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A Short Guide to the History of ’Fake News’ and Disinformation: A Learning Module for Journalists and Journalism Educators

Julie Posetti, Alice Matthews

International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2018), 19 pp.

"This learning module designed to be used by journalists, journalism trainers and educators (along with their students) provides historical context for the analysis of the 21st century ‘fake news’ crisis. Relevant case studies and a timeline are designed to better inform users about the causes a ... more

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Disinformation in Elections

Max Bader

Security and Human Rights, volume 29, issue 1/4 (2018), pp. 24-35

"In recent years there has been increasing attention to the potentially disruptive influence of disinformation on elections. The most common forms of disinformation in elections include the dissemination of ‘fake news’ in order to discredit opponents or to influence the voting process, the falsi ... more

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Issue Brief: Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation and 'Fake News'

Dean Jackson

Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2018), 5 pp.

"Disinformation is a relatively new word. Most observers trace it back to the Russian word dezinformatsiya, which Soviet planners in the 1950s defined as “dissemination (in the press, on the radio, etc.) of false reports intended to mislead public opinion.” Others suggest that the earliest use o ... more

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Fake news: Ambiência digital e os novos modos de ser

Rafael Zanatta, Sergio Amadeu et al.

IHU Online (Revista do Instituto Humanitas Unisinos), volume 18, issue 520 (2018), pp. 12-51

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Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature

Joshua A. Trucker, Andrew Guess et al.

Hewlett Foundation (2018), 95 pp.

"The following report is intended to provide an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between social media; political polarization; and political “disinformation,” a term used to encompass a wide range of types of information about politics found online, including � ... more

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Media effects: Ensaios sobre teorias da comunicação e do jornalismo. Vol. 4: Reflexividade, hermenêutica e Fake News

Gilson Pôrto Jr., Nelson Russo de Moraes, Daniela Barbosa de Oliveira, Vilso Junior Santi, Leila Adriana Baptaglin (eds.)

Porto Alegre; Boa Vista: Editora Fi;Editora da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) (2018), 224 pp.

"Neste volume trabalhamos com Reflexividade, hermenêutica e Fake News adentrando em questões específicas do contexto social, político e cultural vivenciadas na contemporaneidade. Com um olhar atento para as teorias da comunicação, este volume adentra as peculiaridades das distintas regiões br ... more

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Fake News, Filter Bubbles, Post-Truth and Trust: A Study Across 27 Countries

Ipsos (2018), 35 slides

"Fake news, post-truth and filter bubbles are other people’s problems, not ours…: 65% think that other people live in a bubble on the internet, mostly looking for opinions they already agree with – but only 34% say they live in their own bubble; 63% are confident they can identify fake news - ... more

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Russia's Arabic Propaganda: What it is, Why it Matters

Anna Borshchevskaya, Catherine Cleveland

Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy (2018), 17 pp.

"The Middle East media landscape provides Russian state with unique opportunities. A region with strong state-controlled media, weak independent outlets, and a burgeoning reliance on social media—along with a historical suspicion of Western news sources—has created useful openings that the Kreml ... more

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Fakenews e jornalismo de paz: "A verdade vos tornará livres". Mensagem do Papa Francisco para o 52° Dia Mundial das Comunicações sociais

Brasilia: Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB) (2018), 28 pp.

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State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: Citizen curators of digital disinformation

Yevgeniy Golovchenko, Mareike Hartmann, Rebecca Adler-Nissen

International Affairs, volume 94, issue 5 (2018), pp. 975-994

"This article explores the dynamics of digital (dis)information in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. International Relations scholars have presented the online debate in terms of ‘information warfare’—that is, a number of strategic campaigns to win over local and global public opinion, ... more

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Politics of Fake News: How WhatsApp Became a Potent Propaganda Tool in India

Gowhar Farooq

Media Watch, volume 9, issue 1 (2018), pp. 106-117

"While the Internet and multimedia applications have made it easy to produce and spread media, they have also made it possible to distribute fake news to masses. With over 200 million active users in India and growing, WhatsApp's reach and features make it a top choice to spread fake news. This not ... more

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Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion

Asbjørn Dyrendal, David G. Robertson, Egil Asprem (eds.)

Leiden; Boston: Brill (2018), xiii, 556 pp.

"Conspiracy theories are a ubiquitous feature of our times. The Handbook of Conspiracy Theories and Contemporary Religion is the first reference work to offer a comprehensive, transnational overview of this phenomenon along with in-depth discussions of how conspiracy theories relate to religion(s). ... more

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A New Wave of Censorship: Distributed Attacks on Expression and Press Freedom

Daniel Arnaudo

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2018)

"In both authoritarian and democratic contexts, new forms of censorship online are carried out through distributed attacks on freedom of expression that are insidiously difficult to detect, and often just as effective, if not more, than the kinds of brute force techniques by state agents that came b ... more

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Measuring the Reach of 'Fake News' and Online Disinformation in Europe

Richard Fletcher, Alessio Cornia, Lucas Graves, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 10 pp.

"The purpose of this RISJ factsheet is to provide toplevel usage statistics for the most popular sites that independent fact-checkers and other observers have identified as publishers of false news and online disinformation in two European countries: France and Italy. We focus specifically on sites ... that independent fact-checkers have shown to publish demonstrably false news and information, whether for profit or for ideological/political purposes. This constitutes a more clearly defined subset of a wider range of issues sometimes discussed using the broad, vague, and politicized term “fake news”. We examine France and Italy as two particularly important cases, as both are widely seen as facing serious issues with forprofit and ideologically/politically motivated online disinformation. Based on a starting sample of around 300 websites in each country that independent fact-checkers have identified as publishers of false news (which, on this basis, we refer to as “false news sites”), we focus on measuring these sites’ reach, attention, and number of interactions on Facebook. We provide context by comparing these figures with equivalent data for a small selection of the most widely-used French and Italian news brands. We find that: • None of the false news websites we considered had an average monthly reach of over 3.5% in 2017, with most reaching less than 1% of the online population in both France and Italy. By comparison, the most popular news websites in France (Le Figaro) and Italy (La Repubblica) had an average monthly reach of 22.3% and 50.9%, respectively; • The total time spent with false news websites each month is lower than the time spent with news websites. The most popular false news websites in France were viewed for around 10 million minutes per month, and for 7.5 million minutes in Italy. People spent an average of 178 million minutes per month with Le Monde, and 443 million minutes with La Repubblica—more than the combined time spent with all 20 false news sites in each sample; • Despite clear differences in terms of website access, the level of Facebook interaction (defined as the total number of comments, shares, and reactions) generated by a small number of false news outlets matched or exceeded that produced by the most popular news brands. In France, one false news outlet generated an average of over 11 million interactions per month—five times greater than more established news brands. However, in most cases, in both France and Italy, false news outlets do not generate as many interactions as established news brands." (Pages 1-2) more

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Die informierte Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde: Warum die Digitalisierung unsere Demokratie gefährdet

Stephan Ruß-Mohl

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2018), 367 pp.

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A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders
Key Guidance

Liliana Bounegru, Jonathan Gray, Tommaso Venturini, Michele Mauri (comps.)

Amsterdam: Public Data Lab (2018), 212 pp.

"The guide explores the notion that fake news is not just another type of content that circulates online, but that it is precisely the character of this online circulation and reception that makes something into fake news. In this sense fake news may be considered not just in terms of the form or co ... more

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Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
Top Insights

Sanja Kelly, Mai Truong, Adrian Shahbaz, Madeline Earp, Jessica White (eds.)

Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2017), 1060 pp.

"Governments around the world have dramatically increased their efforts to manipulate information on social media over the past year. The Chinese and Russian regimes pioneered the use of surreptitious methods to distort online discussions and suppress dissent more than a decade ago, but the practice ... more

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The Fake News Machine: How Propagandists Abuse the Internet and Manipulate the Public

Lion Gu, Vladimir Kropotov, Fyodor Yarochkin

Trend Micro (2017), 80 pp.

"The term “fake news” became increasingly common during the past year. While this concept has many synonyms—disinformation campaigns, cyber propaganda, cognitive hacking, and information warfare—it’s just one facet of the bigger problem: the manipulation of public opinion to affect the rea ... more

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La désinformation et ses applications aux conflits internationaux via les médias: Comment une Afrique en quête de démocratie peut s'en protéger?

François Muisanza Katewu

Paris: L'Harmattan (2017), 176 pp.

"La question des « fakes news » ou de la désinformation - on ne peut plus actuelle - se pose avec d’autant plus de légitimité et d’acuité que les mass media et les réseaux sociaux sont devenus incontournables. Le champ d’action de cette théorie de la désinformation ne relève plus seu ... more

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Fakepolítica: Democracia y digitalización

Nueva Sociedad, issue 269 (2017), pp. 40-147

A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders Key Guidance

Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy Top Insights

A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders
Key Guidance

Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
Top Insights