Digital Threats

The “triple effect” silencing female journalists online. A theoretical exploration

Marte Høiby

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes; Anna Grøndahl Larsen; Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 100-113

"Online harassment of women journalists imposes self-censorship and threatens women’s participation in online journalism. This is of grave concern for the development of freedom of speech and plurality in the media (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe [OSCE], 2019). Part of this i ... more

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‘A modern-day equivalent of the Wild West’: Preparing journalism students to be safe online

Jenny Kean, Abbey Maclure

Journalism Education, volume 10, issue 1 (2020), pp. 69-82

"Journalists are increasingly becoming the target of online abuse; the backlash over the death of TV presenter Caroline Flack and coverage of the Black Lives Matter protests are just two recent examples. Yorkshire Evening Post editor Laura Collins has highlighted how female journalists face the brun ... more

Female Journalists’ Experience of Online Harassment: A Case Study of Nepal

Samiksha Koirala

Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 47-56

"This study examines the experiences of female journalists in Nepal in the context of rapidly growing expansion of broadband Internet. By examining the findings of the qualitative in-depth interview of 48 female journalists, it argues that online platforms are threatening press freedom in Nepal, mai ... more

Online surveillance and the repressive Press Council Bill 2018. A two-pronged approach to media self-censorship in Nigeria

Olunifesi Adekunle Suraj

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes; Anna Grøndahl Larsen; Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 80-99

"This chapter examines the perceptions of Nigerian journalists towards the Nigerian Press Council Bill 2018 and the governments’ online surveillance. The study employs survey and interview methods: 217 Nigerian media practitioners selected from print and online media responded to the questionnaire ... more

Safety and self-censorship: Examining their linkage to social media use among Uganda journalists

Florence Namasinga Selnes

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes; Anna Grøndahl Larsen; Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 164-180

"This chapter’s point of departure lies in its focus on how journalists and media organizations navigate through unsafe environments and avoid self-censorship. The study specifically explores the connection between safety and self-censorship and journalist’s deployment of social media in the Uga ... more

You need a thick skin in this game: Journalists’ attitudes to resilience training as a strategy for combatting online violence

Fiona Martin, Colleen Murrell

Australian Journalism Review, volume 42, issue 1 (2020), pp. 93-11.

"In recent years, resilience training has been recommended as a way to protect news workers from the impact of reporting on traumatic events. However, do journalists see it as a useful tool in dealing with online abuse and harassment? This article explores Australian journalists’ conceptions of re ... more

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Reading the Investigators their Rights: A review of literature on the General Data Protection Regulation and open-source intelligence gathering and analysis

Anjuli R. Shere

The New Collection, volume 14 (2020), pp. 3-21

"Open-source intelligence gathering and analysis (OSINT) techniques are no longer predominantly the remit of private investigators and journalists. An estimated 80-90% of data analysed by intelligence agencies is also now derived from publicly available material. Additionally, the massive expansion ... more

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Arab Resistance in the diaspora: Comparing the Saudi dissident and the Egyptian whistleblower

Sahar Khamis, Randall Fowler

Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, volume 13, issue 1 (2020), pp. 31-49

"While much research on Arab and Muslim diasporas in the West focuses on the War(s) on Terror, in this article, we explore how two particular diasporic groups, Egyptian and Saudi activists, work to shape public perceptions of the authoritarian regimes in their countries of origin. Contextualizing th ... more

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Digital Threats and Attacks on the Philippine Alternative Press: Range, Responses, and Remedies

Ramon R. Tuazon, Therese Patricia San Diego Torres

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 1-22

"In the Philippines, the assault on the press has gone digital. While Filipino journalists continue to face physical, verbal, and legal threats and attacks, cyber-attacks and online harassment/trolling were identified in 2018 as the second worst threat against them, after low wages and poor working ... more

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The Risks and Challenges for Professional Journalism in the Digital Age: A Malaysian Perspective

Siti Nor Amalina Ahmad Tajuddin, Roslan Ali

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 106-123

"The Internet is a modern Pandora's Box which has exceptionally altered the way we disseminate and receive information messages, particularly news. Despite technological innovations being the apex of our history, it is undeniable that they pose new challenges and threats to a different degree. Hence ... more

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Online Harassment and Its Implications for the Journalist–Audience Relationship

Seth C. Lewis, Rodrigo Zamith, Mark Coddington

Digital Journalism, volume 8, issue 8 (2020), pp. 1047-1067

"Amid growing threats to journalists around the world, this study examines the nature of online harassment, the types of journalists most likely to experience it, and the most common forms of response to such abuse. Through a representative survey of U.S. journalists, we find that nearly all journal ... more

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Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism

Silvio Waisbord

Digital Journalism, volume 8, issue 8 (2020), pp. 1030-1046

"Rising numbers of online attacks against journalists have been documented globally. Female, minority reporters and journalists who cover issues interwoven with right-wing identity anchors have been primary targets. This trend reflects growing forms of mob censorship linked to the demonization of jo ... more

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Now you [don’t] see me: How have new legislation and changing public awareness of the UK surveillance state impacted OSINT investigations?

Anjuli R. Shere

Journal of Cyber Policy, volume 5, issue 3 (2020), pp. 429-448

"Open-source intelligence (OSINT) gathering and analysis techniques are used by investigators from a variety of fields, owing to their accessibility and exceptional capacity for corroboration. It has previously been argued that proposed data protection legislation can chill the free press, but there ... more

Security should be there by default: Investigating how journalists perceive and respond to risks from the Internet of Things

Anjuli R. K. Shere, Jason R. C. Nurse, Ivan Flechais

In: 2020 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)

IEEE (2020), pp. 240-249

"Journalists have long been the targets of both physical and cyber-attacks from well-resourced adversaries. Internet of Things (IoT) devices are arguably a new avenue of threat towards journalists through both targeted and generalised cyber-physical exploitation. This study comprises three parts: Fi ... more

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The Pitfalls and Perils of Being a Digital Journalist in Venezuela

Mariateresa Garrido

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 319-337

"To be a journalist in Venezuela is very dangerous. In the past decade, there has been an increase of attacks against media and their personnel. On the one hand, attacks against journalists include harassment (physical, digital, legal), illegal detentions, kidnapping, and assassination. On the other ... more

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What to Do if You’re the Target of Online Harassment

Viktorya Vilk

Slate;Free Speech Project;Future Tense;Tech, Law, & Security Program at American University Washington College of Law (2020)

"In the middle of a global pandemic, as a wave of anti-racism activism sweeps the nation, conditions are rife for a spike in online hate and harassment. Tens of thousands have taken to the streets to protest police brutality while millions more socially distance at home, anxious and isolated, with e ... more

When online commentary turns into violence: The role of Twitter in slander against journalists in Colombia

Marta Milena Barrios, Lina María Vega Estarita, Luis M. Gil

Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 16 pp.

"The 55-year long Colombian conflict with the FARC guerrilla movement ended in 2016 with the signing of a peace agreement, which resulted in a substantial reduction in the number of victims of socio-political violence. Paradoxically, this did not improve security for journalists, who were targeted: ... more

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The Online Public Sphere in the Gulf: Contestation, Creativity, and Change

Sahar Khamis

Review of Middle East Studies, volume 53, issue 2 (2019), pp. 190-199

"This introductory essay sets the stage for this special issue, which explores how online media has changed the Arabian Gulf region's politics, economies, and social norms. It provides an overview of the most important themes, arguments, and findings tackled in the four essays in this issue, as well ... more

Digital security awareness and practices of journalists in Turkey: A descriptive study

Behlül Çaliskan

Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), pp. 1-16

"This study aims to measure the level of digital security awareness of journalists in Turkey who use digital technology in the course of their work. In the study, research questions are answered using data collected by means of an online survey in relation to the digital security risks faced, the ex ... more

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