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Journals
Output Type
Politics of Fake News: How WhatsApp Became a Potent Propaganda Tool in India
Media Watch, volume 9, issue 1 (2018), pp. 106-117
"While the Internet and multimedia applications have made it easy to produce and spread media, they have also made it possible to distribute fake news to masses. With over 200 million active users in India and growing, WhatsApp's reach and features make it a top choice to spread fake news. This not
...
A New Wave of Censorship: Distributed Attacks on Expression and Press Freedom
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2018)
"In both authoritarian and democratic contexts, new forms of censorship online are carried out through distributed attacks on freedom of expression that are insidiously difficult to detect, and often just as effective, if not more, than the kinds of brute force techniques by state agents that came b
...
State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: Citizen curators of digital disinformation
International Affairs, volume 94, issue 5 (2018), pp. 975-994
"This article explores the dynamics of digital (dis)information in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. International Relations scholars have presented the online debate in terms of ‘information warfare’—that is, a number of strategic campaigns to win over local and global public opinion,
...
Disinformation in Elections
Security and Human Rights, volume 29, issue 1/4 (2018), pp. 24-35
"In recent years there has been increasing attention to the potentially disruptive influence of disinformation on elections. The most common forms of disinformation in elections include the dissemination of ‘fake news’ in order to discredit opponents or to influence the voting process, the falsi
...
The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories
London; New York: Routledge (2018), ix, 108 pp.
"Who believes in conspiracy theories, and why are some people more susceptible to them than others? What are the consequences of such beliefs? Has a conspiracy theory ever turned out to be true? The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories debunks the myth that conspiracy theories are a modern phenomenon,
...
Defining “Fake News”: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions
Digital Journalism, issue 6 (2018), pp. 137-153
"This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term “fake news.” An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term “fake news” between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, man
...
Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines
Deep Insights
"The study explains how strategists set campaign objectives based on input from their political clients, then delegate political marketing responsibility to a team of digital influencers and fake account operators. These operators infiltrate online communities, artificially trend hashtags to hijack
...
Die informierte Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde: Warum die Digitalisierung unsere Demokratie gefährdet
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2018), 367 pp.
The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation
Journal of Risk Research, volume 22, issue 5 (2018), pp. 570-580
"The rapid spread of online misinformation poses an increasing risk to societies worldwide. To help counter this, we developed a ‘fake news game’ in which participants are actively tasked with creating a news article about a strongly politicized issue (the European refugee crisis) using misleadi
...
Désinformation 2.0: Comment défendre la démocratie?
Paris: L'Harmattan (2018), 253 pp.
"Les nouvelles technologies permettent aux diverses formes de manipulation de l’information de toucher de vastes publics. Chaque citoyen-internaute devient un acteur des manoeuvres de désinformation, en particulier en les relayant sur les réseaux sociaux. Internet constitue ainsi une révolution
...
Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
Deep Insights
Oxford: University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute (2018), 25 pp.
"Our key findings are: 1. We have found evidence of formally organized social media manipulation campaigns in 48 countries, up from 28 countries last year. In each country there is at least one political party or government agency using social media to manipulate public opinion domestically; 2. Much
...
Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion
Leiden; Boston: Brill (2018), xiii, 556 pp.
"Conspiracy theories are a ubiquitous feature of our times. The Handbook of Conspiracy Theories and Contemporary Religion is the first reference work to offer a comprehensive, transnational overview of this phenomenon along with in-depth discussions of how conspiracy theories relate to religion(s).
...
Meinungsmache im Netz: Fake News, Bots und Hate Speech
Göttingen: Steidl (2018), 198 pp.
"Das Internet war einmal ein großes Versprechen von Teilhabe, Aufklärung und Demokratie. Aktuell droht seine liberale Ursprungsidee in ihr Gegenteil umzuschlagen, das Netz bietet Ausgrenzung, Parallelrealitäten und demokratiefeindlicher Stimmungsmache eine Plattform. Fake News und Manipulation gr
...
"This research is aimed at assessing national vulnerabilities and preparedness to counteract foreign-led disinformation in 14 countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The Visegrad states (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia), Eastern Partnership countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia
...
A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation: Report of the Independent High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation
Deep Insights
Luxembourg: European Union (2018), 39 pp.
"In this report, we favour the word “disinformation” over “fake news.” Disinformation, as used in the Report, includes all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented and promoted to intentionally cause public harm or for profit. Our main message is that the bes
...
#DigitalDeceit: The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet
New America (2018), 37 pp.
"This analysis of digital advertising technology and its relevance to disinformation online is designed to broaden the focus in the current public debate beyond Russian operatives buying ads on social media. The problem is much bigger than that and the issues of concern are more diverse. Our analysi
...
Measuring the Reach of 'Fake News' and Online Disinformation in Europe
Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 10 pp.
"The purpose of this RISJ factsheet is to provide toplevel usage statistics for the most popular sites that independent fact-checkers and other observers have identified as publishers of false news and online disinformation in two European countries: France and Italy. We focus specifically on sites
...
The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators Online
Data & Society Research Institute (2018), 128 pp.
"Part One, 'In Their Own Words: Trolling, Meme Culture, and Journalists’ Reflections on the 2016 US Presidential Election,' provides a historical overview of the relationship between the news media and far-right manipulators during the 2016 US presidential election. Part Two, 'At a Certain Point Y
...
A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders
Key Guides
Amsterdam: Public Data Lab (2018), 212 pp.
"The guide explores the notion that fake news is not just another type of content that circulates online, but that it is precisely the character of this online circulation and reception that makes something into fake news. In this sense fake news may be considered not just in terms of the form or co
...
Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature
Hewlett Foundation (2018), 95 pp.
"The following report is intended to provide an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between social media; political polarization; and political “disinformation,” a term used to encompass a wide range of types of information about politics found online, including
...
