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Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training
Key Guidance

Cherilyn Ireton, Julie Posetti (eds.)

Paris: UNESCO (2018), 128 pp.

"This handbook seeks to provide an internationally-relevant model curriculum, open to adoption or adaptation, which responds to the emerging global problem of disinformation that confronts societies in general, and journalism in particular. Serving as a model curriculum, the publication is designed ... more

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Disinformation Toolkit

Sarah Oh, Travis L. Adkins

Washington, DC: InterAction (2018), 27 pp.

"As the largest alliance of U.S.-based nonprofits that work around the world, we believe it is critical to raise awareness about the evolving threat of online disinformation. Whether our members are providing emergency assistance to people fleeing conflicts, promoting democratic governance in places ... more

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Understanding Russian Communication Strategy: Case Studies of Serbia and Estonia

Stefan Meister (ed.)

Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) (2018), 60 pp.

"As a part of Russian soft (or coercive) power disinformation and propaganda have become key elements in an updated Russian security policy since 2012/13. For Russian leadership disinformation and propaganda have become key instruments to impact domestic debates in EU member states and in the neighb ... more

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Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics

Yochai Benkler, Robert Faris, Hal Roberts

New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2018), ix, 462 pp.

"Analysing millions of news stories together with Twitter and Facebook shares, broadcast television and YouTube, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture of contemporary American political communications. Through data analysis and detailed qualitative case studies of coverage o ... more

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Fake News, Filter Bubbles, Post-Truth and Trust: A Study Across 27 Countries

Ipsos (2018), 35 slides

"Fake news, post-truth and filter bubbles are other people’s problems, not ours…: 65% think that other people live in a bubble on the internet, mostly looking for opinions they already agree with – but only 34% say they live in their own bubble; 63% are confident they can identify fake news - ... more

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Anti-Western Propaganda

Tamar Kintsurashvili

Tblisi: Media Development Foundation (MDF); UN Association of Georgia; USAID (2018), 38 pp.

"As many as 1,967 anti-Western comments were detected in the 17 monitored media outlets in 2017. In contrast to 2016 and 2015, when negative messages targeted human identity and rights, in 2017, a dominant topic was the foreign policy with the messages aimed at increasing the polarization on the for ... eign policy orientation of the country. This change in the strategic communication of pro-Kremlin actors shows that “loss of identity” was a rather tactical message that prepared the ground, while the messaging aimed at demonizing Georgia’s strategic partners (USA, NATO, EU) is of strategic nature. The United States of America accounted for the highest share of negative comments (25.9%), up by almost three times as compared to the previous year, followed by NATO (18,4%) and the West (14,1%). Compared to 2016, messages against the European Union have almost doubled (13.4%) whereas the comments about the loss of identity and human rights in anti-Western context have almost halved (12.9%). Comments against nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and the US philanthropist George Soros have trebled, as compared to 2016, and comprised 7.3%; this increase can be explained by a stepped up activity of far-right groups and their campaign to smear Open Society Georgia Foundation. Yet another change as compared to the previous years were clearer messages showcasing Russia as an alternative to the West and idealizing the Soviet system (7.2%). Comments against Great Britain (0,8%) have been mainly detected in two pro-Kremlin online media outlets – Georgia and the World, and Sakinformi. Alike previous years, the main source of anti-Western messages was media (827), followed by politicians (463), society (411), civil organizations (230) and the clergy (37). The structure of the Kremlin narrative in the Georgian discourse consists of three stages and aims at: 1. Creating threats; 2. Sowing distrust towards partners and Western institutions; 3. Ingraining a belief that Russia is the only option in fighting against the threats and that authoritative/Soviet-style governance is necessary. Four major threats were emphasized by pro-Kremlin actors: threat of war; threat of loss of territories; threat of bio subversion; threat of loss of identity." (Key findings, page 7) more

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A Short Guide to the History of ’Fake News’ and Disinformation: A Learning Module for Journalists and Journalism Educators

Julie Posetti, Alice Matthews

International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2018), 19 pp.

"This learning module designed to be used by journalists, journalism trainers and educators (along with their students) provides historical context for the analysis of the 21st century ‘fake news’ crisis. Relevant case studies and a timeline are designed to better inform users about the causes a ... more

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Issue Brief: Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation and 'Fake News'

Dean Jackson

Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2018), 5 pp.

"Disinformation is a relatively new word. Most observers trace it back to the Russian word dezinformatsiya, which Soviet planners in the 1950s defined as “dissemination (in the press, on the radio, etc.) of false reports intended to mislead public opinion.” Others suggest that the earliest use o ... more

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Fake news: Ambiência digital e os novos modos de ser

Rafael Zanatta, Sergio Amadeu et al.

IHU Online (Revista do Instituto Humanitas Unisinos), volume 18, issue 520 (2018), pp. 12-51

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Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature

Joshua A. Trucker, Andrew Guess et al.

Hewlett Foundation (2018), 95 pp.

"The following report is intended to provide an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between social media; political polarization; and political “disinformation,” a term used to encompass a wide range of types of information about politics found online, including � ... more

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Media effects: Ensaios sobre teorias da comunicação e do jornalismo. Vol. 4: Reflexividade, hermenêutica e Fake News

Gilson Pôrto Jr., Nelson Russo de Moraes, Daniela Barbosa de Oliveira, Vilso Junior Santi, Leila Adriana Baptaglin (eds.)

Porto Alegre; Boa Vista: Editora Fi; Editora da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) (2018), 224 pp.

"Neste volume trabalhamos com Reflexividade, hermenêutica e Fake News adentrando em questões específicas do contexto social, político e cultural vivenciadas na contemporaneidade. Com um olhar atento para as teorias da comunicação, este volume adentra as peculiaridades das distintas regiões br ... more

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Fakenews e jornalismo de paz: "A verdade vos tornará livres". Mensagem do Papa Francisco para o 52° Dia Mundial das Comunicações sociais

Brasilia: Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB) (2018), 28 pp.

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State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: Citizen curators of digital disinformation

Yevgeniy Golovchenko, Mareike Hartmann, Rebecca Adler-Nissen

International Affairs, volume 94, issue 5 (2018), pp. 975-994

"This article explores the dynamics of digital (dis)information in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. International Relations scholars have presented the online debate in terms of ‘information warfare’—that is, a number of strategic campaigns to win over local and global public opinion, ... more

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Politics of Fake News: How WhatsApp Became a Potent Propaganda Tool in India

Gowhar Farooq

Media Watch, volume 9, issue 1 (2018), pp. 106-117

"While the Internet and multimedia applications have made it easy to produce and spread media, they have also made it possible to distribute fake news to masses. With over 200 million active users in India and growing, WhatsApp's reach and features make it a top choice to spread fake news. This not ... more

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Désinformation 2.0: Comment défendre la démocratie?

Boris Barraud

Paris: L'Harmattan (2018), 253 pp.

"Les nouvelles technologies permettent aux diverses formes de manipulation de l’information de toucher de vastes publics. Chaque citoyen-internaute devient un acteur des manoeuvres de désinformation, en particulier en les relayant sur les réseaux sociaux. Internet constitue ainsi une révolution ... more

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Defining “Fake News”: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions

Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Zheng Wei Lim, Richard Ling

Digital Journalism, issue 6 (2018), pp. 137-153

"This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term “fake news.” An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term “fake news” between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, man ... more

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"Nichts ist, wie es scheint": Über Verschwörungstheorien

Michael Butter

Berlin: Suhrkamp (2018), 270 pp.

"Seit 2015 Hunderttausende Flüchtlinge in die Bundesrepublik kamen, kursiert im Netz die Theorie vom »Großen Austausch«: Das Land solle von einer globalen »Finanzoligarchie« mittels der »Migrationswaffe« ausgeschaltet werden. Neben mangelndem Vertrauen in die Politik ist der Glaube an Versch ... more

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Is Social Media a Threat to Democracy?

Anamitra Deb, Stacy Donohue, Tom Glaisyer

Omidyar Group (2017), 20 pp.

"It is becoming increasingly apparent that fundamental principles underlying democracy—trust, informed dialogue, a shared sense of reality, mutual consent, and participation—are being put to the test by certain features and attributes of social media. As technology companies increasingly achieve ... more

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Finding the Truth Amongst the Fakes: Social Newsgathering in the Arab World

Sam Dubberlly, Montaser Marai, Diana Larrea (eds.)

Qatar: Al Jazeera Media Institute (2017), 182 pp.

"[...] this book aims to draw from the experience of Arab journalists and experts in the Arab World to help journalists enhance their news verification and social newsgathering skills. We hope the publication contributes to the ongoing debate on techniques and ethics that surrounds user-generated co ... more

Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training Key Guidance

Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training
Key Guidance