"It is generally said that an independent press is vital for any democracy. However, the case in many African countries is that the independent or private press is weak and lacks credibility, although its assumed role as a cornerstone of young democracies is repeatedly stressed by commentators and p
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olicy-makers. This research investigates the role of the private press in Ethiopia since 1991, when democracy came to the country. Through interviews with 15 key actors in the media and political sector, it reflects on the role of the private media vis-à -vis Francis Kasoma’s theories of the independent press in Africa. From the Ethiopian perspective, the research takes on a slightly more pessimistic view of the role of the private newspapers in building democracy than what Kasoma concluded in light of his comparative research of media in Sub-Saharan countries in general. Findings indicate that the Ethiopian private press has had a pragmatic relationship with recognized professional and ethical standards; the private press has largely failed to represent and inform the citizens; and it has been generally politicized. However, the existence of the private press has also served as a caution for the government, although the press has had more of a symbolic role than being a real cornerstone of democracy." (Abstract)
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"Much of the scholarly literature regarding theories of journalism practice is premised on the tenets of the western model of liberal democracy. To the extent that this model is held to be universal, it hinders the analytical theorization of journalistic precepts that have evolved locally in most co
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untries of the developing world. This article seeks to address this problem by exploring the evolution of what may be aptly characterized as the African journalism model. This model is grounded in oral discourse, creativity, humanity and agency. By comparing and contrasting these two models, this article seeks to challenge the assumption that African journalism is one of mere 'bandwagonism' informed by western 'modernity' and 'civilization'. In particular, by exploring the origin and transformation of journalism in sub-Saharan Africa before, during and after colonialism, this article contributes to the conceptual elaboration of alternative conceptions of the African model of journalism." (Abstract)
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"This book examines the incorporation of newly accessible mass media into practices of religious mediation in a variety of settings including the Pentecostal Church and Islamic movements, as well as the use of religious forms and image in the sphere of radio and cinema." (Publisher description)
"This five-page report details the results of an evaluation of four community radio stations in rural Sierra Leone and Liberia. The evaluation focused on areas still struggling to achieve meaningful development in a post-conflict setting and was designed to assess the relationships between drivers o
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f development and community radio stations. The study found that community radios are significantly impacting development in their communities via relationships with local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs).
The study included an analysis of current radio programming for its impact on local development processes, while an audience survey and focus groups were used to better understand audience perceptions and uses of local radio. Stations were also evaluated on their capacity as independent development agents with an eye towards ongoing peacebuilding functions. According to the report, the impact of community radios falls into two categories: support for programme implementation leading to improved efficacy, broader reach, accountability, and community feedback; and regular airing of education and awareness programming - yielding results in changing attitudes and behaviours. The study found that the community stations had a positive and engaged relationship with local government as well as civil society organisations. Overall, the study found that community radio plays a central role in disseminating information related to development and in improving development outcomes through partnerships at all levels.
The study found that sensitisation and awareness programmes were often cited as audiences' favourites, as was interactive, public forum programming. A majority of listeners credited community radio stations with improving basic living conditions and encouraging an attitude of community responsibility and pride. Audiences also expressed a desire for expanded broadcast times. Station leadership was found to be the single overriding factor determining a station's impact and effectiveness.
According to the report, the stations also positively contributed to peacebuilding in their communities. Listeners reported a high impact from programmes that address peace and nonviolent conflict resolution. Community stations in all locations were also described as active participants in diffusing potential violent crises. It was found that radio helps marginalised people without access to other means of communications and was universally cited as vital in facilitating peaceful election processes.
The report concludes that community radio does play a strong role in local peacebuilding, and that radio stations' promotion of inclusive development processes has a broad impact in promoting sustainable peace. However, it also found that radio's impact is often reliant on the cooperation of government, and that community radio stations are making limited use of their power as media outlets to compel government participation in media." (https://www.comminit.com)
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"This study aimed to map the community radio sector, with a view to helping it realise its promise. We have been critical, but always with construction in mind. All too often community radio stations are presented in glowing terms, as heroic endeavours .. and in many respects, they are. However, unl
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ess weaknesses are explored and gaps identified, community radio will not get smarter and more sustainable. The stations described here will change and grow. Everywhere we went we encountered extraordinary energy. There is great promise, and we hope that our report will be a positive contribution to the future." (Conclusion, page 67)
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"This research aims to explore the nature of community radio in Kenya, the levels at which some community radio stations were involved in the Kenyan post election violence and the impact they had on their audiences. Community radio is now widespread across Africa. Although it has a variety of functi
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ons, Zyl (2001) believes that the core concept of community radio station is that, it should be participatory, owned and operated by the community, and the broadcast contents of such stations should match with the needs of the community. Community radio like other media can be very important and useful in the growth and development of the community and country, for example providing health awareness and information. However, community-radio can be a double –edged sword, used for negative developmental purposes that, for example, can undermine social cohesion and encourage violence by propagating messages of intolerance and disinformation that have the tendency to manipulate the public to resort to violence. The complexity of the media landscape in Kenya, coupled with the 2008 ethnic violence, make it quite ideal to carry out a study of community radio and its role in violence. The government has persistently argued that the community radio stations that broadcast in local languages were responsible for the post-election violence in 2008. Other citizens have raised similar allegations." (Abstract)
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"This is a qualitative comparative study on sustainability challenges facing the community radio sector in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The study explores and determines community radio’s social acceptance to target communities, identifies its fundraising and marketing strategies, and evaluates
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its governance and management policies. The research draws from theories of community development and mass communication, namely: development theory and participant media theory. Detailed literature review, focus group discussion, in-depth interviews, and analyses of archival records and institutional documents were used as research methods. The case study purports that the quality of a community radio service is often a product of its resources. Furthermore, it appreciates the open access approach to broadcasting as fulfilling the original and moral imperative of community radio. However, it views sustainability issues, more specifically financial resources, as having far reaching effects on the sector’s independence and the ability to fulfill its functions. Often in community radio, the concept of sustainability tends to be narrowly used to refer to financial sustainability alone. The conclusions drawn from the comparative study of three community radio stations, namely: Botlokwa, Mohodi and Radio Turf reveal that a comprehensive approach to sustainability should recognise the role of social, organisational and financial aspects of the medium. Despite marked progress with respect to social acceptance, more innovative marketing and fundraising strategies, appropriate organisational and management policies in the sector are essential. In their absence, community radio continues to lack access to a fair share of resources and can barely raise funds to meet its obligations. Consequently, poor performance in community radio is largely attributable to sustainability challenges, particularly in rural communities where resources are often scarce as compared to urban centres." (Abstract)
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"La radio, un élément primordial du paysage médiatique africain, a connu un développement fulgurant dans les années 1990, avec la transition démocratique connue par les pays africains à cette période. Cette dernière favorisera la mise en place de radios communautaires, dites de proximité,
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dont l’objectif est de donner la voix aux sans voix. Ce mémoire souligne que, malgré les difficultés auxquelles sont confrontées les radios communautaires pour intégrer les femmes de manière efficace, l’impact sur les droits économiques et civils a été relativement important. Le mémoire tente de montrer les types d’impacts, leurs limites, mais aussi le rôle qu’ont pu jouer des acteurs extérieurs, telles que les instances étatiques ou non-étatiques dans le développement de cet outil de communication." (Résumé)
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"Zwar liegt der Durchschnitt der Internetanbindungen – auch aufgrund der damit verbundenen Kosten – in Afrika mit elf Prozent der Haushalte gegenwärtig immer noch weit unter dem globalen Mittel von 23 Prozent. Dennoch haben der Ausbau der Infrastruktur, unterschiedliche Regulierungsreformen und
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kreative Geschäftsmodelle in den letzten Jahren zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Internetnutzung in den meisten Teilen Afrikas geführt. Vor allem durch die rasante Verbreitung von Mobilfunk und gemeinschaftlich genutzter Internetanschlüsse haben sich Nutzungsmodelle entwickelt, die immer mehr Menschen Zugang zum Internet bieten. Dementsprechend finden auch in Afrika sogenannte Web-2.0-Anwendungen zunehmend Verbreitung – für persönliche und kommerzielle, aber auch für politische Zwecke. Dazu gehören soziale Netzwerkdienste wie Facebook oder SMS-Dienste wie Twitter, in erster Linie aber Weblogs. Einen Überblick zum Stand der afrikanischen Blogger-Community bietet der Aggregator „Afrigator“, der im Juli 2009 über 10 500 afrikanische Blogs aufführte. Südafrika nimmt mit 62 Prozent (rund 6400) der Blogs den weitaus größten Anteil ein, es folgen Nigeria (1094 Blogs), Kenia (555 Blogs) und Ägypten (325 Blogs)." (Seite 109)
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"The findings of the research reflect two overarching concerns: training content and training delivery. It is a central finding of the research that financial skills are required by the sector. Related to this is the need to encourage professional attitudes, processes, and systems within the sector.
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It is necessary to manage the business in a professional manner in order to gain the support of the community as well as advertisers. Such support contributes to the sustainability of the business. In terms of delivery, on-site training, mentorships and information exchange are emphasised because of the managers’ time and resource constraints. While accredited, theoretical training is perceived as important and worthwhile, participants emphasised the importance of experiential training. The research concludes with a detailed outline of a new qualification the SPI will be seeking to register which will enable it to make a contribution to the small independent community newspaper sector. The research has encountered one central obstacle. The sector is characterised by competition and lack of resources, thus managers are not able to leave their businesses for extended periods of time, and do not always answer telephone calls or emails that are not an immediate priority." (Executive summary, page 2-3)
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"This report has identified the importance of African business media to investment in Africa. Notwithstanding the increase in the quantity and quality of business media coverage revealed in our study, accurate and analytical business stories are still in demand from investors, and this will be more
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so during the current economic crisis. From our sample of investors, three main areas for improving African business media coverage were highlighted: access to reliable facts and figures; training to improve the financial acumen of local journalists; sustained efforts to promote responsible and accurate business reporting." (Recommendations, pages 25-26)
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"This publication offers a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to media education, considering it from three inter-related dimensions: its national, regional and global contexts; its value to citizens and civic participation; and the crucial role of collaboration among governments, civil soc
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iety and the private sector in the process. There are chapters on media education within the framework of educational systems in India, Hong Kong, South Korea, Canada, Ghana and Egypt as well as on civil society media education actors in Spain or Finland. In a cross-cultural perspective, other contributions analyse issues like the curricular contribution to media education, the conceptual convergence between information and communication sciences." (CAMECO Update 3-2009)
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