"This paper asks how images of children are used by prominent signatories to NGO codes of conduct. The answer is that images of childhood and shared codes of conduct are both means through which development and relief NGOs produce themselves as rights-based organisations. The iconography of childhoo
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d expresses institutional ideals and the key humanitarian values of humanity, neutrality and impartiality, and solidarity. Images of children are useful for NGOs in reinforcing the legitimacy of their ‘emergency’ interventions as well as the very idea of development itself. But the dominant iconography is also inherently paradoxical, as the child image can be read as both a colonial metaphor for the majority world and as a signifier of humanitarian identity. The question then for NGOs using this image in social justice campaigns is whether overtly political accompanying texts can nullify the contradictory subliminal messages that emanate from the iconography of childhood." (Abstract)
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"In the many studies of games and young people's use of them, little has been written about an overall “ecology” of gaming, game design and play—mapping the ways that all the various elements, from coding to social practices to aesthetics, coexist in the game world. This volume looks at games
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as systems in which young users participate, as gamers, producers, and learners. The Ecology of Games aims to expand upon and add nuance to the debate over the value of games—which so far has been vociferous but overly polemical and surprisingly shallow. Game play is credited with fostering new forms of social organization and new ways of thinking and interacting; the contributors work to situate this within a dynamic media ecology that has the participatory nature of gaming at its core. They look at the ways in which youth are empowered through their participation in the creation, uptake, and revision of games; emergent gaming literacies, including modding, world-building, and learning how to navigate a complex system; and how games act as points of departure for other forms of knowledge, literacy, and social organization." (Back cover)
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"Communication for Empowerment is an initiative which, in its global context, aims to enable average citizens including those from marginalised strata of society and those living in poverty to take informed decisions on their own lives, have access to channels that allow their voice to be heard and
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have access to public spaces of local dialogue and debate [...] Mozambique is one of five countries coming forward as interested in taking part in the pilot research process, testing the tool in three districts in Mozambique: Mandlakazi, Dondo and Monapo. In each of the districts, needs assessments focused on identifying the information and communication needs of vulnerable and marginalised communities. We report here on how their needs were or were not met with existing media approaches. From this we will be able to engage in dialogue with people from these three districts to determine how they plan to alter the media environment for the better." (Executive summary)
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"This manual is designed to provide you with practical guidance in the work and business of writing and editing textbooks, whether you are currently working in the field, or you are studying toward it. More specifically, the manual will: provide an overview of the editing process and a basic underst
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anding of the roles involved; provide guidance on the business practices involved in editing and publishing. The manual was written to accompany the course Publishing Educational Materials: Techiques and Tools for Editors and Writers, produced by the World Bank in 2008. In most cases information from the course is not repeated in the manual." (Introduction, page 5)
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"Radio seems to have proven itself as a developmental tool, particularly with the rise of community and local radios, which have facilitated a far more participatory and horizontal type of communication than was possible with the older, centralised broadcasting model of the 1960s and 70s. There seem
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s also to have been a re-discovery of radio in the context of new ICTs, a realisation that technology has made radio into a more two-way medium and that it can help bridge the digital divide by providing a powerful tool for information dissemination and access, especially for hard-to-reach rural audiences [...] Whilst there are some proven successes in terms of radio's development impact to date, there are still some question-marks over radio's impact. This report identifies and discusses the issues of gender and minority access and inclusion in radio broadcasting; the issue of inciting violence and radio's 'double-edged' nature in vulnerable societies; the whole question of sustainability and whether or not developmental - and/or 'public-service' - radio is a viable concern from an economic standpoint. Underlying all these questions remains the challenge of how precisely to measure the impact of radio; finding appropriate methodological tools and forums to do so; and the problem of defining and researching behaviour change." (Executive summary)
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"This Awareness and Communication Strategy fulfils the call for establishing sector specific (Water Sector) strategies and crafting, packaging and dissemination of messages and themes which should be based on but not limited to SADC’s priority intervention areas. It is basically expanding the SADC
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Communication Programme of Action presented in the SADC Communications and Promotional Strategy by outlining a communication agenda for the SADC Water Division and the Water Sector as a whole." (Executive summary)
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"El presente artículo analiza los discursos periodísticos y la representación de temas claves vinculados a la gestión del riesgo de desastres en cuatro países de la subregión Andina. El estudio se apoya en elementos teóricos de la investigación en medios y periodismo, tales como Agenda Setti
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ng (establecimiento de la agenda periodística) y Encuadre, y de conceptos claves sobre gestión del riesgo de desastres. El estudio analiza 1) la manera como un conjunto de medios escritos de la subregión andina, a través de sus ediciones online, abordaron y caracterizaron la gestión de riesgo durante el período abril, 2007 - julio, 2008; 2) la naturaleza de los discursos periodísticos predominantes durante ese período; y 3) las implicaciones que tales discursos pueden tener en la comunicación para la gestión de riesgo de desastres. El estudio ofrece evidencia empírica que puede servir de base para orientar acciones futuras que ayuden a periodistas y comunicadores a informar mejor a la comunidad." (Resumen)
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"This study claims to be one of the first attempts to explore the field of radio economics in rural Africa. Based on in-depth questionnaires filled in by 15 radio stations in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ghana and Mali, it found that the costs vary widely according to the type of ownership, i.e. public
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, commercial or community radio. The average start-up costs fluctuate between $50,000 and 100,000. The annual operating costs range between $20,000 to $540,000 for public broadcasters, $2,500 to $930,000 for commercial stations and $2,500 to $286,000 for community stations. The costs of programming are largely dependant on the level of interactivity of the programme format, the accessibility of additional resources to produce specialised programmes, and the type of station producing the programme. The study found that community stations tended to invest more resources in interactive programming with community involvement and less on in-studio formats. The sale of airtime is important revenue for most stations. There is no shortage of investment for starting up radio stations (in particular community radios), but the common challenge remains the sustainability beyond the initial investment." (CAMECO Update 1-2009)
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"This World Bank study discusses secondary textbook and school library availability in Africa, its cost and financing, and its distribution and publishing. The study’s objective was to analyze the issues and provide some options and strategies for improvement. Reforms are urgently required in the
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secondary school systems of most African countries in order to: (i) reduce the number of textbooks and reference books required by secondary education curricula; (ii) reduce the unit costs of textbooks; (iii) increase the target book life thus increasing cost amortization and reducing annual textbook fees/budgets; (iv) increase the financing allocated to textbook provision from either government or parents, and (v) ensure that curricula change does not make expensive materials redundant too early or too often. The authors of the study believe that if a reliable market exists local publishing can develop to service it, even in direct competition with multinationals; and that the market does not necessarily have to be large, but that the critical factor is predictability. If publishers are confident that funding will be available, from whatever source, year after year, then local publishing will emerge to serve that market. This, it is argued, is perhaps most clearly demonstrated in Botswana where a tiny but reliable and reasonably predictable secondary school sector has five competing approved textbooks in some secondary subjects." (Hans M. Zell, Publishing, Books & Reading in Sub-Saharan Africa, 3d ed. 2008, nr. 2556)
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"Objetivos generales: caracterizar la forma en que los medios de comunicación social tratan el tema de la pobreza, tomando como fuente de información la población encuestada en el Gran Santiago; determinar factores de mejora en la forma de comunicar acerca de la pobreza, a través de los medios d
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e comunicación social." (Slide 4)
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