"What happens to people and the societies in which they live after genocide? How are the devastating events remembered on the individual and collective levels, and how do these memories intersect and diverge as the rulers of postgenocidal states attempt to produce a monolithic "truth" about the past
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? In this important volume, leading anthropologists consider such questions about the relationship of genocide, truth, memory, and representation in the Balkans, East Timor, Germany, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, and other locales. Specialists on the societies about which they write, these anthropologists draw on ethnographic research to provide on-the-ground analyses of communities in the wake of mass brutality. They investigate how mass violence is described or remembered, and how those representations are altered by the attempts of others, from NGOs to governments, to assert "the truth" about outbreaks of violence. One contributor questions the neutrality of an international group monitoring violence in Sudan and the assumption that such groups are, at worst, benign. Another examines the consequences of how events, victims, and perpetrators are portrayed by the Rwandan government during the annual commemoration of that country's genocide in 1994. Still another explores the silence around the deaths of between eighty and one hundred thousand people on Bali during Indonesia's state-sponsored anticommunist violence of 1965-1966, a genocidal period that until recently was rarely referenced in tourist guidebooks, anthropological studies on Bali, or even among the Balinese themselves. Other contributors consider issues of political identity and legitimacy, coping, the media, and "ethnic cleansing." (Publisher description)
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"The symposium focused in three sections on migration and ethnic minority media coverage within Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and South-Eastern Europe. Special attention was paid to concrete experiences regarding the strengthening of ethnic and diversity media and the potentials as we
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ll as the limits of Diaspora media. The contributions on "Migration and the Media" give concrete practical insights into how to inform effectively on migration issues (Hulst), how to combine edutainment campaigns with social action (Salas) and how to advocate the rights of refugees (Missanga, Horngren). The inputs on "Media, Minorities and Diversity" elaborate the differences between Indonesian Diaspora and minority media (Koesoemawiria), policies to prevent discrimination and stereotyping by a public service broadcaster (Hassen) and the relevance of media monitoring in enforcing ethical journalism standards (Bird). On a conceptual level, lessons learnt on holistic donor strategies (Struthers) and the media approach of the Council of Europe's antidiscrimination campaign (Blion) are discussed. The need for close cooperation between mainstream and ethnic diversity media was not only stressed in the two latter papers, but turned out to be a major common concern of the conference participants. The "Potentials of Diaspora Media" are illustrated by two practical experiences and one research study. The work of the Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB) points out the effects of first hand visual TV images on international pressure on military regimes (Khin Maung Win), meanwhile the weekly newspaper The Zimbabwean uses a legal loophole to disseminate independent information within a closed society (Mbanga). A study on the Internet usage of migrants in Germany shows that a high percentage has become more involved and interested in political topics regarding their home and host countries (Kissau)." (Executive summary)
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"The PANOS radio listening clubs have proved to be an effective means of communicating not only HIV and AIDS issues but other development issues within communities. The female radio clubs proved more effective than the male radio clubs. Interviews revealed that communities with the radio listening c
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lubs were more likely to have tested for HIV than those without. Despite the quality of HIV and AIDS reporting in the media deemed as low, community radios were more effective in relaying HIV messages than national or private radios. Journalists sponsored under the PANOS fellowship programme dabbed Global trend and access to treatment for all helped increase interest amongst journalist and media houses on HIV and AIDS reporting. Another key success under the PANOS programme was the development of a HIV and AIDS training manual for journalists. However, the expectations raised by PANOS were high and communities requested for transport to attend the Radio listening clubs. The media gaps in HIV reporting though improving still need more funding to build the capacity of media houses and journalists." (Back cover)
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"In August 2007, the Government of Tanzania committed to doubling the number of training places for skilled midwives following a five-year campaign by the White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood in Tanzania (WRATZ), which culminated in the first television screening of a participatory film, ‘Pla
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y Your Part’. With contributions from a range of health professionals, communities, a pop singer, and the Minister of Health, the message was that everyone at every level has a part to play in saving mothers’ lives. WRATZ was successful because it was able to champion its message in a way that provides a model for advocacy, combining the reactive creativity of journalism and the methodological rigour of participatory video that to bring about a tangible impact." (Abstract)
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"[...] It is clear that the importance of the media in sustenance and development of democracy is well recognised by stakeholders in Africa. This is evidenced by the existence of liberal media laws and regulation in democratic African countries. This then forces the conclusion that there is delibera
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te manipulation or disregard of the media laws so as to fit in with the needs of the few elites. Mostly those in position of power, as the case of Malawi has demonstrated. For instance, there seems to be a general consensus in the reviewed articles that the media in Malawi is largely owned and controlled by a group of elite politicians, through direct ownership and through regulation and censorship. Where they do not have direct access they resort to intimidation or harassment, this can be physical, mental and economical. Again, the literature has substantial evidence of such cases; we have seen how government in Malawi decides media houses that are to be given advertising revenue, a lifeblood of any media organisation; this works like a reward for those who are not, to become 'royal', so as to reap the rewards, as their colleagues." (Summary, page 27-28)
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"Most of the current water problems in southern Africa arise from inadequate or improper management of water resources, rather than shortages. Thus it is essential to raise awareness of water availability and use, and of management approaches that are sustainable. A challenge for media practitioners
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when researching water issues is the problem that accessible sources of information tend to be cluttered with scientific and technical jargon. Statements commonly used in water expert circles often tend to be misunderstood or lose their meaning outside the profession, such as “…Water sustains ecosystems that provide valuable services to both the environment and people.” While water professionals and academics may get their information through peer-reviewed publications, specialist websites and water workshops, the public obtains knowledge of water management from television, radio, newspapers, magazines and sometimes through opinion leaders in their communities. The Internet is also becoming a useful tool in the search for knowledge about water resources due to its ability to offer access to large and varied amounts of information, although this can also be a liability, causing information overload.
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which is a holistic approach to managing water and related resources, is widely discussed among water academics, practitioners and professionals involved in the management of water resources, who consider water an abundant “good” with social, economic and environmental value. While the IWRM concept is not well appreciated among some policy makers and the public, the media is quickly catching on to reporting the many users and uses, and on the need to foster economic efficiency, social equity and environmental sustainability in water resources management [...] It is thus the intention of this media guide to demonstrate that water reporting is not a technical specialisation but a bread-and-butter debate of today and tomorrow. This guide does not intend to make scientists out of journalists or the public, but to offer a quick reference to the main issues and policies as applied in southern Africa, to suggest ways to cut through the jargon, and to provide further references for reading and contacts for interviews." (Introduction, pages 9-10)
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"Radio is the most popular source of information with 98% saying it their source of information. 71% claim that radio is the most important source of information to them and 66% claim that radio is the most reliable source of information. Church is also a strong source of information with 64% claimi
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ng it as their source of information. Newspaper/Magazines followed with a 52% claiming it as a source of information. Other sources of information were word of mouth with 45%, followed by mobile phones with 39%, television with 37% and internet with 11%. The rest had small numbers – please refer to the table. Different sources are used with different degrees of frequencies. Radio (86%) has the highest everyday listenership, followed by mobile phones (60%) and word of mouth (58%). Miraya FM has 54%, followed by Spirit FM with 9%, Liberty with 8%, Sudan Radio Service with 7%, when we pick top 4 radio stations when it we look at top of mind awareness." (Executive summary, page 6)
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"The book is organised into three sections. The first addresses the link between indigenous knowledge and indigenous language, and explores the opportunities this interconnection provides for understanding and countering declines in both. The second section examines how the loss of indigenous knowle
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dge due to insensitive school programmes may be countered by integrating indigenous knowledge and languages into school curricula. The third section explores the need for the revitalisation of indigenous ways of learning, generally outside of a classroom environment, and how this may be practically viable in modern contexts." (Structure of the book, page 6-7)
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"One of the main dilemmas facing journalism education across Africa is whether one can argue for a ‘universal’ set of journalistic standards while at the same time maintaining a culturally sensitive journalism practice. Underlying the dilemma is the question of whether there is a need to identif
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y an ‘African journalism’ philosophy that is normatively different from its Western counterpart. In light of a newly started MA programme in journalism at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, this article argues that rather than seeing journalistic practices as a negotiation between journalism ‘universals’ and cultural particulars they ought to be seen as the interplay between the two. Following this argument, the article calls for a rethinking and distinction of the roles of conventional news media and alternative media." (Abstract)
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"The role of historical memory and of cultural remembrance in societies dealing with dramatic transformations and, at times, traumatic pasts are numerous. In this conference, we will look at post-apartheid South Africa and reunified German society, how each country views itself, as well as the diffe
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rences and similarities in their approach to interrogating and confronting the past. The Afro-German dialogue looks at the politics of remembrance and current practices in the process of historical remembrance: How do we remember and how do we process these memories? What versions of the past exist and what versions are negotiated by society and the political arena? What role does the question concerning the future form or common vision of a society play in shaping today’s politics of remembrance? Representatives from the academic world, civil society, the media and culture will be discussing the potential for integration and reconciliation within the contemporary cultures of remembrance in South Africa and Germany." (Introduction)
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"It is generally said that an independent press is vital for any democracy. However, the case in many African countries is that the independent or private press is weak and lacks credibility, although its assumed role as a cornerstone of young democracies is repeatedly stressed by commentators and p
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olicy-makers. This research investigates the role of the private press in Ethiopia since 1991, when democracy came to the country. Through interviews with 15 key actors in the media and political sector, it reflects on the role of the private media vis-à-vis Francis Kasoma’s theories of the independent press in Africa. From the Ethiopian perspective, the research takes on a slightly more pessimistic view of the role of the private newspapers in building democracy than what Kasoma concluded in light of his comparative research of media in Sub-Saharan countries in general. Findings indicate that the Ethiopian private press has had a pragmatic relationship with recognized professional and ethical standards; the private press has largely failed to represent and inform the citizens; and it has been generally politicized. However, the existence of the private press has also served as a caution for the government, although the press has had more of a symbolic role than being a real cornerstone of democracy." (Abstract)
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