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Female Journalists in Syria ... Reality and Challenges

Syrian Journalists Association (2017), 22 pp.

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Citizen, Mainstream and Peace Journalism Relationship in Covering Syria Events: A Content Analysis of Aljazeera

Nasser Khasib, Metin Ersoy

Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, volume 51, issue 6 (2017), pp. 2647-2664

"With the intercession of the new media, individuals were able to write news and publish videos through their participations on Social Networking Sites such as Facebook, Twitter and blogs. This article is centered on citizen journalism which comes from the participation of citizens in making news. T ... more

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Last Station Before Hell: United Nations Peacekeepers

Pierre-Olivier François

In: The Routledge Companion to Media and Humanitarian Action

Robin Andersen, Robin Purnaka L. de Silva (eds.)

London: Routledge (2017), pp. 428-434

"The article discusses the film 'Last Station Before Hell' by Pierre-Olivier François. United Nations' Peacekeepers known as the Blue Helmets, are often the subject of criticism and negative press reports. Most notably they have been blamed for transmitting cholera to the victims of the earthquake ... more

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Journalists' Unions in the Southern Mediterranean Region: State of Play and Perspectives

Monir Zaarour, Neji Bghouri

MedMedia (2017), 23 pp.

"Journalists’ unions are key media supporting organisations and this report covers the pivotal role they play in countries of the Southern Mediterranean region. This report aspires to be a light reading, not only for union activists and media professionals, but also for journalists and citizens, a ... more

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Information Needs of Syrian Refugees and Host Communities in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey

Sébastien Duhaut (dir.)

Altai Consulting; CFI (2017), 168 pp.

"This report presents the result of a quantitative survey carried out in March 2017 using a representative sample of 1104 individuals (Syrian refugees and host community members over 12 years old), weighted for location, gender and age, across the three main host countries for Syrian refugees (Jorda ... n, Lebanon and Turkey). Some results are presented aggregated on this whole population (with a ratio of 70% Syrian refugees / 30% of host communities), while others are presented in a segregated way (refugees compared to host communities), or by various other break-downs mentioned throughout the report. Finding 1: Both Syrian refugees and host communities are well equipped in terms of media and means of communication (92% have access to television, 97% to phones and 56% to internet), sometimes through ad hoc means (shared dishes, shared internet subscriptions, use of a relative’s phone, etc.). They are intensive users, spending about two and a half hours per day on television and the same on the internet. The more educated, richer segments follow various kinds of news, cross-check, are members of numerous Facebook communities, and spread information themselves. But even at the other end, among the poorer and the less educated, very few people are completely disconnected. Finding 2: Satellite television, whose use is almost universal, is a major entertainment tool in terms of time spent: families put cartoons for their children and watch movies, musical videos and series. It is also widely used for news, with a few pan-Arab channels dominating the landscape (Al Jazeera, Al Arabiya, Al Hadath), but also use of some host country channels (particularly Al Jadeed in Lebanon) and pro-revolution Syrian channels (particularly Orient). Internet is less pervasive, but still very significant for a large proportion of the population, who are connected on social media (over half on WhatsApp, over a third on Facebook) and use the network for private chat, entertainment and information, especially on the numerous existing Syrian community pages or information portals. On the contrary, radio usage is low and limited to particular circumstances (absence of electricity, in transportation, etc.): to a large extent, it has been replaced by television and/or internet. Finding 3: There is a lot of humanitarian information circulating, both on official channels (official SMS, outreach teams, direct visits to offices, national announcements, etc.) and unofficial channels (a burgeoning, ever-changing world of Facebook pages and groups with tips and announcements, of SMS or messages being re-forwarded and re-published, of rumours or facts spread by word of mouth). But this information is not coordinated in a systematic manner by actors, and people in need still lack accurate information on various issues. They are often forced to rely on unofficial sources, or do not trust fully the information they have. Moreover, in many cases the only way to obtain information is to go personally to the relevant institution or office, which is sometimes a barrier." (Executive summary and recommendations) more

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Media Landscape: Syria

Lorenzo Trombetta

European Journalism Centre (2017)

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Media Development in Syria: The Janus-Faced Nature of Foreign Aid Assistance

Billie Jeanne Brownlee

Third World Quarterly, volume 38, issue 10 (2017), pp. 2276-2294

"This article intends to provide responses to some of the many unanswered questions about the making and the transformation of the uprising in Syria by exploring a new avenue of research: media development aid. Most academic interest has been oriented towards the role that the new media played at th ... more

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Reporting the Middle East: The Practice of News in the Twenty-First Century
Deep Insights

Zahera Harb (ed.)

London; New York: Tauris (2017), xii, 226 pp.

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Médias et diversité au Proche-Orient: Etude de la couverture médiatique de la diversité dans les médias libanais, syrienes et irakiens

Beirut: Samir Kassir Foundation; Fondation Adyan; CFI (2017), 46 pp.

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Behind the Screen: The Syrian Virtual Resistance

Billie Jeanne Brownlee

CyberOrient, volume 11, issue 2 (2017), pp. 4-34

"Six years have gone by since the political upheaval that swept through many Middle East and North African (MENA) countries begun. Syria was caught in the grip of this revolutionary moment, one that drove the country from a peaceful popular mobilisation to a deadly fratricide civil war with no appar ... more

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Photojournalism and Citizen Journalism: Co-Operation, Collaboration and Connectivity

Stuart Allan (ed.)

London; New York: Routledge (2017), xiv, 341 pp.

"If everyone with a smartphone can be a citizen photojournalist, who needs professional photojournalism? This rather flippant question cuts to the heart of a set of pressing issues, where an array of impassioned voices may be heard in vigorous debate. While some of these voices are confidently predi ... more

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Culture and Crisis Communication: Transboundary Cases from Nonwestern Perspectives

Amiso M. George, Kwamena Kwansah-Aidoo (eds.)

New York: Wiley (2017), xxix, 376 pp.

"Culture and Crisis Communication presents an examination of how politics, culture, religion, and other social issues affect crisis communication and management in nonwestern countries. From intense human tragedy to the follies of the rich, the chapters examine how companies, organizations, news out ... more

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Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
Deep Insights

Sanja Kelly, Mai Truong, Adrian Shahbaz, Madeline Earp, Jessica White (eds.)

Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2017), 1060 pp.

"Governments around the world have dramatically increased their efforts to manipulate information on social media over the past year. The Chinese and Russian regimes pioneered the use of surreptitious methods to distort online discussions and suppress dissent more than a decade ago, but the practice ... more

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Syria’s New Media Landscape: Independent Media Born Out of War

Antoun Issa

Washington, DC: Middle East Institute (MEI) (2016), 33 pp.

"The Syrian Civil War has shaken the country’s media landscape and provided space for the nascent emergence of an independent Syrian media. Syria’s media culture is undergoing significant transformation from a top-down, state-run industry, to a diverse arena populated by competing viewpoints and ... more

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Reporting on Gender-Based Violence in the Syria Crisis: Facilitator’s Guide

Qaid Saeed, Ruba Hikmat, Jennifer Miquel

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2016), 73 pp.

"The purpose of the training workshop in this manual is to improve the skills of media professionals and communication officers in reporting gender-based violence in humanitarian crisis settings; to enhance the quality of reporting by instilling ethical principles; and to increase awareness among th ... more

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Global Information Society Watch 2016: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Internet

Association for Progressive Communications (APC); International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (2016), 269 pp.

"The 45 country reports gathered here illustrate the link between the internet and economic, social and cultural rights (ESCRs). Some of the topics will be familiar to information and communications technology for development (ICT4D) activists: the right to health, education and culture; the socioec ... more

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Innovative Peacebuilding in Syria: A Scoping Study of the Strategic Use of Technology to Build Peace in the Syrian Context

British Council (2016), 24 pp.

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Out of Syria, Inside Facebook

Dona Abboud

Leipzig: Institut für Buchkunst (2016), 224 pp.

"During her studies at the University for Graphics and Book Art in Leipzig, Dona Abboud had mostly only contact via Facebook with her family and friends in Syria. The book presents 10 Syrian men and women with almost 2000 photos of their Facebook pages, supplemented by interviews and short biographi ... more

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Arab Cinema Travels: Transnational Syria, Palestine, Dubai and Beyond

Kay Dickinson

London: Palgrave Macmillan; British Film Institute (bfi) (2016), ix, 221 pp.

"Starting with the inventive traditions of Arabic travelogues, the text traces the manifold pathways that converge in the cinemas of Syria, Palestine and Dubai. Syrian production bursts out of long-held practices of studying abroad, this time in the film schools of the Eastern Bloc. Palestinian movi ... more

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YouTube and Evidencing Warcrimes: The Role of Digital Video for Transitional Justice in Syria

Josepha Wessels

Tidskriftet POLITIK, volume 19, issue 4 (2016), pp. 30-52

"The enormous collection of user-generated content (UGC) in the form of YouTube videos from the Syrian war provides an unprecedented and diverse collection of shared digital memories of conflict and violence. The central question of this article asks what the value is of UGC on YouTube for legal evi ... dence of war crimes and future Transitional Justice. It is beyond doubt that the surge of uploaded videos from the Syrian uprisings revolutionized the way in which contemporary wars are observed and documented. The sheer amount of user-generated content online has given rise to manifold ways of interpreting what is happening on the ground, inspired creative resistance, led to a surge of professional and independent Syrian documentary films and increased the connectivity between those who undergo the war inside the conflict zone and those who are observing the situation from a safe distance. Many YouTube clips from Syria are likely to be rejected as stand-alone legal evidence though, as it often lacks sourced information about meta-data, date, time, geographical coordinates, identity of the participants, the identity of the perpetrator, and other contextual information crucial to establishing judicial facts for war crimes prosecution. The everexpanding body of videos from Syria will give rise to a wide and varied landscape of interactive media that has surpassed the old approach of political mainstream media to inform and possibly manipulate their audiences for their own agendas, whatever those may be. As a platform of digital memory and space to express moral outrage, YouTube served a crucial and important role in the Syrian crisis and the UGC is of immense value for digital memorialisation and historicization of the Syrian crisis. The vast amount of UGC on YouTube was categorized in 8 different types of footage and we can conclude that only small number of videoclips on YouTube can in fact function as crime-based evidence for war crimes. This does not mean that the UGC on YouTube has no value, however as a legal evidence it can be problematic to use YouTube videos if not corroborated and verified properly. The main issue is the lack of meta-data in many of the UGC on YouTube. The YouTube video revolution in Syria did bring to the surface many brave video activists who are now professionally involved in producing high quality footage for international news broadcasters, the most recent example of that is the important work of Waad al Kataeb inside eastern Aleppo with the British Broadcaster Channel Four News (Channel 4 2016). Through a series of edited 5-6 minute mini stories from the ground, Al Kataeb’s work provides a credible and important source of evidence." (Conclusion, page 22-23) more

Reporting the Middle East: The Practice of News in the Twenty-First Century Deep Insights

Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy Deep Insights

Reporting the Middle East: The Practice of News in the Twenty-First Century
Deep Insights

Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
Deep Insights