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Leading Protests in the Digital Age: Youth Activism in Egypt and Syria

Billur Aslan Ozgul

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2020), xiii, 244 pp.

"This book explores in detail new protest organisation and mobilisation strategies of young activists in the digital age with the aim to identify the tactics that worked well against those creating high risks in the context of digitally supported protests. Focusing on Egyptian protests as well as pe ... more

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New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria

Billie Jeanne Brownlee

Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press (2020), 296 pp.

"Investigating the root causes of the Syrian uprising of 2011, New Media and Revolution shows how acts of online resistance prepared the ground for better-organised street mobilisation. The book interprets the uprising not as the start of Syria’s social mobilisation but as a shift from online to o ... more

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Fake News und Desinformation: Herausforderungen für die vernetzte Gesellschaft und die empirische Forschung

Ralf Hohlfeld, Michael Harnischmacher, Elfi Heinke, Lea Sophia Lehner, Michael Sengl (eds.)

Baden-Baden: Nomos (2020), 361 pp.

"Desinformation ist eine Konstante der politischen Kommunikation. Doch mit der Wahl Donald Trumps zum Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten und der Brexit-Abstimmung in Großbritannien erhielten bewusst lancierte Falschnachrichten eine neue gesellschaftliche Bedeutung. Denn nun wurde sichtbar, welche ... more

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Theorising Media and Conflict

Philipp Budka, Birgit Bräuchler (eds.)

New York; Oxford: Berghahn (2020), x, 339 pp.

"Theorising Media and Conflict is the result of a joint and interdisciplinary effort to set the theoretical and empirical agenda in theorising upon the complex relationship between media and conflict. By considering the theorisation work accomplished by the ‘Anthropology of Media’ series forerun ... more

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Journalism and Media Education in Times of Conflict: Three Cases from the Arab Region

Rasha Allam, Salma El Ghetany

Arab Media & Society, issue 29 (2020), pp. 43-54

"This paper examines the journalism and media education programs in three countries in the Arab region (Libya, Syria, Yemen) that have been or are still in the throes of civil wars and/or polarization along conflicting political ideologies and control of different geographical zones. Based on an onl ... more

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The Arab Archive: Mediated Memories and Digital Flows

Donatella Della Ratta, Kay Dickinson, Sune Haugbolle (eds.)

Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures (2020), 134 pp.

"As the revolutions across the Arab world that came to a head in 2011 devolved into civil war and military coup, representation and history acquired a renewed and contested urgency. The capacities of the internet have enabled sharing and archiving in an unprecedented fashion. Yet, at the same time, ... more

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Hate Speech in Eastern Syria: Implications and Mechanisms of Confrontation. A Brief Report on the Rhetoric of Incitement and the Role of Local Influencers in Confronting it - Syrian Democratic Forces’ Control Areas in Deir Ezzor as a Model

Justice for Life Organization (2020), 46 pp.

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Watching Television While Forcibly Displaced: Syrian Refugees as Participant Audiences

Katty Alhayek

Participations: Journal of Audience & Reception Studies, volume 17, issue 1 (2020), pp. 8-28

"In this article, I explore how Syrian refugees and internally displaced people are using social media to reshape interpretations of their own status through their engagement with quality TV texts that tackle the refugee crisis. I focus on the discourse surrounding the Syrian Television Drama series ... more

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Media Landscape: Syria

Lorenzo Trombetta, Caterina Pinto

European Journalism Centre (2020)

"Apart from the geographical differences, another distinction has to be made between established media (pro-government) and emerging media (post 2011). The development of the media field is the product of the authoritarian pre 2011 context and the ongoing conflict, which has resulted so far in the d ... eath of hundreds of thousands of people and the displacement of an estimated 11 million Syrians. The popular uprising that broke up in March 2011, cracked down by the government and the subsequent escalation of violence by all the actors involved in the conflict, has led to a gradual descent into regional war, which has transformed the country - according to the New York-based organisation Reporters Without Borders - into one of the world’s most dangerous country for journalists, with extremely high risk of arrest, abduction or death. In fact, as the figures released by the Syrian Network for Human Rights state, 707 citizen journalists were killed in the country from March 2011 until April 2020 and 422 are still detained, mostly by the Syrian government. Nevertheless, there has been a true explosion of “independent media” after 2011, many of which, after reaching the peak in 2013, have since closed. The proliferation of media institutions has been quite chaotic and only recently people working in the field have become more aware of the importance of stronger institutionalisation. Also the Kurdish context has been affected by this break-with-the-past attitude. The repression and oppression by the government went further than in any other region: Kurdish language was banned until 2011 and any cultural expression of Kurdish identity was prohibited. With the autonomy self-proclaimed in 2016, for the first time in recent years a high number of local outlets in Kurdish were launched. The de facto neutrality of Rojava during clashes between the Syrian regime and the opposition forces has created a favourable environment for media institutions, with fewer restrictions than in the rest of Syria. However, local media are highly politicised and, being most of them affiliated with political parties, all too often biased. Political and sectarian fragmentation and polarisation in the different areas of Syria have an immediate effect on the structure of the media landscape, not only at a local, but also national level. Politics through its partisan and armed structures has a direct influence over media production. In government-held areas the Syrian media scene remains largely dominated by pro-government news sources. In this rapidly changing environment, though, the government has not remained behind. It has tried to update its media system, not by establishing new outlets, but by developing those already existing. Moreover, in recent years, especially local media (devoted for example to a specific city or region, or available only on Facebook) have gained relatively more independence. In such areas as Tartus, Latakia, Hama, local media running only on Facebook pages have managed to exert some kind of pressure on both local and central authorities and at this level, journalists have learnt whether and how to cross certain red lines. They have been able to denounce episodes of corruption in a frame of distorted governance dynamics, succeeding in circumventing censorship by not calling into question the status quo and not explicitly taking political stances.In opposition-held areas, the only real independent media are those funded by foreign INGOs, which for structural and economic reasons cannot invest as much and play the same role as the regional and local actors directly or indirectly involved in the conflict do. However, very local and grass-roots independent media initiatives in the years have proved resilient to openly denounce the socio-economic injustices of despotic local, central or foreign authorities. In Kurdish areas, the main division is between the PYD and its supporters on the one hand and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) - the largest party in Iraqi Kurdistan - and its affiliates on the other. A high number of journalists have reported being subjected to pressures on the side of the PYD and its supporters. Thanks to these connections with Kurdish parties, media outlets in Rojava have comparably more funds. It is the only area, for example, where TV stations have been established: Ronahi (linked to PYD) and Zagros TV (affiliated to KDP). It is not by coincidence that Ronahi newspaper has a circulation of 10,000 copies in Rojava, much more than what any independent media can afford." (Overview) more

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Cross-Platform Disinformation Campaigns: Lessons Learned and Next Steps

Tom Wilson, Kate Starbird

Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 1, issue 1 (2020), 11 pp.

"This paper examines online discourse about the White Helmets, a volunteer rescue group that operates in rebel (anti-regime) areas of Syria. The White Helmet’s humanitarian activities, their efforts to document the targeting of civilians through video evidence, and their non-sectarian nature (that ... more

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Syrian Independent Exile Media
Deep Insights

Biljana Tatomir, Enrico de Angelis, Maryia Sadouskaya-Komlach

International Media Support (IMS) (2020), 64 pp.

"The Syrian independent exile media as a sector is at the core of this study. To understand the unique nature of this sector, the study contextualises the issues pertaining to the Syrian independent exile media in the wider framework of exile media globally, and donors’ approaches to media develop ... more

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Strategies and (survival) Tactics: The Case of Syrian Oppositional Media in Turkey

Yazan Badran

Journal of Alternative and Community Media, volume 5, issue 1 (2020), pp. 69-85

"This article aims to investigate the regulatory, financial and political environment negotiated by oppositional Syrian media operating in exile in Turkey, as well as to identify the main tactics used by them in negotiating between these constraints to ensure their survival in an increasingly diffic ... more

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Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond
Deep Insights

Allan Thompson (ed.)

Waterloo, Ontario: Centre for International Governance Innovation (2019), x, 637 pp.

"The book includes an extensive section on the echoes of Rwanda, which looks at the cases of Darfur, the Central African Republic, Myanmar, and South Sudan, while the impact of social media as a new actor is examined through chapters on social media use by the Islamic State and in Syria and in other ... more

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Syria Audience Research 2018

Evaline Schot

Free Press Unlimited (2019), 15 pp.

"The findings of this research show that Syrians, regardless of the party in power in the area in which they reside, have a shared definition of independent media. They define it as “unbiased”, “not favouring any side”, and “credible”. Syrian audiences involved in the research emerge as ... more

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Syria on the move - Lawein Al-Azim? Über den Einsatz von Fotografie als Erkenntnis- und Ausdrucksmedium

Anja Pietsch

In: Diaspora: Netzwerke globaler Gemeinschaften

Caroline Y. Robertson-von Trotha (ed.)

Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing; Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) (2019), pp. 191-199

"Das mehrstufige Projekt ‚Syria on the Move‘ zielt darauf ab, aus Syrien geflüchteten Jugendlichen mittels Fotografie eine Stimme zu geben, Bewusstsein und Unterstützung für syrische Geflüchtete in den Aufnahmegesellschaften zu mobilisieren sowie gegenseitiges Vertrauen innerhalb der syrisch ... more

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Diaspora: Netzwerke globaler Gemeinschaften

Caroline Y. Robertson-von Trotha (ed.)

Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing; Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) (2019), iv, 212 pp.

"Menschen gemeinsamer Herkunft, die verstreut über verschiedene Staaten leben, sind Inbegriffe gelebter Transnationalität. Als Diasporagemeinschaften bilden sie globale Netzwerke. Interdisziplinäre Beiträge aus Wissenschaft und Kulturarbeit bündeln, fotografisch gestützt, die Inhalte zweier WI ... more

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Propaganda in the Information Age: Still Manufacturing Consent

Alan MacLeod (ed.)

London; New York: Routledge (2019), x, 171 pp.

"Propaganda in the Information Age is a collaborative volume which updates Herman and Chomsky’s propaganda model for the twenty-first-century media landscape and makes the case for the continuing relevance of their original ideas. It includes an exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky himself. 2018 ... more

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Reporting Human Rights, Conflicts, and Peacebuilding: Critical and Global Perspectives

Ibrahim Seaga Shaw, Senthan Selvarajah (eds.)

Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan (2019), xxi, 280 pp.

"This book focuses on the reporting of human rights in broadly defined times of conflict. It brings together scholarly and professional perspectives on the role of the media in constructing human rights and peacebuilding options in conflict and post-conflict environments, drawing on case studies fro ... more

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Christen im Nahen Osten: Zwischen Martyrium und Exodus
Deep Insights

Matthias Vogt

Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft (wbg) (2019), 477 pp.

"2018: Irakische Christen kehren in ihre Dörfer zurück, aus denen der „Islamische Staat“ sie vier Jahre vorher vertrieben hatte. Hundert Jahre zuvor hatten Christen in der Region schon einmal alles neu aufbauen müssen. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs waren in Anatolien Hunderttausende vertrieb ... more

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Mapping the Syrian media: An evaluation for the active emerging outlets and institutions after 2011

Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) (2019), 97 pp.

Syrian Independent Exile Media Deep Insights

Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond Deep Insights

Christen im Nahen Osten: Zwischen Martyrium und Exodus Deep Insights

Syrian Independent Exile Media
Deep Insights

Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond
Deep Insights

Christen im Nahen Osten: Zwischen Martyrium und Exodus
Deep Insights