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When Will one Help? Understanding Audience Intervention in Online Harassment of Women Journalists
Journalism Practice, volume 19, issue 3 (2025), pp. 523-541
"While online harassment directed towards women journalists are under wide discussion, the mechanism of audience intervention in stopping online harassment is less explored. Integrating bystander invention, ambivalent sexism, and social identity theories, we propose and test an integrative framework
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Harassment of Journalists and Its Aftermath: Anti-Press Violence, Psychological Suffering, and an Internal Chilling Effect
Digital Journalism, volume 13, issue 2 (2025), pp. 232-248
"Anti-press sentiment based on negative emotions of disgust and hatred has prevailed in Korea since the mid-2010s. Through in-depth interviews with ten journalists working for Korean news organizations, supplemented with an analysis of self-reflective articles, this study investigates how journalist
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Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
Deep Insights
Munich: Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU), WJS Center (2025), 371 pp.
"This report presents findings from the third wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS3), conducted between 2021 and 2025. In this iteration, we focused on journalists’ perceptions of risk and uncertainty in their profession and sought to identify key factors that shape how journalists navigate
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Psychological Defence and Information Influence: A Textbook on Theory and Practice
Karlstad: Psychological Defence Agency (2025), 257 pp.
"In an age defined by rapid information flows and shifting security landscapes, the resilience of societies rests not only on military strength or technological capacity, but equally on the ability of individuals and institutions to withstand psychological influence and manipulation. Psychological d
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Online harassment of journalists in Nigeria: Audience motivations and solutions
Media International Australia, volume 194, issue 1 (2025), pp. 115-130
"This study investigates the motivations for the hostility towards the press by the audience and how to control online harassment of journalists in Nigeria. Data for this study are from online and face-to-face semi-structured interviews of 54 Nigerians in Nigeria. Finding shows that perceived journa
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Online Harassment and Trolling of Political Journalists in Pakistan
Journalism Practice, volume 19, issue 7 (2025), pp. 1499-1516
"This study examines the online harassment faced by political journalists in Pakistan on Twitter, specifically focusing on the actions of users affiliated with various political parties. By selecting the 12 most active journalists on Twitter, we combined both content and textual analyses to examine
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Coping with Hate: Exploring Indian Journalists’ Responses to Online Harassment
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2024), pp. 337-355
"In India, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) employs a digital army of right-wing supporters to harass journalists who are critical of the party's Hindu-nationalist ideology. As a result, the country's press freedom rankings have significantly declined over the past decade. While scholars have
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Comparing Risks to Journalism: Media Criticism in the Digital Hate
Digital Journalism, volume 12, issue 3 (2024), pp. 294-313
"This study examines digital media criticism—publicly shared evaluations and judgements of journalistic text and actors on various digital platforms—as a risk to journalism. It specifically interrogates how journalists negotiate the diverse nature of criticism in digital spaces and in a comparat
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Egyptian Journalists’ Perceptions of Digital Journalism Training Effectiveness
Sage Open, issue January-March (2024), 20 pp.
"This study examines the perceptions of Egyptian journalists of the effectiveness of professional training in digital journalism and determines the training-needs of journalists to adapt to innovative journalism practices. The study applies mixed descriptive methods based on The Motivation–Hygiene
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[Anatomía del acoso digital contra periodistas en Colombia]
Páginas para la Libertad de Expresión (FLIP, Colombia), issue 9 (2024), 24 pp.
"Durante año y medio, la FLIP y Linterna Verde monitoreamos la conversación que giró alrededor del periodismo y le pusimos la lupa a tres momentos virales para entender qué hay detrás de cada ataque digital: El conocido hashtag #CaracolMiente, que surgió después de que el presidente Gustavo P
...
The Peril and Promise of AI for Journalism
Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI) (2024), 13 pp.
"This report draws on insights from the workshop, along with recent academic and journalistic publishing. It highlights three major issues: How generative AI can make disinformation campaigns faster, more targeted, and more persuasive. How newsrooms’ adoption of AI tools can lead to inaccuracies a
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Media freedom and journalist safety in the UK Online Safety Act
Journal of Media Law, volume 15, issue 2 (2024), pp. 179-212
"In the digital era, journalists are targeted with online abuse including serious threats of violence. These censorship tactics are a direct threat to media freedom. Although the UK Government intended to tackle online abuse of journalists in the Online Safety Act 2023, provisions fit for that purpo
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Mapping Actions to Combat Online Violence against Female Journalists across the OSCE Participating States
Regional Academy on the United Nations (RAUN) (2024), 56 pp.
"This paper presents an exploratory study aimed at systematically mapping the public actions taken by OSCE participating States to combat online violence against female journalists. Adopting a qualitative large N research design, the study examines national policies and initiatives across all 57 OSC
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Same threats, different platforms? Female journalists’ experiences of online gender-based violence in selected newsrooms in Namibia
Journalism, volume 25, issue 4 (2024), pp. 779-799
"Concerns about the disproportionate levels of online gender-based abuse experienced by female journalists when compared to their male counterparts have attracted sizeable scholarly attention in the last few years. Extant studies have highlighted that female journalists experience online forms of ha
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Independent Online Journalists' Harassment and the Emotional Repercussions
"Communication the world over is a vital cog in communities. The sender and the receiver play different and complementary roles in information dissemination. Be that as it may, many contemporary information senders are faced with different forms of harassment. The advent of social media has seen a r
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Spurring or Blurring Professional Standards? The Role of Digital Technology in Implementing Journalistic Role Ideals in Contemporary Newsrooms
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 102, issue 1 (2024), pp. 88-119
"This study examines the perceived relevance and implementation of competing normative ideals in journalism in times of increasing use of digital technology in newsrooms. Based on survey and content analysis data from 37 countries, we found a small positive relationship between the use of digital re
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An Intersectional Analysis of Aotearoa New Zealand Journalists’ Online and Offline Experiences of Abuse, Threats and Violence
Journalism Studies, volume 25, issue 2 (2024), pp. 160-180
"Criticism towards journalists has increased significantly since the internet created easy and anonymous communication and has turned more abusive and threatening in recent years, becoming a regular feature of journalists’ work environment, particularly for women. This article presents survey data
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“Journalists are Prepared for Critical Situations … but We are Not Prepared for This”: Empirical and Structural Dimensions of Gendered Online Harassment
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2024), pp. 301-318
"This article discusses online harassment against women journalists exploring self-reported incidents, effects, and trust in safety mechanisms. Drawing on twenty-five semi-structured interviews of women journalists in Portugal, we use a feminist and critical realist framework to explore the causal s
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Unraveling the Digital Threat: Exploring the Impact of Online Harassment on South Korean Journalists’ Professional Roles
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 101, issue 2 (2024), pp. 529-551
"This research examines whether and to what extent journalists are harassed online and the effects of online harassment on their professional roles. The study classifies online harassment against journalists into five types: insults, threats, privacy intrusion, sexual assault, and cyber-hacking. The
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Online Harassment, Psychological Stressors, and Occupational Dysfunction among Journalists Working in a Conflict Zone
Digital Journalism, volume 12, issue 6 (2024), pp. 735-752
"Amid increasing threats and assaults against journalists across the globe, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province in northwest Pakistan remains one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists. Whereas online harassment is increasingly affecting journalists, experiences of online harassment
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