"This report presents findings and recommendations from the whole-of-Intermediate Result (IR) evaluation of activities generated from the USAID Civil Society and Media Project Appraisal Document (PAD) created in 2015. The evaluation included two current activities—Liberia Accountability and Voice
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Initiative (LAVI) and Liberia Media Development (LMD)—and incorporated information and interviews from the Civil Society and Media Leadership (CSML) activity, which predated the PAD. The evaluation determined how USAID activities made progress toward achieving the Project Purpose—Increased influence of citizens in the governance of public goods and services—and provided recommendations to inform development of a future Civil Society and Media strategy.
The evaluation found that the PAD contributed to increasing opportunities for civil society organizations (CSOs) and media outlets to play a “watchdog” role over governance. However, evidence is lacking that (1) CSOs can sustain the coalition approach beyond current USAID support, (2) CSOs can use the coalition approach to mobilize citizens more broadly to engage with government decision makers, and (3) media outlets can increase the quality of news and information disseminated to citizens.
Critical gaps exist in making connections among the three stakeholder groups within governance accountability systems: (1) Political Leaders, (2) CSOs and Media Outlets, and (3) Citizens. A key priority for a future PAD would be to create interactive information and activity loops that better connect political leaders to citizens, using CSO coalitions and media outlets as channels through which citizens directly engage with government institutions." (Abstract)
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"This collection is the first of its kind on the topic of media development. It brings together luminary thinkers in the field—both researchers and practitioners—to reflect on how advocacy groups, researchers, the international community and others can work to ensure that media can continue to s
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erve as a force of democracy and development. But that mission faces considerable challenges. Media development paradigms are still too frequently associated with Western prejudices, or out of touch with the digital age. As we move past Western blueprints and into an uncertain digital future, what does media development mean? If we are to act meaningfully to shape the future of our increasingly mediated societies, we must answer this question." (Publisher description)
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"The number of manuscripts (peer-reviewed articles and grey literature) related to the use of C4D approaches to address VAC has steadily increased each year since 2000. Of the 302 manuscripts that were coded, 44 per cent discuss an intervention implemented in a developing country, which speaks to th
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e geographic robustness of this review. A greater proportion of manuscripts discuss interventions in urban contexts as compared to rural contexts. Roughly half of the interventions reviewed do not explicitly reference a conceptual model to underpin the interventions. Those that do, typically cite individual or cognitive conceptual models and a majority (over 80 per cent) focus on the individual level of change. About 11 per cent use community approaches and slightly less than 10 per cent report using an ecological approach. While cognitive and individual-based behaviour change approaches are valid and useful in certain contexts, there is a growing realization that individuals are embedded within a larger social system. Effective interventions must keep in mind the interactions between levels in order to effectuate sustainable change. The social ecological model provides a framework to address the interactions between levels. Interventions that cut across the levels of the social ecological model should work towards addressing social, emotional, and behavioural skills (for example, self-efficacy) of individuals and groups, as well as norms, instead of only addressing individual knowledge and attitudes. Manuscripts reviewed did not necessarily explicitly state the use of C4D approaches. However, upon closer examination, it became apparent that the majority of responses to VAC were inherently communicative. Programmes addressing VAC often use C4D approaches to reduce harmful practices using a ‘harm reduction’ framework. Often in these cases, programme objectives focus on the negative, whereas C4D messages for the same intervention focus on positive changes. Overall programme objectives should be linked to communication objectives, which in turn yield C4D messages." (Executive summary, page 9)
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"This study was specfically intended to: 1. provide comprehensive insight into the public’s media consumption patterns, and its underlying causes: a) values; b) needs and interests, particularly regarding media content; c) motivation and aspirations, with specific emphasis on buying media content;
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d) financial functioning and attitudes towards different types of payment systems, etc. and 2. provide comprehensive analysis and recommendations to inform the Strengthening Media Systems Activity (SMS) programmatic approach in all aspects of media sustainability, as well as to inform organizational and business strategies and tactics of different types of media outlets on the local, regional and national levels. The research implemented in 2019 combined a variety of methods (both quantitative and qualitative) and techniques (a face-to-face-survey and computer-assisted web interviewing, or CAWI), and targeted a number of groups – a representative sample of 1500 respondents age 15 to 65 for the face-to-face survey, a sample of 100 daily internet users for web interviews, and 96 internet and local media users aged 15 to 65 for the 12 focus group discussions in Belgrade, Niš, Kragujevac, Novi Sad, Sombor, Loznica, and Zajecar. The key aim of the research was to gain an in-depth understanding of the needs, habits, and expectations of the audience, in order to facilitate rational and informed discussion about the media sector and public attitudes; and strategic decision-making by media businesses, with the starting assumption that understanding audience needs and profiling target groups constitutes integral parts of any media business strategy in terms of both preparing and formatting media content. Thus, the study was structured to facilitate the achievement of SMS objectives and to provide directions for SMS strategic and operational interventions in the following areas: 1. Content production and editorial policy, 2. Content sources and formats, 3. Interaction and community involvement, and 4. Financial sustainability." (Abstract, page 2-3)
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"The report is written from a media perspective and focuses on regional media initiatives and challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. Seven focus areas that are instrumental for the future of quality journalism have been investigated: Professionalism – capacity to demand accountability; Gender and media
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; Financial sustainability and media diversity; Access to information; Safety of journalists; Social media, disinformation and online harassment; Media self-regulation and ethics. In the second part of the study, focus is set on what donors should consider when reviewing how regional media initiatives and processes can contribute to democracy and accountability. This second part can be seen as connecting local and national media stakeholders with regional initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa as well as to the ongoing global dialogue on the need for increased media development, manifested at the international meeting organised by CIMA and Sida in Paris in March 2019. The report lists seven recommendations on entry points: 1. Step up regional media support; 2. Focus on integrated, comprehensive regional approaches; 3. Stimulate regional coalition building; 4. Support regional innovative initiatives that demand accountability; 5. Prioritise regional support that promotes financial sustainability for the media; 6. Strengthen regional support for institution building, supporting self-regulation and ethics; 7. Fund regional processes that are anchored in national and local initiatives aiming at building trust and giving voice to the excluded." (Executive summary)
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"DW Akademie’s project in Colombia supports initiatives that promote the inclusion of diverse experiences in the country’s historical memory, focusing in particular on the local effects of the peace process. In general, these initiatives are aimed at giving Colombians, mainly victims and people
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in post-conflict areas, access to human rights-related information. To this end, the project works with different implementing partners and approaches: Consejo de Redacción (CdR) to develop training and journalistic consultancy services in regions affected by armed conflict; the community radio station Vokaribe to strengthen the community media sector on the Atlantic coast; the University of Antioquia (UdeA) in Medellín, to support the establishment of an academic centre for journalism and historical memory, as well as the training of local media and victims of conflict to report on sensitive human rights issues; the Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC) based in the department of Cauca to promote the creation of a media centre aimed at increasing media diversity and, in particular, the participation of indigenous minorities in public discourse; and FLIP, the Foundation for Press Freedom in Bogotá. The project was evaluated along the five OECD/DAC evaluation criteria (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability). For each criterion, the DW Akademie scoring system was applied. In addition, according to DW Akademie policy, three digital questions were included. Gender was assessed as a cross-cutting topic." (Background)
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"This report examines the myriad ways that the agencies and bodies of the United Nations support the development of healthy media systems. Author Bill Orme highlights the role of four UN organizations in particular—UNESCO, UNDP, UNICEF, and DPO—and makes recommendations targeted to these agencie
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s, as well as to UN member states and donors. The UN should promote greater coordination among the UN agencies active in the media sector, following on the successes from the UN Action Plan for the Safety of Journalists. UNESCO and UNDP, in particular, have untapped synergies in this field. In post-conflict states, the UN’s mandate should explicitly include support for public access to information and the protection of journalists and independent media in those countries. In their support for 2030 Agenda implementation, member states should prioritize a broader and freer flow of public information on both the national and global levels on progress toward every 17 SDGs and their 169 associated targets. Bilateral and multilateral development programs should help accelerate the implementation of the SDG 16.10 (which commits all UN members to “protect fundamental freedoms,” including press freedom) by supporting voluntary national assessments of the status and effectiveness of access-to-information laws and the overall enabling environment for independent media." (Key findings)
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"The global effort to promote open and transparent government creates new opportunities to put media development on the political agenda of countries around the world. This report looks in particular at the structures of the Open Government Partnership (OGP), which in its 2016 Paris Declaration char
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acterized the media as a “crucial force for transparency and accountability.” In an era of democratic backsliding and declining public trust in institutions of all kinds, the need for pluralistic, independent, and high-quality news media has never been more important. Yet even the most democratically minded countries in the world are having trouble creating the laws, policies, and practices to ensure a healthy media system. Can the Open Government Partnership’s multi-stakeholder forums be used to stimulate solutions to some of the most intractable challenges facing independent media? This report maps the entry points for media reformers in the OGP process, and highlights a series of recommendations for how take advantage of these entry points, including by: Building country-level coalitions that can put media reform on the open government agenda; Investing in global agenda-building and peer-to-peer learning on the intersections between open government and media development; Aiming for long-term and strategic goals related to the OGP’s National Action Plans." (Key findings)
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"Le forum Médias et Développement propose aux médias partenaires de CFI en provenance d’Afrique, d’Asie, d’Europe et du monde arabe de débattre, de s’interroger et de croiser leurs regards sur l’ensemble de ces questions. Tous se retrouveront à Paris pour ce moment unique d’échange
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, les 11 et 12 décembre 2019, afin de partager leurs pratiques, leurs solutions, leurs difficultés et leurs innovations." (Page 2)
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"Die Bundesregierung hat im erfragten Zeitraum [seit 2008] 143 Vorhaben der Deutschen Welle (DW), der Deutsche Welle Akademie (DWA) und der GIZ gefördert bzw. beauftragt, die zum Teil mehrere Einzelmaßnahmen und -aktivitäten umfassen. Das Engagement auf dem Gebiet der Meinungsfreiheit und Mediene
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ntwicklung erfolgt in der Regel im Rahmen von Zuwendungen, mit denen auf den jeweiligen lokalen Bedarf ausgerichtete Beratungs- und Trainingsleistungen, etwa in Medienhäusern, umgesetzt werden. Eine unmittelbare Projektbeauftragung erfolgt hierbei nicht." (Seite 2)
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"Media viability challenges will not be solved at the individual outlet level. Rather, it is necessary to bring different stakeholders together to look at the bigger picture and assess the health of a country or a region’s media ecosystem. Then, partners can strategically plan projects that contri
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bute to creating an enabling environment for the media, one in which outlets have a chance to survive—or even thrive. Networks can go far in boosting viability, acting as bulwark against political influence as well as helping outlets share resources and scale their potential to access all sorts of revenue sources Finally, what is important to foster media viability at the level of individual media outlets? The most important step is to broaden the perspective beyond the isolated search for new sources of income. A viable strategy finds a balance between the different aspects of Media Viability—economy, politics, technology, content, and community—to set community radio stations, digital start-ups, and local newspapers on a more viable path." (Pages 8-9)
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"This chapter is drawn primarily from Jane Madlyn McElhone's thirteen years of in-field experience in Myanmar and other nations in transition, as well as key informant interviews she conducted in 2017 and 2018 [...] Our discussion is driven by a series of interlinked questions. Who were the key medi
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a development actors during the time of the military junta, what kind of support did they offer, and who benefited from it? What were the assumptions driving the aid? With hindsight, what are the lessons learned that can be applied to Myanmar's contemporary media development sector, and to regional and international media development efforts? What is the legacy of the many years of pre-transition aid? What have we learned from the response to the Rakhine crisis?" (Pages 96-97)
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"West Africa sits at a critical juncture that will determine whether the coming years are spent defending against reversals in media freedom and pluralism, or moving forward toward new and lasting progress. In this context, the Media Foundation for West Africa consulted stakeholders from all 16 coun
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tries of the West Africa region on the question of how cross-border coalitions can help to promote a robust and independent press. This report puts forward a vision for such a region-wide strategy, and how it can coordinate the efforts of civil society organizations, media actors, government allies, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Specifically, the report highlights four concrete actions that could be taken as the foundation for such a coordinated, regional strategy: 1. Formulate a network of media freedom and governance groups and enter into a memorandum of understanding with ECOWAS; 2. Initiate a process and strategy for supplemental protocols and a subsequent legislative review to align national legislation; 3. Commission comprehensive regional research to provide contextually relevant recommendations on media sustainability interventions; 4. Integrate capacity-building efforts into broader governance agendas, including elections and peace-building." (Key findings)
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"In this study, we have seen that, in contrast to causal models, narrative and overview models of Theories of Change are mainly used by donors and implementing organisations. However, causal models offer a lot more information that would help improve project planning, as well as monitoring and evalu
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ation. That potential is still untapped, although all of the organisations involved in this study have already started to formulate concrete steps that could be parts of causal models. Our recommendation is to work on causal models of Theories of Change as a standard tool in project planning, as it will give clear context-related insights into what can be expected from projects, and what is feasible in the specific environment. In our view, media support would be much more understandable and realistic. Through formulating result chains, many hidden assumptions come to light, and additional elements that need to be tackled before outcomes can be expected will become obvious. It would also be a pre-condition to provide impact evaluations that are lacking in the sector of media support for governance." (Conclusions)
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"My goal in this chapter is to place media development efforts within a specific frame: namely the actions of great strategic communicators (states, religions, transnational corporations, for example) as they seek to increase support for their general positions in the world. Development efforts can
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be, and often are pursued for altruistic purposes, and they are often couched within an altruistic frame. The altruistic impulse and justification is significant and praiseworthy; but enduring development efforts in the long run are perceived to se rve national economic and political interests as well. Happily, values and interests are often in sync, but not always. No government, even that of the United States or Great Britain, can sustain investment efforts over decades without convincing arguments (and maybe proof) that the expenditures benefit the investor society as well as that of the target recipient. How does one parse this all out? If it is the case that societies act out of values and interests, can one describe a scaffolding of decision-making? Over the years, I have tried to build a frame for thinking about these ques tions through the concept of a market for loyalties, a process of analysis aimed at rendering competing interests more transparent as media systems are contemplated and funded, both within states and transnationally. In general, according to this framing, regardless of the rhetoric in which they are embedded, development efforts have preferred outcomes in terms of the structure of the target society in terms of how inclusive or democratic the society should be, and which entities gain and which lose or have the potential to gain or lose influence." (Pages 20-21)
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"In 2018, 92.5 million people received their news from MDIF clients, 51.9 million online and 40.6 million through traditional media. After five years of working with MDIF, client reach increased on average by 191.1% (a median of 33.2%). In 2018, MDIF clients generated $355.2 million in revenues, wit
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h each dollar invested by MDIF leveraging $5.97 in client revenues. After five years of working with MDIF, clients increased their revenues by 218.3% on average (a median of 80.1%). In 2018, 76.7% of MDIF loan clients were classified as having low or moderate risk. The median risk rating of our loan portfolio was 5.65, squarely within the moderate risk range and consistent with previous years. In 2018, 70.4% of MDIF clients agreed or strongly agreed that there had been positive changes in their company because of their involvement with MDIF. 82.4% of those who received capacity building support that year agreed or strongly agreed that there had been positive changes in their company because of that intervention." (Executive summary, page 4-5)
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"Three key cross-cutting priority areas for the civil society and media sectors emerge from this analysis: Civic Education: Without wide public understanding of and support for democracy, it is possible for public opinion to be manipulated, or frustrations exploited, and for public support for Armen
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ia’s nascent democracy to be diminished or reversed. Enabling Environment: In the context of the fragile political environment, it is critical that laws, regulations, and processes that provide protections to the civil society and media sectors, and that define relationships between government and sector actors, are developed and established. Advocacy: Support for sector advocacy initiatives and for follow up monitoring of implementation constitutes a priority focus for donor efforts." (Executive summary, page 2)
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"This evaluation covers two independent projects implemented by BBC Media Action in Zambia. Tikambe provides information to young people about sexual reproductive health and rights and youth-friendly services via different platforms. Radio Waves supports independent media as a platform for dialogue
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and accountability. The evaluation concludes that the projects are relevant and achieved important results. In the future, the projects would benefit from strengthening their participatory approach in project design, sustainability considerations in the organisational capacity development of media actors, vulnerability profile and outreach (Tikambe) and budget design transparency (Radio Waves)." (Back cover)
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