybercrime." (Executive summary)
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"Young Ivorians are adept at using digital media. They are creative when it comes to using digital media and many have developed strategies to cope with media malpractices such as cyberbullying or hate speech. These are two significant, indicative findings from the present MIL INDEX country study. B
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oth seem very impressive considering the challenges of high illiteracy rates and the strongly politicized national media landscape in Côte d’Ivoire. The results of the study are drawn from eight focus groups conducted in the beginning of 2019 in Abidjan and Bouaké and interviews with eight local experts. They confirm that young people are very good at using and creating content on social media but urgently need better critical, analytical, and reflective skills.
This MIL INDEX study is aimed at obtaining a concise picture of media- and information-related skills amongst youths under the age of 35 in Côte d’Ivoire. It addresses five dimensions of Media and Information Literacy (MIL) according to DW Akademie’s MIL model: access, analysis, reflection, creation, and action.
In terms of access the focus groups conducted for this study reveal that young urban and semi-urban Ivorians use a variety of different media for purposes such as consuming information, communication, entertainment, education, or business information. Digital media, particularly social media platforms and instant messengers, are the most used and most popular among this age group and are generally preferred over traditional media. Nonetheless, radio and television are still valued for their auditory and visual input which are significant characteristics considering the high illiteracy rates of about 40,4 % present in Côte d’Ivoire (UIS, 2018). A divide between more urban and more rural regions is visible in the case of radio programs, which are more popular in more rural settings. The focus groups suggest this is due to the fact that local radio stations are often the only media which provide news relevant to more remote areas. Most other media show a tendency to focus only on news from the capital. Printed media are widely regarded as too costly and outdated by Ivorian youths.
The results of the analysis dimension indicate that most focus group participants possess a good digital and media knowledge while at the same time many lack awareness of their rights to freedom of expression and access to information. Striking was that youths generally consider content provided by traditional media to be more trustworthy, but mainly consume social media content. This and often very loose definitions of what media quality means showed that there is still room for improvement when it comes to the young people’s analytical skills. Overall, urbanites seem to question the trustworthiness of media content slightly more than youths from more rural regions.
Results from the reflection dimension confirm that Ivorian youths are constantly exposed to malevolent forms of communication and media malpractices such as cyberbullying, hate speech, sexual harassment, and disinformation. Most young people show strong abilities when it comes to recognizing media problems and using prevention or coping strategies to handle them. Exceptions are politically motivated disinformation and biased reporting which are taken as normal in the Ivorian context. Due to this tendency towards normalization only very few young people reflect critically upon this media malpractice. Reflection on a deeper level such as on the impact of media messages or motivations of news outlets is often missing among young people." (Executive summary)
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"Reliable, high quality information is a key priority for the young generation in Burkina Faso. Perhaps as a consequence of political insecurities and the prevalence of violent extremism, a majority of young people between 15 and 25 years seems very aware of the negative consequences of malevolent f
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orms of communication such as cyberbullying, disinformation and hate speech. At the same time, many young people lack vital Media and Information Literacy skills in the fields of access, creation and analysis of media content. This is according to results from a 2019 representative survey conducted for the MIL INDEX study on behalf of DW Akademie. Cyrille Guel from media NGO EducommunicAfrik echoes these findings, saying in an interview for the study that a basic knowledge of “how media work and how information is disseminated” is lacking. Denis Vincenti of development agency Fondation Hirondelle argues that this lack of skills emanates from the fact that young people are not given a chance to voice their concerns in the country, despite below 25-year-olds accounting for roughly 65 % of the population. The country report presented here is based on the findings of the MIL INDEX study, for which a representative survey, eight focus groups and six expert interviews were conducted in Burkina Faso between November 2018 and April 2019. The Study focused on five Media and Information Literacy (MIL) skill sets: Access, analysis, reflection, creation and action. For each of these dimensions, survey respondents received a score ranging between 0 (= no skills whatsoever) and 20 (= highest level of skills) points, adding up to a total maximum score of 100. The average 15-25-year-old Burkinabè respondent had moderate to good skills when it came to access (10.5), analysis (10.8), as well as reflection (11.5). Deficits were found mainly in the areas of action (8.2) and creation (5.6). The total score amounted to 46.6 out of a possible 100." (Executive summary)
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"Ghana’s youth is embracing digital. According to the representative survey conducted for DW Akademie’s MIL INDEX study, three quarters of 15-25-year-olds own a smartphone. Over 70 % report going online with a mobile phone as well as using Facebook and WhatsApp on a weekly basis. Use of several
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different social networks and messengers is widespread and frequent. More data intensive networks like Snapchat (34.7%), YouTube (29%) and Instagram (26%) are used by a fairly large proportion of survey respondents every week. “We virtually live our lives on the Internet,” as one girl put it during a focus group conducted in Accra. “[I]f it’s about politics, if it’s about entertainment, if it’s about education, you can find enough information on the Internet using your smartphone.
The country report presented here is based on the findings of the MIL INDEX study, for which a representative survey, eight focus groups and seven expert interviews were conducted in Ghana between November 2018 and April 2019. The study focused on five Media and Information Literacy (MIL) skill sets: access, analysis, reflection, creation, and action. For each of these dimensions, survey respondents received a score ranging between 0 (= no skills whatsoever) and 20 (= highest level of skills) points, adding up to a maximum of 100 points. The scoring system measures how often certain skills are actually put into practice (access, creation, action) or tests the skills directly (analysis, reflection). Since citizens cannot permanently use media and information sources, unless they are journalists or media workers, a perfect score of 100 for any country appears unrealistic—it is more about the relative performance across time and in comparison to other countries, as well as being a tool for identifying deficits to be addressed in media development.
The 15-25-year-old Ghanaians on average displayed good skills in terms of action (13.9) and analysis (13.1), and intermediate skills when it came to creation (11.4). Deficits were mainly found in terms of reflection (10.2) and access (10.8). The total score amounted to 59.5 out of a possible 100." (Executive summary)
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"The Coordinadora de Medios Comunitarios, Populares y Educativos de Ecuador (CORAPE) is the biggest network of community media in Ecuador, and since 2016 has been the main partner of DW Akademie in that South American country. Between 2016 and 2019 the two organizations implemented a project finance
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d by the German Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), with the aim to strengthen the work of community media in Ecuador in the provision of access to information to vulnerable populations, especially in indigenous languages. One central line of this project was the financial sustainability or viability of community media, which has historically been one of the greatest problems for this sector. The economic viability of community media worsened during the course of the project because of economic and political changes in the country: the fall in oil prices and state restructuring made necessary by the fiscal crisis caused a drastic reduction in advertising income for community media. The project was designed with the participation of CORAPE members, leading to the definition of four focus areas of media viability (advertising; projects and entrepreneurship; partnerships and alliances; production and programming) and the agreement on a series of methodological tools. A selection of eight community media outlets, which varied in their nature, organization, and sources of financing, participated in a process of self-analysis, external consultation, and peer exchanges with the goal of finding solutions to the viability of community media. In this way, they succeeded in defining a series of processes and created specialized tools that could be applied within the network, as well as to other community media in the world. This publication is divided into three chapters. The first presents background information, justification for the project, and the methodology used. The second shows the training procedures and best practices of four of the participating community media outlets. The final chapter reflects the learning outcomes of the project by recommending eight steps and tools to help community media achieve viability." (Page 7)
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"In the first section, a set of tools for content production, recording and transmission is introduced. Beyond simply providing a list of software already used by radios—such as audio editing and broadcast automation software—this manual’s aim is to develop a comprehensive proposal for decentr
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alized and collaborative forms of working. Nearly all of the software presented here is free software, because only free software guarantees radios’ autonomy, privacy and security, and allows them to freely adapt it to the needs of specific contexts. Moreover, while (financially) supporting developers is recommended, most of the software programs presented here are available for free. In the manual’s second part, we then go on to discuss ten strategies that radios can use in their communication practices to guarantee freedom of opinion and access to information and that should allow them to establish a relevant position in the post-pandemic media panorama. These strategies were identified and systematized based on experiences that have already been creatively making inroads into radio communication, allowing us to tackle numerous challenges related to the dissemination of information. The lessons learned are invaluable and we aim to build upon them." (Introduction)
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"La primera parte presenta una serie de herramientas disponibles para producir, grabar y transmitir. No se trata de un compilado de software ya conocido por las radios –como editores de audio o automatizadores– sino de una propuesta integral de trabajo colaborativo descentralizado. Son, práctic
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amente en su totalidad, tecnologías libres ya que son las únicas que pueden garantizar la autonomía de las radios, su privacidad y seguridad, y la capacidad de adaptarlas a las necesidades de cada contexto. Además, muchas de ellas son gratuitas, aunque es recomendable apoyar a las personas que las desarrollan. La segunda parte plantea diez estrategias que las radios pueden incorporar a su práctica comunicativa para garantizar la libertad de opinión y el acceso a la información, y que les permitirán posicionarse en un lugar de relevancia en el panorama informativo pospandemia. Estas estrategias fueron identificadas y sistematizadas a partir de experiencias que ya están incursionando en maneras creativas de abordar diversos desafíos informativos y cuyos aprendizajes hemos puesto en valor." (Presentación)
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"La Coordinadora de Medios Comunitarios, Populares y Educativos de Ecuador (CORAPE) es la red de medios comunitarios más grande de Ecuador y desde 2016 ha sido socio principal de DW Akademie en el país sudamericano. Entre 2016 y 2019 ambas organizaciones ejecutaron un proyecto financiado por el Mi
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nisterio de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo alemán (BMZ) cuyo objetivo era el de fortalecer los medios comunitarios de Ecuador en su labor de brindar acceso a información a poblaciones vulnerables, especialmente en lenguas indígenas. Una línea central de este proyecto fue la sostenibilidad financiera de medios comunitarios, que históricamente ha sido uno de los grandes problemas que ha enfrentado este sector. La viabilidad económica de los medios comunitarios se vio agravada durante el proyecto debido a cambios económicos y políticos en el país: la caída del precio del petróleo y la reestructuración del estado por la crisis fiscal, llevaron a una drástica reducción de los ingresos por publicidad en los medios comunitarios. El proyecto se construyó de manera participativa con miembros de la red de CORAPE. Para ello se definieron cuatro enfoques de sostenibilidad financiera (publicidad; proyectos productivos y emprendimientos; alianzas y articulaciones; producción de programas) y se acordaron una serie de herramientas metodológicas. Una selección de ocho medios comunitarios, diversos en su carácter, constitución y en sus fuentes de financiamiento, participaron en un proceso de autoanálisis, asesorías externas e intercambios entre pares con el objetivo de buscar soluciones de sostenibilidad. De esta manera se lograron definir una serie de procesos y crear herramientas especializadas que pueden ser aplicadas en otros medios de la red, así como otros medios comunitarios en el mundo. Esta publicación se divide en tres capítulos. El primero de ellos presenta los antecedentes, justificación de este proyecto, y la metodología aplicada. El segundo capítulo muestra los aprendizajes y buenas prácticas de cuatro de los medios comunitarios que participaron de este proceso. Finalmente, el último de los capítulos recomienda ocho pasos y herramientas a seguir, que son el aprendizaje de este proyecto, para que los medios comunitarios puedan alcanzar la sostenibilidad." (Página 7)
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"The young generation in Kenya rejects disinformative and hateful communication. When asked for their opinion on these matters in a representative survey, a majority of 15-25-year-olds evaluated them as “not to be trusted” and “not funny”. This is one of the most important results of DW Akad
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emie’s MIL INDEX study in Kenya. The finding is all the more relevant considering the fact that in the East African country, “propaganda and fake news is a big problem—it is everywhere, in the social media especially,” as Wallace Gichunge of the Kenyan Center for Media and Information Literacy pointed out in an interview conducted for the Study.
The country report presented here is based on the findings of the MIL INDEX study, for which a representative survey, eight focus groups, and eight expert interviews were conducted in Kenya between November 2018 and April 2019. The study focused on five Media and Information Literacy (MIL) skill sets: access, analysis, reflection, creation, and action. For each of these dimensions, survey respondents received a score ranging between 0 (= no skills whatsoever) and 20 (= highest level of skills) points. The scoring system measures how often certain skills are actually put into practice (access, creation, action) or tests the skills directly (analysis, reflection). Since citizens cannot permanently use media and information sources unless they are journalists or media workers, a perfect score of 100 for any country appears unrealistic—it is more about the relative performance across time and in comparison to other countries, as well as being a tool for identifying deficits to be addressed in media development.
The 15-25-year-old Kenyans displayed good skills when it came to analysis (13.1) and action (12.9) and moderate to good skills in terms of reflection (11.4) as well as access (11.9). Deficits were found mainly in the creation dimension (9.9). The total score amounted to 59,2 out of a possible 100." (Executive summary)
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"This paper presents a new set of indicators to assess the viability of news media at a time when the discussion about the survival of quality media is omnipresent, while systematic, fact-based strategies to tackle the problem are omni-absent. As digital transformation is sweeping through the media
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industry, marking the death knell of traditional business models, new answers are needed. Based on its Media Viability Model, DW Akademie has developed a framework that allows media managers, media development experts, and academics to assess individual media outlets or entire information ecosystems in a practical, solution-oriented, and tailor-made way. The Media Viability Indicators (MVIs) look at five societal dimensions that influence the functioning and quality of news media: economics, politics, content and expertise, technology, and the community they are serving. They allow for gathering data and evidence sorely needed for more effective and substantiated strategies. The MVIs also aim to develop a common language about what media viability actually means and enhance the discussion on what needs to be taken into account when talking about the future of news media." (Page 1)
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"[This study] aims at giving an overview of media platforms / citizen media platforms in Lebanon producing quality public interest journalism in print, radio, television, or digital formats. It encompasses profiling information about various existing alternative media platforms and provides informat
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ion on user interaction, including information on which media/ citizen media people are using and why, how are people using the media platforms, and what people’s information needs are. Concurrently, the study works to identify alternative media platform pressing needs and challenges faced." (Scope and puprose, page 5)
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"Spotlight report on the state of public access to information in Canada, Indonesia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Serbia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Ukraine prepared for the 2019 cycle of the Voluntary National Reviews and the 2019 UN High Level Political Forum." (Subtitle)
"DW Akademie’s project in Colombia supports initiatives that promote the inclusion of diverse experiences in the country’s historical memory, focusing in particular on the local effects of the peace process. In general, these initiatives are aimed at giving Colombians, mainly victims and people
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in post-conflict areas, access to human rights-related information. To this end, the project works with different implementing partners and approaches: Consejo de Redacción (CdR) to develop training and journalistic consultancy services in regions affected by armed conflict; the community radio station Vokaribe to strengthen the community media sector on the Atlantic coast; the University of Antioquia (UdeA) in Medellín, to support the establishment of an academic centre for journalism and historical memory, as well as the training of local media and victims of conflict to report on sensitive human rights issues; the Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC) based in the department of Cauca to promote the creation of a media centre aimed at increasing media diversity and, in particular, the participation of indigenous minorities in public discourse; and FLIP, the Foundation for Press Freedom in Bogotá. The project was evaluated along the five OECD/DAC evaluation criteria (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability). For each criterion, the DW Akademie scoring system was applied. In addition, according to DW Akademie policy, three digital questions were included. Gender was assessed as a cross-cutting topic." (Background)
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"This publication has featured a great variety of investigative media, each of them with their unique history, spirit and organizational culture. And yet they have a lot in common: constantly being on their feet, exploring and trying out new ways to ensure their media stays viable; adhering to quali
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ty and ethical journalism, thereby building relationships of trust with their audiences; knowing who their audience is and building loyal communities; and integrating new digital technology and processes into their work where possible. This has led to another fundamental viability ingredient: a very strong brand that has made investigative journalism an integral part of their DNA. Analyze markets strategically: The The investigative media in this publication look at what their markets can offer, where the limitations are and how to deal with the biggest threats to their business-in terms of finances, legal threats and qualified staff. Integrate people dedicated to business: Rappler (Philippines), Atlatszo.hu (Hungary) and Tempo (Indonesia) are examples of media that all have staff who spend a large amount of their time, if not all of it, on ensuring their outlet stays financially afloat. Seek collaborations: Tempo has carried out joint investigations with other media in neighboring countries, Rappler has teamed up with a fact-checking agency, Agência Pública (Brazil) cooperates regularly with NGOs or international media and has a dedicated media relations officer. Cooperate with dedicated donors or sponsors that meet their standards: FrontPageAfrica (Liberia) managed to attract the biggest telecom operator in Liberia as an advertiser thanks to their quality reporting, Plaza Pública (Guatemala) is hosted by a university, Premium Times (Nigeria) has created a not-for-profit newsroom to attract funds from international donors. Invest in capacity building: Tempo, Rappler and Mada Masr (Egypt) are training their own staff in investigative reporting and journalism standards. Interact with their audience and experiment with new distribution channels: KRIK (Serbia) is using drawings instead of photos on their website, Mada Masr mixes their investigations with recipes, lifestyle pieces and sharp-tongued comics, and Agência Pública set up an interactive website to highlight the plight of those families that lost their home during the construction of the Olympic stadium in Rio de Janeiro. Make tech an integral part of their work: Whether this is about research techniques or distribution methods. Rappler has been investigating online trolling, Mada Masr continues to distribute their reports via Facebook and VPN despite being blocked by the authorities. Interact with their audience and build a community that helps to investigate by providing information, protests when the media gets threatened, pays for its products or contributes financially through crowdfunding, such as is the case at Atlatszo.hu." (Synopsis, page 68)
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"Our findings show that there is a viable future for investigative journalism (IJ) at all levels, local to international, if systematic, predictable, stable funding for networks, centers, journalists, technologies and collaborations can be found. Funders acknowledge that most manifestations of IJ ar
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ound the world will be non-profit, with remarkable, honorable exceptions. That said, all interviewees agree that IJ needs support for an infusion of skills in organizational management and development as a springboard for its future progress, especially if donors want to encourage IJ groups to develop greater revenue diversification as a route to viability." (Executive summary, page 6)
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"Part 1 approaches social media analytics from the point of view of media outlets’ most frequent needs. When you set out to analyze your social media activities, it can be hard to know where to start. The first part of the guide helps you to quickly find the answers you need, without having to go
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through the whole document. In part 2, we will look at some of the basics of social media analysis. We’ll explore what different social media metrics mean and which are the most important. Part 3 looks briefly at the resources you should have in place to effectively analyze your online communication. Part 4 is the main part of the guide. In this section, we are looking at Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and WhatsApp and will show you how to use free analytics tools to find out more about your communication and your audience [...] Part 5 introduces you to reporting, i.e. how you can best present your analyses to managers or advertisers. Part 6 provides guidance for trainers who want to use this guide in workshops or training. Last but not least, part 7 contains a comprehensive glossary that explains the most important technical terms related to social media analysis." (Introduction, page 6)
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