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Reporting Hate Speech, Terrorism & Violence: Guidelines for Journalists and Media Workers in South East Asia

Norwich: Public Media Alliance (2019), 14 pp.

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Social Media and Conflict in Iraq: A Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms

Dina Obaid et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;Better World Organization;Iraqi Alfourdus Organization;Iraqi Network for Social Media;Youth Without Borders (2019), 36 pp.

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Social Media and Conflict in Yemen: A Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms

Jacqueline Lacroix

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;Development Transformations;Peace Track Initiative (2019), 31 pp.

"Conflict in Yemen plays out along various fault lines—regional, sectarian, class, political, tribal, and ethnic—which are reflected in the hateful language employed on and offline to incite violence. The sectarian aspect of conflict in Yemen is relatively new, as prior to 2011, “religious coe ... xistence and intermingling was taken for granted by most Yemenis and seen as a normal feature of everyday life.” But with the outbreak of conflict after the removal of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, “sectarian discourse has become more heated, reorganizing Yemeni society along sectarian lines and rearranging people’s relationships to one another on a non-nationalist basis.” Furthermore, the social and political dynamics in Yemen have fostered a permissive environment for hate speech. According to information gathered from a community meeting held in Sana’a in 2015, “many leaders have normalized and legitimized antagonistic, exclusionary rhetoric to consolidate their power and dehumanize their enemies.” In terms of access to online networks, despite a weak telecommunications sector relative to other Middle Eastern countries, an estimated 90 percent of the Yemeni population has access to the internet through mobile phones and, as of 2015, 93 percent of internet users are on Facebook and 92 percent utilize WhatsApp. The heavy saturation of these online communications networks highlights a growing need to understand and address the hate speech being spread within Yemen’s complex context. PeaceTech Lab’s work on hateful speech aims to identify and contextualize the particular terms and phrases that have the potential to lead to violence. This project identifies relevant terms through on-the-ground information gathering and examines their origins, context, and usages in a particular country environment. To successfully monitor and counter hateful speech, we must first identify specific terms and the social and political context that makes them offensive, inflammatory, and potentially dangerous. The research also seeks to identify alternative terms that might be used to mitigate or replace this language and thereby contribute to building peace. Finally, this report is intended as a resource for individuals and organizations involved in monitoring and combatting hateful speech as well as those involved in conflict prevention and mitigation so that their work can be more effective." (Introduction) more

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Social Media and Conflict in Libya: A Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms

Jacqueline Lacroix

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;Development Transformations;Elbiro Foundation (2019), 36 pp.

"PeaceTech Lab’s work on hate speech aims to identify and contextualize the particular types of language that are likely to cause violence. This project identifies relevant terms through on-theground information gathering and examines their origins, background context, and use in a particular coun ... more

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Social Media and Conflict in South Sudan II: A Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms 2017-2018

Will Ferroggiaro

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab (2019), 36 pp.

"This report — Social Media and Conflict in South Sudan II: A Lexicon of Hate Speech Terms 2017-2018 — follows on its predecessor which was released in December 2016 after three years of civil war in South Sudan. It identifies key terms being used in the conflict, as well as new terms, context, ... more

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Social Media, Discrimination and Intolerance in South Africa: A Lexicon of Hateful Terms

Will Ferroggiaro

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;Media Monitoring Africa (2019), 36 pp.

"South Africa’s upcoming general election marks 25 years of multi-racial democracy: a milestone which has us reflecting on how far the country has come - and how far it has to go. Despite real and lasting achievements, problems of massive economic inequalities, disparities in land ownership, and h ... more

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Interministerial Strategy to Support “Dealing with the Past and Reconciliation (transitional Justice)” in the Context of Preventing Crises, Resolving Conflicts and Building Peace

Berlin: German Federal Foreign Office (2019), 32 pp.

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Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar

Brad Ridout, Melyn McKay, Krestina Amon et al.

Singapore: Save the Children;University of Sydney (2019), 137 pp.

"Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exa ... more

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Journalism: 'A Peacekeeping Agent' at the Time of Conflict

Yasemin Giritli Inceoglu, Tirse Erbaysal Filibeli (eds.)

Boston: Brill (2019), xxii, 217 pp.

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Transmitted Wounds: Media and the Mediation of Trauma

Amit Pinchevski

New York: Oxford University Press (2019), vii, 186 pp.

"Transmitted Wounds explores the ways media shape the social life of trauma both clinically and culturally. Through a series of case studies - from the radiocasts of the Eichmann trial to virtual reality therapy for PTSD - Pinchevski offers a bold thesis about the deep association of media and traum ... more

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Participation in Transitional Justice Measures: A Comparative Study

María Paula Saffon-Sanín, Viviana Tacha-Gutiérrez

Bogotá: Dejusticia (2019), 166 pp.

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Memories of Gukurahundi Massacre and the Challenge of Reconciliation

Isheanesu Gusha

Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae, volume 45, issue 1 (2019), 14 pp.

"When Zimbabwe attained her independence from colonial powers in 1980, prospects of a peaceful nation were high, especially following the pledge made by the Prime Minister Elect in his victory speech. Isaiah 2:4b was quoted as a metaphor of peace, but things did not turn out as expected in the follo ... more

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Like Dust Before the Wind, Or, the Winds of Change? The Influence of International Criminal Tribunals on Narratives and Media Frames

Klaus Bachmann, Gerhard Kemp, Irena Ristic, Jovana Mihajlovic Trbovc, Ana Ljubojevic et al.

International Journal of Transitional Justice, volume 13, issue 2 (2019), pp. 368-386

"When created, international criminal tribunals (ICTs) were not only expected to do justice but also to provide stabilization to postconflict regions, contribute to reconciliation and curb the potential denial of atrocities. Based on media content analysis, this article examines whether controversia ... more

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The Weaponization of Social Media: How Social Media Can Spark Violence and What Can be Done About It

Joseph Guay, Stephen Gray, Meghann Rhynard-Geil et al.

Mercy Corps;Do No Digital Harm;Adapt Peacebuilding (2019), 53 pp.

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Our Women on the Ground: Essays by Arab Women Reporting from the Arab World

Zahra Hankir, Christiane Amanpour (eds.)

New York: Penguin Books (2019), xxiv, 278 pp.

"International media coverage of the Arab world and its many complex, interconnected conflicts is dominated by the work of Western correspondents, many of whom are white and male--meaning we see only one side of the story. But a growing number of intrepid Arab women, whose access to and understandin ... more

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Nosotros, Colombia ... Comunicación, paz y (pos)conflicto

Sergio Roncallo Dow, Juan David Cárdenas Ruiz, Juan Carlos Gómez Giraldo (eds.)

Chía: Universidad de La Sabana;Editorial EAFIT (2019), 279 pp.

"La paz parece haber sido esquiva en la historia de Colombia. Los vaivenes en los procesos de negociación, las promesas incumplidas y la polarización política han hecho de Colombia una nación en un estado de continua crisis y que, a pesar de sí misma —retomando la vieja frase de Bushnell— h ... more

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Human Security as a Conceptual Framework: The Case of Palestinian Journalists

Carol B. Schwalbe, Jeannine E. Relly, Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ethan H. Schwalbe

Journalism Studies, volume 13 (2019), pp. 1920-1939

"This exploratory study introduces a human security framework to examine the challenges that journalists face from daily professional and societal constraints and pressures when attempting to fulfill their role to inform the public in areas of conflict. The research focuses on the influences on Pale ... more

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Media Freedom and Responsibility

Balkan Perspectives, issue 13 (2019), 24 pp.

"In the western Balkans, where post-war societies are still trying to rebuild their lives, and tensions lie just below the surface, media messages influenced by the politics of the day are destabilizing. For some, this is poorly disguised propaganda, a kind of political “spin”, “spun” by man ... more

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"Fake News," Dangerous Speech and Mass Violence: Challenges for Social Media in the Developing World

Stephanie MacLellan

In: Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond

Allan Thompson (ed.)

Waterloo, Ontario: Centre for International Governance Innovation (2019), pp. 483-500

"The cases discussed in this chapter have demonstrated how disinformation and rhetoric that is spread through social media in the developing world often meets the Benesch criteria for dangerous speech. It comes from influential sources, which can include family and friends who share it. It plays on ... more

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The relationship between influential actors’ language and violence: A Kenyan case study using artificial intelligence

Chris Mahony, Eduardo Albrecht, Murat Sensoy

London; Oxford: Commission on State Fragility, Growth and Development (2019), 79 pp.

"Scholarly work addressing the drivers of violent conflict predominantly focus on macro-level factors, often surrounding social group-specific grievances relating to access to power, justice, security, services, land, and resources. Recent work identifies these factors of risk and their heightened r ... more