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"Overall, our study found that many journalists and media workers from minority backgrounds were experiencing online harassment and abuse from members of the public, and that often, this behaviour was considered ‘part of the job’ in the modern, digital environment. While we found some employers
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How Newsroom Social Media Policies Can Improve Journalists' Well-Being
"This chapter draws on a discourse analysis of newsroom social media policies, and in-depth interviews with journalists focused on their reactions to the social media policies within the newsrooms in which they have worked, and their recommendations for how those policies should be improved." (Abstr
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Social media and online hostility: Experiences of women in Irish journalism
Dublin: Irish Research Council; Dublin City University (2023), 60 pp.
"The public’s increased access to journalists via social networks is arguably the defining shift in audience-media relations over the past two decades. While some laud this potential for dialogue, the reality is that many journalists face targeted hostility, with women often subjected to particula
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“I thought You Are Beautiful”: Uganda Women Journalists’ Tales of Mob Violence on Social Media
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2023), pp. 1962-1981
"This article contributes to our understanding of the notion of mob censorship from the Ugandan context by examining the nature and consequences of harassment targeting women journalists on social media. Drawing on research about online harassment and censorship, we link mob violence in physical spa
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Online Harassment of Journalists in Zimbabwe: Experiences, Coping Strategies and Implications
In: New Journalism Ecologies in East and Southern Africa: Innovations, Participatory and Newsmaking Cultures
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), pp. 95-111
"This chapter examines the safety risks faced by Zimbabwean journalists as they conduct their day-to-day professional work in online spaces. Given that journalists in Africa are increasingly utilising and adopting social media tools for news production and distribution, it is timely to examine the d
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Investigative Journalism in the Digital Age: An Online Safety Checklist
Public Media Alliance (2023), 1 p.
"This ten-point checklist highlights key tips for journalists undertaking digital approaches to investigative journalism." (Introduction)
Journalism in Cameroon: A High-Risk and Dangerous Profession?
In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South
London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 461-476
"These are challenging times for practicing journalism safely in Cameroon. Death in pretrial detention is one extreme form of silencing journalists, although arbitrary arrests, intimidation, harassment, and trumped-up charges are also used, not only during turbulence and armed conflicts, but also in
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Digital Safety Snacks
PEN America (2023)
"PEN America, the Online News Association, and the International Women’s Media Foundation have teamed up to create Digital Safety Snacks, step-by-step videos to help you defend yourself against online abuse. We’ll explain how to protect your most sensitive accounts from hackers and how to dox yo
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The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1198-1213
"Through interviews with women journalists in the Philippines, this study documents and examines their experiences with online harassment. Three main themes stand out. First, we find that online harassment against journalists follows a systematic process that starts from the top, is followed through
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“Not Their Fault, but Their Problem”: Organizational Responses to the Online Harassment of Journalists
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 4 (2023), pp. 859-874
"Journalists are increasingly reporting that online harassment has become a common feature of their working lives, contributing to experiences of fatigue, anxiety and disconnection from social media as well as their profession. Drawing on interviews with American newsworkers, this study finds at lea
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"Whether you’re experiencing or witnessing online abuse, this Field Manual offers concrete strategies for how to defend yourself and others. We wrote this guidance with and for those disproportionately impacted by online abuse: writers, journalists, artists, and activists who identify as women, BI
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Arab authorities use digital surveillance to control press freedom: Journalists’ perceptions
Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, volume 25, issue 3 (2023), pp. 250-266
"The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of digital surveillance by Arab authorities, which face risks and threats of surveillance, and how journalists seek to press freedom by using tools and techniques to communicate securely. Design/methodology/approach: The study used focus group
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Digital Scarlet Letter on Journalists: Weaponized Harassment Against Journalists in South Korea
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2023), pp. 319-336
"This article seeks to contribute to the existing research on journalist harassment by examining the experiences of Korean journalists who have faced online harassment. While extensive research has been conducted on this issue, there is a need for comparative studies to understand the unique pattern
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Occupational Hazards: Individual and Professional Factors of Why Journalists Become Victims of Online Hate Speech
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 838-856
"Journalists are regularly exposed to online hate speech their profession. Because discrimination often harms targets and can prompt self-censorship in journalistic content, undermining journalism’s public duty, it is essential to understand factors explaining why journalists become victims of onl
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"Digital platforms quickly became prevalent over physical public space, allowing debates, interactions, and activism to flourish. With women journalists contributing significantly to the formation of a vibrant digital public space, offline violence has adapted and evolved with digital platforms. Sin
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The Chilling: A Global Study of Online Violence Against Women Journalists
Deep Insights
International Center for Journalists (ICFJ); UNESCO (2022), 325 pp.
"This ground-breaking three-year global study on gender-based online violence against women journalists represents collaborative research covering 15 countries. It is the most geographically, linguistically, and ethnically diverse scoping of the crisis conducted up until late 2022. The research draw
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A Matter of Organisational Silence: Media Managers Struggling to Make Sense of the Online Harassment of Journalists as a Collective Issue in Journalism
Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1868-1885
"The online harassment of journalists is a phenomenon which has been on the rise in Europe over the last decade and it affects journalists' working lives. As an expression of mob censorship, online harassment raises questions about how media organisations react to online aggressions targeting their
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Report on Open Source Digital Safety Tool Ecosystem
Internews (2022), 18 pp.
"This is a report on the health of the open-source digital safety tool ecosystem that draws from the BASICS experience. Internews' BASICS project (Building Analytical and Support Infrastructure for Critical Security tools) was a 30-month initiative to strengthen the capacity of open source digital s
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Project Torogoz: Extensive Hacking of Media & Civil Society in El Salvador with Pegasus Spyware
Toronto: Citizen Lab; Access Now (2022)
"The Citizen Lab and Access Now have conducted a joint investigation into Pegasus hacking in El Salvador in collaboration with Frontline Defenders, SocialTIC, and Fundación Acceso. We confirmed 35 cases of journalists and members of civil society whose phones were successfully infected with NSO’s
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“Who’s Going to be a Creep Today?” Understanding the Social Media Experiences of Women Broadcast Journalists
Social Media + Society, volume 8, issue 2 (2022), 10 pp.
"Reports of the online harassment of journalists have continued to increase as more newsrooms place higher emphasis on social media engagement with audiences. However, this harassment is subject to gendered dynamics, as women journalists are most often the target of online abuse, and the attacks the
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