"This report by Drew Sullivan, a journalist, editor, and media development specialist, explains how lawsuits can force media organizations to censor themselves or limit the distribution of their news content, restricting freedom of expression and thus threatening one of the foundations of democracy.
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Vested political, business, and criminal interests, especially in the developing world, are increasingly using the courts to redress alleged harms, punish journalists and scare off publishers. Sullivan’s report describes the practice, known as “libel tourism,” of shopping worldwide for plaintiff-friendly courts. While the United Kingdom is currently the jurisdiction of choice for many plaintiffs, by publishing online, a media organization faces the risk of a lawsuit in just about any country. Given the wide variety of defamation standards, court practices, and freedom of speech standards, the risks are almost impossible to manage. Leveling the playing field requires the passage of laws in many jurisdictions, better standards and awareness of risks among journalists, and an industry-wide solution to the problems of insurance and legal defense." (https://www.cima.ned.org)
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"The freedom of expression situation in Azerbaijan has deteriorated significantly over the past five years. Since the 2005 parliamentary elections in Azerbaijan, the authorities have demonstrated an intolerance to criticism, using a variety of tactics to silence critical voices. As a result, many ci
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vil society and political activists feel they are living again as dissidents, as they did under the Soviet system. In this report, ARTICLE 19 analyses trends of concern from a freedom of expression perspective over the past five years, with a particular focus on freedom of political expression. The report contains individual case studies, as well as an overview of international freedom of expression standards and the relevant domestic legal framework in Azerbaijan. It also contains ARTICLE 19’s recommendations to the Azerbaijani government and the international community on how to improve the freedom of expression situation, which should be considered among the most pressing human rights concerns in Azerbaijan." (Back of the publication)
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"Este documento expone cuarenta principios con la identificación de las fuentes de doctrina y jurisprudencia comparada con el fin de establecer pautas para la radiodifusión pública, comercial y comunitaria, en el contexto regional actual. Consideramos que este trabajo es un aporte frente a la esc
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asez de bibliografía y desarrollo doctrinario en esta materia en América Latina, sistematizando la jurisprudencia regional e internacional con el fin de generar una base para la definición e implementación de políticas de radiodifusión tendientes a la promoción de la diversidad y el pluralismo." (Preámbulo)
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"This study investigates self-Censorship practices in Ethiopian state media institutions. Through indepth interviews with 61 journalists, the study discloses extensive use of self-Censorship on the part of journalists who try to conform to the expected reporting style of the state media. The journal
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ists are largely critical of self-Censorship, but continue with the practice despite their reservations. The study suggests that editors and reporters assume a set of underlying justifications to validate the practice on a personal level and make it appear professional for outsiders. The justifications are found to follow four lines of argument: (1) relegation of ethical responsibility; (2) elasticity of journalistic editing; (3) confidence in critical audiences; and (4) adherence to social responsibility. It is further found that there is a remarkable discrepancy between the relatively open-minded official editorial policy of the Ethiopian state media and the restrictive reporting practices followed by the journalists. It is suggested that discourses of fear play a significant role in the reproduction of self-Censorship in the concerned media organizations." (Abstract)
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"The organizations that conduct country rankings should continue to increase technical sophistication, cultural neutrality, and transparency. In particular, continued attention must be paid to digital media, notably the Internet and mobile phones, which now number approximately 4.6 billion worldwide
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. Donors and implementers of media assistance, meanwhile, should keep up efforts to find better ways to monitor and evaluate specific programs and to share the resulting information with other aid organizations. At a time of financial shortfalls, foundations and other funding bodies should assure that assessment of media quality at both the national and the program level receives the attention (and the money) that it deserves." (Executive summary, page 5)
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"If the Kremlin should not be held directly responsible for ordering murders against journalists, it certainly bears responsibility for the atmosphere of lawlessness that reigns in Russia. Today’s Kremlin doesn’t mind free and critical voices as long as they remain politically irrelevant and hav
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e no impact on decision-making. In other words, Russia has freedom of expression, but no press freedom if the latter is understood as one of the elements in an institutionalized democratic polity. Media may cover political news, but news can’t become a political event." (Abstract)
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"This working paper discusses the status of the internet in Syria. Syrian authorities show a large amount of distrust vis-à-vis the new technology and there is much state control. The list of banned sites is long, varied and flexible. Website bans are about muzzling free expression and controlling
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access to information. Syrians are arrested because of their beliefs they express on the Web. Is there a future for the use of internet as a tool of expression in Syria? Syrians try to find their way beyond the arbitrary restrictions of the regime. Some IT specialists have managed to bypass bans by using special software. Despite its precarious state, the internet in Syria remains an option for expressing political, cultural and social protest. The political opposition has used the internet to circulate its bulletins and statements – relatively efficiently, too, within the limits of what is possible." (www.search4dev.nl)
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"This working paper is about the private media in Syria. A new publishing law was passed in 2001, which allowed the private sector to re-enter the media industry, having been banned from it since 1963. The relatively high number of approved publications since 2001 provides the Ministry of Informatio
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n with an argument in its favour, which it uses every time the media situation in Syria is discussed. However, even though the new law does not impose censorship as a prerequisite, it does remain very repressive and contains an arsenal of restrictions that complicate the work of journalists. It also affects all other forms of publication in Syria and entering the country from abroad, as well as printing presses, with sanctions ranging from fines to imprisonment. In appearance, there are many indicators of an increased openness, but closer scrutiny of the way that the media actually function gives a better understanding of this distinctively Syrian “static reform." (http://www.search4dev.nl)
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"This handbook is to help journalists working in war zones. There is no magic way to avoid a rocket attack or an ambush, but the tips here are based on common sense (which is too often ignored) and should help many journalists solve a lot of problems. We present basic press freedom documents, declar
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ations and ethics charters from all over the world, including the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights, the Interamerican Convention on Human Rights, the Munich Charter on journalists’ rights and duties and journalists’ codes of conduct in Mali and in the US. As well as these broad documents, we also reprint practical advice such as that which the BBC gives all its journalists before they leave on dangerous assignments. We have also added (courtesy of the French defence ministry’s office of information, DICoD) the rules for self-protection given to French soldiers facing dangerous situations (riots, snipers, kidnappings, ambushes, roadblocks) and, when these precautions fail, what to do immediately to save the wounded and injured. There have been two additions to the 2010 edition of the handbook: very specific recommendations on the role of the media in humanitarian and public health emergencies and practical advice, drafted in cooperation with the Dart Centre, for coping with post-traumatic stress." (Preface, page 5)
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