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"All Successful Democracies Need Freedom of Speech": American Efforts to Create a Vibrant Free Press in Iraq and Afghanistan

David Rohde

[Cambridge, Mass.]: Joan Shorenstein Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2005), 35 pp.

"This paper will examine American efforts to create a vibrant free press in Iraq and Afghanistan. A $200 million project in Iraq was the largest attempt ever by the United States, or any country, to help create independent media in another nation. Run by the Pentagon, it was a near total failure in ... more

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Al-Dschasira: Ein arabischer Nachrichtensender fordert den Westen heraus

Hugh Miles

Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt (2005), 335 pp.

"Die aufgeklärte Öffentlichkeit im Westen hat neue Helden: die Journalisten und Macher des arabischen Nachrichtensenders Al-Dschasira. Ganz offensichtlich lassen sie sich weder von Anzeigenboykotten aus der arabischen Welt noch von Anfeindungen der amerkanischen Führung davon abbringen, ihnen zug ... more

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Reporting War: Journalism in Wartime

Stuart Allan, Barbie Zelizer (eds.)

Abingdon: Routledge (2004), 374 pp.

"Reporting War explores the social responsibilities of the journalist during times of military conflict. News media treatments of international crises, especially the one underway in Iraq, are increasingly becoming the subject of public controversy, and discussion is urgently needed. Each of this bo ... more

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Afghanistan

Edward Girardet, Jonathan Walter

Charles Norchi; Mirwais Masood (co-editors)

Geneva: Crosslines Publication, 2nd fully revised ed. (2004), 544 pp.

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Beyond Borders: Research for International Broadcasting 2003

Oliver Zöllner (ed.)

Bonn: Conferende of International Broadcasters' Audience Research Services (CIBAR) (2004), 168 pp.

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Audience Perceptions of Radio Programming in Afghanistan: An Evaluation of Listeners' Opinions

Shireen Sultan, Hayatullah Niaz, Shafiqullah Ziai

London: BBC World Service Trust (2004), 29 pp.

"This report, Audience Perceptions of Radio Programming in Afghanistan, is the result of qualitative research conducted to assess audience perceptions of 3 key radio stations in the cities of Kabul and Herat in June 2004. The stations are: Radio Afghanistan (the state broadcaster) Arman FM (Afghanis ... more

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Medienwelten - Information und Macht

Der Überblick, issue 4 (2003), 149 pp.

"Viele autoritäre Regime fürchten den unkontrollierten Informationsfluss, gerade weil er gemeinsames Handeln ermöglicht und ihre Herrschaft gefährden könnte. Auch manche Kulturkritiker würden gerne Informationen kanalisieren, um einen Kulturimperialismus abzuwehren, bei dem sich ihrer Ansicht ... more

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The Wireless Internet Opportunity for Developing Countries

Boston: Wireless internet Institute (w2i);World Times (2003), xvi, 127 pp.

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Media Assistance Post the Taliban Regime and the Implications for Transforming the Afghan Social System

Noah W. Miller

London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Master Thesis (2003), iii, 45 pp.

"In the case of media assistance in Afghanistan, financial and organizational resources originate almost exclusively from Western donors and INGOs, which largely bypass the Afghan Government. Organizations within the funding chain thus hold a functional form of power arising from the deployment of a ... llocative resources and it enables them to attempt an instigation of social change in Afghanistan. According to the notion of power associated with Talcott Parson, a functional form of power requires coordination and collaboration in order to achieve collective goals within a political process. However, conflicts may arise in Afghanistan if collective goals diverge among the various foreign and domestic participants involved in altering the media space. This could occur if the various participants do not envision the outcome of media assistance objectives as a zero-sum game. Additionally, Giddens asserts that Parson underestimates the contestation of the norms necessary to pursue collective goals in the first place. Even though the Afghan Government and international donors purportedly agree on the installation of a democracy with a free and independent media, they still need to overcome resistance from existing power holders or entrenched structural properties impeding such a development. In the context of Afghanistan, it is very conceivable that media assistance could prompt intentional or even unintentional consequences caused by social actors discontent with the normative values and goals promulgated by media assistance. Such unintentional conditions may render the desired outcomes of media assistance providers impossible and undermine the desired social transformation. It is erroneous, though, to apply a positivist view that judges the success or failure of media assistance according to the outcome of the flux between structure and interaction alluded to in chapter four. In fact, such a view would be contrary to the propositions of structuration theory that imply a lack of definable boundaries in which structure and interaction intermingles. Equally wrong is to evaluate the media assistance effort by funding amounts contributed by donors, even though financial resources are a pre-requisite for rebuilding the media infrastructure. Instead, media assistance can be conceived as a form of empowerment that imbues a target society with a collective consciousness concerning its ability to alter structural properties, which represent forms of power and domination according to Giddens. The success of media assistance therefore is to produce a collective awareness that individuals can influence the structural properties of a social system, regardless of the direction of change emanating from the mediation of structure and action. The process of change requires not only the acquisition of functional power through allocative resources, but also the acquisition of transformative power by means of controlling authoritative resources, which are involved in the coordination of a social system. Afghans need to control the actors or institutions that selectively filter information in order to reflexively “regulate the overall conditions of system reproduction either to keep things as they are or to change them” (Giddens, 1984, page 27). Yet, it remains unresolved to what extent media assistance has provided Afghans with transformative power and whether or not it allows them to influence the underlying forces that mediate the structural properties in society." (Conclusions, page 39-40) more

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Afghanistan: Der Krieg und die Medien

Jörg Becker

Bern: Brot für alle (2003), 76 pp.

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World Press Encyclopedia: A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide

Amanda C. Quick (ed.)

Detroit: Gale, 2nd ed. (2003), xxviii, 1285 pp.

"In these two volumes, readers will find comparative, in-depth essays on the press systems of 232 countries and/or territories. World Press Encyclopedia (WPE) is unique and valuable to users because, in addition to essays on each country’s press system, WPE also contains custommade graphs and stat ... more

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The Power of the Media: A Handbook for Peacebuilders
Inspiring Practice

Ross Howard, Francis Rolt, Hans van de Veen, Juliette Verhoeven (eds.)

Utrecht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention (ECCP);European Centre for Common Ground;Institute for Media, Policy and Civil Society (IMPACS) (2003), 245 pp.

"Presents case studies from 12 countries and lists 69 organisations working with media as conflict prevention and/or peacebuilding tool." (commbox)

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The Media and the War on Terrorism

Stephen Hess, Marvin Kalb (eds.)

Oxford: Oxford University Press;Brookings Institution Press;Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard University (2003), xv, 307 pp.

"This collection of conversations between journalists and federal officials aims to capture the tensions between the press and the government during wartime. They cover issues including military censorship and the difficulties of maintaining security in an era of satellite technology." (Publisher de ... more

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Media, Conflict and Terrorism: Challenges of the Media in Conflict Prevention, Conflict Resolution and Post-Conflict Rehabilitation. International Policy Dialogue, 7-8 May 2002, Bonn, Germany

Bonn: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ);German Foundation for International Development (DSE);Deutsche Welle;United Nations University of Peace, Institute for Media, Peace & Security (2002), 127 pp.

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The Potential for Community Radio in Afghanistan: Report of a Fact-Finding Mission to Afghanistan

Bruce Girard, Jo van der Spek

Comunica;Radio Reed Flute (2002), iii, 35 pp.

"This study, sponsored by the Communication Assistance Foundation, examines the potential for community-based radio in Afghanistan and identifies examples of how community radio can support initiatives for community development. The report and its recommendations are primarily intended as a resource ... more

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Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic Media in Afghanistan

London: Article 19;Global Campaign for Free Expression (2002), 22 pp.

"On 5 September 2002, an International Seminar bringing together representatives of the Afghan government, local civil society and the international community adopted a Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic Media in Afghanistan (‘the Declaration’). This Declaration, together wi ... more

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Reporting the Future: A Handbook for Afghan Journalists

Jamila Aman, Alan Davis, Andrew Stroehlein, John West (eds.)

London: Institute for War & Peace Reporting (IWPR) (2002), 57 pp.

"The Handbook for Afghan Journalists is designed to help Afghan journalists in three ways. First, it serves as an explanation in their own language to many of the ideas and concepts behind international journalism. Second, it provides practical guidance on many of the basic techniques of journalism. ... more

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Modern Mass Media and Traditional Communication in Afghanistan

Shir Mohammad Rawan

Political Communication, volume 19, issue 2 (2002), pp. 155-170

"This article explores the bipolar structure of communication in Afghanistan, where the latest technological advancements in media coexist with a complex system of traditional communication. After 22 years of civil war and the destruction of most modern media facilities, Afghanistan's traditional ch ... more

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BayGen Radios in Afghanistan: An Evaluation Report

Shirazuddin Siddiqi, Shireen Sultan

Peshawar: BBC Afghan Education Drama/War Child (1997), ?? pp.

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Print Islam: Media and Religious Revolution in Afghanistan

David B. Edwards

Anthropological Quarterly, volume 68, issue 3 (1995), pp. 171-184

"This article considers the role of three forms of print media in the development of radical Islamic political ideology and organization in Afghanistan. Through an examination of newspapers, pamphlets, and magazines, the article considers the way in which textual forms have supplemented ideological ... more

The Power of the Media: A Handbook for Peacebuilders Inspiring Practice

The Power of the Media: A Handbook for Peacebuilders
Inspiring Practice