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54
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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
67
Female Journalists & Media Workers
28
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
24
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
14
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
13
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
12
Self-Censorship
10
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
7
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
6
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
4
Social Media in Political Communication
4
Journalistic Social Media Use
4
Investigative Journalism
4
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
3
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
3
Journalism Education & Training
3
Open Data
2
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
2
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
2
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
2
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
2
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
2
Countering Defamation & Harassment
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
1
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
1
Social Media Analytics, Web Metrics, User Data Analytics
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
1
Chilling Effects (Discouragement of Legitimate Exercise of Legal Rights)
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Freedom of Expression
1
Censorship
1
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Government Communication Strategies
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Media Criticism
1
Online Magazines & Newspapers
1
Social Media
1
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
1
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
1
Facebook
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
Trolling (Social Media)
1
AI in Journalism & Media
1
Generative AI, including ChatGPT et al.
1
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
1
Minority Journalists
1
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
1
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
1
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
1
Infotainment, Politainment
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
1
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
1
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
1
Journalism
1
Journalism Education Curricula
1
Media Law & Regulation
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
1
Hindu Nationalism
1
Democracy / Democratization and Media
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Public Spheres
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1198-1213
"Through interviews with women journalists in the Philippines, this study documents and examines their experiences with online harassment. Three main themes stand out. First, we find that online harassment against journalists follows a systematic process that starts from the top, is followed through
...
Southern European Journalists’ Perceptions of Discursive Menaces in the Age of (Online) Delegitimization
Politics and Governance, volume 11, issue 2 (2023), pp. 210-220
"In a new communication context, factors such as the rise of hate speech, disinformation, or a precarious financial and employment situation in the media have made discursive menaces gain increasing significance. Threats of this kind challenge the legitimacy of institutional news media and professio
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Strategic Rituals of Loyalty: When Israeli Journalists Face Digital Hate
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1940–1961
"This article examines how and why Israeli journalists use their military service as a shield in response to online violence and digital hate. This practice, termed here the military-as-alibi strategy, is highly consequential. First, it excludes Israeli citizens who are exempt from military service
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Tackling the emotional toll together: How journalists address harassment with connective practices
Journalism, volume 24, issue 3 (2023), pp. 494–512
"In this article, we examine how journalists address and tackle online harassment by connective practices that involve joint action with peers and editors that we find are particularly effective in addressing the emotional effects of harassment. Theoretically, we bridge community of practice researc
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“It Comes With the Job”: How Journalists Navigate Experiences and Perceptions of Gendered Online Harassment
International Journal of Communication, volume 17, issue 2023 (2023), pp. 5128-5148
"This article examines how online abuse is experienced and tackled by journalists in Portugal, and addresses the prevalence of online harassment and violence against women journalists and their perceptions of the issue. Theoretically, the article bridges the research on online harassment and gender
...
Swedish journalists' perceptions of legal protection against unlawful online harassment
Frontiers in Sociology, volume 8, issue 1154495 (2023), 12 pp.
"This study examined journalists' perceptions regarding the legal system's ability to protect them against online harassment. By utilizing open-ended survey responses from respondents with varying levels of trust in the legal system, the findings suggested a need for increased technical proficiency,
...
Online safety of diverse journalists: A report prepared for Media Diversity Australia
Media Diversity Australia;Griffith University;Macquarie University (2023), 69 pp.
"Overall, our study found that many journalists and media workers from minority backgrounds were experiencing online harassment and abuse from members of the public, and that often, this behaviour was considered ‘part of the job’ in the modern, digital environment. While we found some employers
...
Social media and online hostility: Experiences of women in Irish journalism
Dublin: Irish Research Council;Dublin City University (2023), 60 pp.
"The public’s increased access to journalists via social networks is arguably the defining shift in audience-media relations over the past two decades. While some laud this potential for dialogue, the reality is that many journalists face targeted hostility, with women often subjected to particula
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Online harassment of journalists in Nigeria: Audience motivations and solutions
Media International Australia (2023), 16 pp.
"This study investigates the motivations for the hostility towards the press by the audience and how to control online harassment of journalists in Nigeria. Data for this study are from online and face-to-face semi-structured interviews of 54 Nigerians in Nigeria. Finding shows that perceived journa
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“I thought You Are Beautiful”: Uganda Women Journalists’ Tales of Mob Violence on Social Media
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1962-1981
"This article contributes to our understanding of the notion of mob censorship from the Ugandan context by examining the nature and consequences of harassment targeting women journalists on social media. Drawing on research about online harassment and censorship, we link mob violence in physical spa
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Resisting the Individualization of Risk: Strategies of Engagement and Caution in Journalists’ Responses to Online Mobs in the United States and Germany
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1906-1923
"Increasing levels of toxicity, harassment, trolling, and doxxing targeting journalists are a global problem that adversely affects journalism and democratic life. This study offers a comparative analysis of journalistic responses to online violence in the United States and Germany, based on 87 inte
...
Journalism in Cameroon: A High-Risk and Dangerous Profession?
In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South
Bruce Mutsvairo; Saba Bebawi; Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)
London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 461-476
"These are challenging times for practicing journalism safely in Cameroon. Death in pretrial detention is one extreme form of silencing journalists, although arbitrary arrests, intimidation, harassment, and trumped-up charges are also used, not only during turbulence and armed conflicts, but also in
...
Twitter trolling of Pakistani female journalists: A patriarchal society glance
Media, Culture & Society, volume 45, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1303-1314
"The incorporation of new media technology into journalistic practices led to online harassment, particularly of female journalists. The researchers investigated the tweets of four prominent Pakistani female journalists through the lens of post-colonial feminism and symbolic violence. The qualitativ
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How online harassment affects Korean journalists? The effects of online harassment on the journalists’ psychological problems and their intention to leave the profession
Journalism, volume 25, issue 4 (2023), pp. 900-920
"This study examined the effects of online harassment on journalists’ psychological trauma and their intention to leave work. It also investigated whether journalists’ psychological trauma mediates the effects of online harassment on their intention to leave the profession and whether gender mak
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Digital Scarlet Letter on Journalists: Weaponized Harassment Against Journalists in South Korea
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2023), pp. 319-336
"This article seeks to contribute to the existing research on journalist harassment by examining the experiences of Korean journalists who have faced online harassment. While extensive research has been conducted on this issue, there is a need for comparative studies to understand the unique pattern
...
Threats to Journalists from the Consumer Internet of Things
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybersecurity, Situational Awareness and Social Media
Cyril Onwubiko; Pierangelo Rosati; Aunshul Rege; Arnau Erola; Xavier Bellekens; Hanan Hindy; Martin Gilje Jaatun (eds.)
Singapore: Springer (2023), pp. 303–326
"Threats associated with the consumer Internet of Things (IoT) may particularly inhibit the work and wellbeing of journalists, especially because of the danger of technological surveillance and the imperative to protect confidential sources. These issues may have knock-on effects on societal stabili
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How Newsroom Social Media Policies Can Improve Journalists' Well-Being
In: Happiness in Journalism
Valérie Bélair-Gagnon; Avery E. Holton; Mark Deuze; Claudia Mellado (eds.)
London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 78-86
"This chapter draws on a discourse analysis of newsroom social media policies, and in-depth interviews with journalists focused on their reactions to the social media policies within the newsrooms in which they have worked, and their recommendations for how those policies should be improved." (Abstr
...
Arab authorities use digital surveillance to control press freedom: Journalists’ perceptions
Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, volume 25, issue 3 (2023), pp. 250-266
"The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of digital surveillance by Arab authorities, which face risks and threats of surveillance, and how journalists seek to press freedom by using tools and techniques to communicate securely. Design/methodology/approach: The study used focus group
...
Online Harassment and Trolling of Political Journalists in Pakistan
Journalism Practice (2023), [no pag.]
"This study examines the online harassment faced by political journalists in Pakistan on Twitter, specifically focusing on the actions of users affiliated with various political parties. By selecting the 12 most active journalists on Twitter, we combined both content and textual analyses to examine
...
Occupational Hazards: Individual and Professional Factors of Why Journalists Become Victims of Online Hate Speech
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 838-856
"Journalists are regularly exposed to online hate speech their profession. Because discrimination often harms targets and can prompt self-censorship in journalistic content, undermining journalism’s public duty, it is essential to understand factors explaining why journalists become victims of onl
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