"What is clear from the Research ICT Africa (RIA) Household and Individual Access and Usage Survey is that the diffusion of ICT is highly uneven concentrating in urban areas and leaving some rural areas almost untouched. Access to these technologies is constrained by income as is usage, and as they
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become more complex, they are increasingly constrained by literacy and education. This analysis explores the inequities of access and usage further, by viewing them through a gender lens. Of the limited demand-side data on Africa that exists, very little is disaggregated on gender lines. This study provides a descriptive statistical overview of access to ICTs by women and men and their usage of them. This is supported by focus groups that were undertaken in five of the 17 countries surveyed in East, Central, South and West Africa. The survey reveals some surprising instances where more women than men own mobile phones, such as in South Africa and Mozambique, or where women have greater knowledge of the Internet such as in Cameroon. More generally however, the study confirms the differences in access by men and women to ICTs especially where they depend on public access." (Executive summary)
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"This report provides an overview of the discussions and conclusions from the International Partnership Meeting in New York on 26 January 2010 organised by the Open Society Institute and International Media Support. At the meeting, 30 media support and press freedom organisations from across the wor
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ld met to discuss partnerships and countries in which the partnership process might be pursued in 2010. Nine target countries in 2010 were selected for partnership action in 2010." (IMS website)
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"The People's Republic of China is seeking to influence the media in Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia through a variety of means: direct aid to state-run media in the form of radio transmitters and financing for national satellites; the provision of content and technology to allies and pote
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ntial allies; the sharing of news; and training programs and expense-paid trips for journalists to China. This effort has accompanied a massive expansion of the PRC’s own media internationally, primarily through the Xinhua news agency, satellite and Internet TV channels, and state run television services. It comes at a time when resources for media assistance in some regions of the world–notably Latin America–are becoming scarcer. Chinese news media, far less independent than Western media, form the basis for China’s media assistance, which emphasizes cooperation with governments–many of them undemocratic–and rejects the Western media’s role as watchdogs holding governments accountable. China’s moves pose troubling questions for those in the Western media assistance sector. As the Chinese government propagates a less-than-free model of journalism and assists undemocratic regimes by supporting media that buttress them, advocates of free media and democratic government should take note. Media developers and donors might consider countering these developments with more robust support for independent media in the countries where China is assisting news media. This might include more programs in investigative journalism, ethics, and internationally recognized journalism standards, as well as support for digital media infrastructure, such as broadband Internet access in developing countries to provide citizens with increased access to information." (Conclusion)
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"This report presents the author's experiences regarding the relation of international interventions and local institutions in the (post-)conflict countries of Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, Sudan and Afghanistan. Haselock states that media reforms are most successful where they are the result of partnership
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s with local stakeholders, or where local professionals and the civil society have taken ownership of the peacebuilding process. This approach involves international planners having a high understanding of the social and cultural situation and the conditions of the conflict. Therefore, they need to be part of two-way communication, where they are regarded as learners, following a "you know best", instead of a "we know best" approach. However, Haselock shows that foreign implementers often do not include local stakeholders enough, evoking refusal of international peacebuilding interventions." (commbox)
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"The main finding of this study is that the Kenyan media have been operating in an unpredictable and swiftly changing political, social, cultural, economic and technological environment that has heavily influenced its development. A hostile and inadequate political, legal, policy and regulatory envi
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ronment continues to negatively impact on the media in Kenya. Unsophisticated liberalization of telecommunications since 1998 led to slow, uneven and haphazard growth in broadcasting." (Executive summary)
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"This study explores the use of affirmative action as a tool for transformation in the mainstream English-language press in South Africa through a case study at The Durban Post. It seeks to understand the extent to which the newspaper has transformed its staff, coverage and readership in the eyes of
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its reporters and editors. Additionally, this paper investigates staff views on the implementation of affirmative action in their workspace and this policy’s potential to impact on transformation. Observation, interviews and document analysis were used for data collection. This study finds that though The Durban Post’s staff has transformed to some extent, the majority of staff members interviewed feel that the paper has yet to achieve significant transformation of coverage, readership and power structure, due to societal and internal systemic factors." (Abstract)
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"The proceedings of a conference held at the Africa Institute of South Africa in 2009, this is a major new collection of essays on the state of scholarly publishing in Africa, with a strong emphasis on the situation in South Africa. The conference was convened, and the papers published, in an attemp
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t to influence “policymakers and other relevant stakeholders in developing an enabling environment for scholarly publishing to thrive.” Containing a total of 26 papers – all of them, usefully, preceded by abstracts – content is arranged under seven sections: (i) The State of Research Publishing in Africa, (ii) The State of Scholarly Publishing in Africa, (iii) The Challenges of Book Distribution, (iv) The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Scholarly Publishing, (v) Alternative Publishing Models, (vi) The Politics of Peer Review in Scholarly Publishing, and (vii) Scholarly Publishing and Intellectual Property Development in Africa. While the majority of the contributors are from South Africa, other contributors include Kenyan veteran publisher Henry Chakava, James Currey of James Currey Publishers, Mary Jay, Chief Executive of the Oxford-based African Books Collective, and a number of academics from the West African region. The book is particularly strong in overviews of scholarly publishing in South Africa, covering both book and journal publishing. It offers some interesting discussions and fresh insights about alternative publishing and distribution models, with articles reporting about new initiatives and strategy approaches, and also including papers on the politics and practise of the peer review process, and on South African intellectual property rights. One or two papers, by academics from other regions of Africa, unfortunately are weak and poorly informed about the current state of scholarly publishing in Africa, for example citing literature that goes back to books and articles published in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the book can be seen as a useful companion to ‘African Scholarly Publishing Essays’, edited by Alois Mlambo, and published by African Books Collective in 2006." (Hans M. Zell, Publishing, Books & Reading in Sub-Saharan Africa, 3d ed. 2008, nr. 2581)
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"The main purpose of this review of the published academic literature on Nigerian and Ghanaian video films is to foster self-awareness in this new field of study. This literature has been produced on three continents and out of many academic disciplines; in consequence, scholars tend to make few ref
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erences to others working in the field, debates have been rare, and there has been a great deal of repetition. African Cinema studies, as it had already been constituted, has been slow to recognize and adapt to the video revolution, and film studies in African universities has suffered from the decline of those institutions. Anthropologists have done much of the groundbreaking work in describing the video phenomenon, though Nigerians from a variety of disciplines have also made valuable contributions. Theoretical analyses, cultural interpretations, reception studies, and detailed, extended readings of particular films are all on the agenda for the future."
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"The book was written mainly to inform rural development professionals, practitioners and decision-makers in a variety of organisations – from NGOs and farmer associations to government departments and research and educational institutions – about the diverse uses of video in development. Specif
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ically, it seeks to give decision-makers greater insight into the subject in order to support decisions on the strategic use of video in development. As such, it draws extensively on practical experiences to illustrate the potential of this powerful communication tool for development." (Introduction, page 1)
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"In Ihren Händen halten Sie die zweite Auflage unserer Publikation „Auslandsmärkte als Chance“. Als wir vor gut zwei Jahren die erste Ausgabe veröffentlichten, florierte die Weltwirtschaft und mit ihr die IT- und Telekommunikationsmärkte. Wer hätte damals gedacht, dass wir im Jahr 2009 die
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schlimmste Wirtschaftskrise der jüngeren Geschichte erleben würden? Inzwischen zeigen glücklicherweise fast alle Wirtschaftsindikatoren wieder nach oben. Gleichwohl werden viele Länder – Deutschland eingeschlossen – einige Jahre brauchen, bis sie das Vorkrisenniveau erreichen. Die Informations- und Kommunikationswirtschaft ist mit vergleichsweise geringen Einbußen durch die Krise gekommen. Es gab zwar herbe Umsatzeinbrüche in einigen Marktsegmenten, daneben aber auch einzelne Bereiche mit anhaltendem Wachstum. Jetzt geht es darum, die sich im Zuge der wirtschaftlichen Erholung bietenden Chancen mit Mut und Kreativität zu nutzen. Ganz wesentlich ist dabei, nicht nur in rein nationalen Kategorien zu denken. Hochtechnologien „made in Germany“ können von dem erwarteten Aufschwung der Weltwirtschaft überproportional profitieren. Das gilt auch und gerade für Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien. Dem interessierten Leser ein Leitfaden, dem Unternehmer eine wertvolle Orientierungshilfe – das ist der Anspruch dieser Broschüre. Transparenz, Kontakte und verläßliche Information sind die Zutaten für ein erfolgreiches Auslandsgeschäft. Diese Publikation möchte dazu einen Beitrag leisten." (Vorwort)
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"I have primarily looked at how Radio Selam, an Ethiopian peace radio programme run by the local Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY), might have been constrained by four spheres of influence. The spheres I looked at encapsulated certain organizational, individual, economic and politica
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l influences. Given my number of corroborating sources and the similarities to research presented in the theory chapter, I feel I have shown that it is plausible that all four spheres generally influence and also constrain the project." (Conclusion, page 110)
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"Alors que l’UNESCO a adopté, en 2005, une Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles entendant ainsi soutenir la bibliodiversité, la présente étude entend démontrer que les échanges de livres, et plus précisément d’albums jeunesse, entre la
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France et l’Afrique francophone demeurent fortement déséquilibrés. Entre prédation française et difficultés d’accès aux marchés du Nord pour les éditeurs africains, des alternatives se mettent en place et portent la volonté d’un rééquilibrage des flux. Une nouvelle façon d’éditer, interculturelle et plus solidaire, fait également jour et incite à de plus respectueux échanges entres les professionnels et les cultures…pour éveiller au monde les jeunes lecteurs, citoyens de demain ?" (Note de synthèse)
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"The town of Gulu in northern Uganda stood still as the leader of a then 16-year-old insurgency against the government was heard live through a local government radio station. On 28 December 2002, Joseph Kony called in to Mega FM’s live debate talk show and was heard throughout northern Uganda. Th
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e significance of this event cannot be underestimated in local and global terms. How had this man, labelled by the government as a terrorist, killer, and child abductor, come to be broadcast on a Ugandan Government radio station? The answer to this question directly engages and critiques current debates of the role of the media in societies where violent conflict is a reality. Through engagement with two radio presenters from Mega FM, I explore the space for dialogue and debate in northern Uganda. By learning from their experiences, it becomes clear that the question is not whether media censorship is useful in peace building, but what can be done to support the daily struggles of media actors who are constantly negotiating their way through a labyrinth of restrictions." (Page 610)
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"Die Rolle von Religion in subsaharischen Gewaltkonflikten stellt ein weitgehend vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld dar, besonders was generalisierende empirische Studien angeht. Eine von der DSF finanzierte Pilotstudie zur Ambivalenz von Religion in Gewaltkonflikten – der ein umfangreicheres Vorhab
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en folgen soll – näherte sich der Thematik zunächst auf Grundlage einer umfangreichen Bibliographie, der Würdigung des Forschungsstandes und der Entwicklung von Forschungshypothesen an. Mittels der Analyse von vier Variablenclustern, nämlich a) konfliktspezifischen Merkmalen (wie Dauer, Intensität, Konfliktprävalenz), b) klassischen risk factors (wie Armut, ethnische Zersplitterung, vorherige Konflikte), c) religionsdemographischen Merkmalen (wie Anteile und Polarisierungsgrad von Gruppen) und d) Variablen, welche die Rolle von Religion in Gewaltkonflikten beschreiben (wie religiös motivierte Gewalt- oder Friedensaufrufe/Friedensinitiativen, Überlappung von religiösen Identitäten mit Konfliktlinien, Verbindungen von Konfliktparteien und religiösen Organisationen) wurden qualitative fact sheets für 28 Konfliktfälle erstellt und in einer Datenbank erfasst, um sie auch für Korrelationsanalysen und makroqualitative Vergleichsverfahren analysefähig zu machen.
Auf der deskriptiven Ebene bestätigen die Datenbankanalysen eindrucksvoll die Ambivalenz religiöser Faktoren in Gewaltkonflikten: In 19 von 28 Fällen konnten eskalierende und deeskalierende Elemente entdeckt werden, in sechs weiteren Fällen ausschließlich Deeskalation. Religion spielt damit in insgesamt 25 der 28 Fälle und damit weitaus häufiger eine Rolle als gemeinhin angenommen, auch wenn theologische Inhalte bzw. Ideen in maximal acht Fällen als Teilursachen in Betracht kommen (v.a. Sudan, Nordnigeria und Somalia). Bivariate Analysen und makroqualitative Vergleiche zeigen, dass zahlreiche religiöse Variablen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Konfliktwahrscheinlichkeit nach 1990 bzw. auf das Andauern des Konflikts haben (bei der Konfliktintensität sind die Ergebnisse nicht robust und für die Konfliktdauer gibt es keine Zusammenhänge). Die Überlappung religiöser und anderer Identitäten erweist sich als ähnlich einflussreich und signifikant wie Verbindungen von religiösen Organisationen und Konfliktparteien sowie der eskalierende Gebrauch religiöser Ideen durch religiöse und politische Führer (v.a. Gewaltaufrufe). Obwohl Friedensaufrufe und -initiativen häufiger beobachtbar sind, kann für sie – ebenso wie für die Existenz interreligiöser Netzwerke – kein positiver Einfluss auf Frieden festgestellt werden. Nicht-religiöse Risikofaktoren ergeben dagegen starke Zusammenhänge (v.a. Einkommen, vorheriger Konflikt, ethnische Fragmentierung), die insgesamt etwas stärker sind als die Korrelationen mit religiösen Faktoren. Unterstützung gibt es schließlich für eine „Mobilisierungsthese“: Makroqualitative Vergleiche zeigen, dass religiös begründete Gewaltaufrufe besonders dann wahrscheinlich sind, wenn religiöse mit anderen sozialen Identitäten und den Konfliktlinien parallel verlaufen und Beziehungen zwischen den Konfliktparteien und religiösen Organisationen bestehen." (Zusammenfassung)
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