"La cultura-comunicación, más que promover la integración de países, debe buscar la integración de ciudadanos, trabajando los denominadores comunes definidos en las Declaraciones Universales de los Derechos Humanos, Pueblos Indígenas y Medio Ambiente. Es éste el capítulo más deficitario de
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nuestra cooperación y el que exige mayores esfuerzos. Cultura y comunicación deben servir para promover el diálogo de los ciudadanos de ambas orillas potenciando su encuentro e intercambiando conocimientos, inquietudes, ideas, ambiciones y folklores; en suma, tejiendo complicidades que superen recelos históricos más allá de querellas políticas, a veces de exclusiva propiedad de los gobiernos. Para ello es necesario establecer un plan en la UE que atienda y coordine líneas multilaterales y bilaterales. Una política común en cultura-comunicación exige financiación comunitaria y coordinación de las políticas bilaterales para generar sinergias, ampliando cualitativa y cuantitativamente las propuestas de EUROMED. Ésta sería la primera propuesta, abrir una línea de financiación en cooperación específica desde la UE para Marruecos, Argelia y Túnez en cultura-comunicación partiendo de la consideración de que muchas de estas medidas deben tener una consecuencia en el conjunto de los seis países y la UE. El cambio necesario debe buscar beneficiar a la ciudadanía más que a los Estados y al capital." (Página 54-55)
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"Das Programm „Medien und Demokratie Lateinamerika“ hat sich seit seinem Bestehen einen Namen als Projekt gemacht, das sich weitgehend ohne erkennbare Eigeninteressen der Förderung demokratischer Kommunikationsstrukturen und –inhalte in Lateinamerika widmet. Fast durchweg wird sein wichtiger
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Beitrag für die politische Entwicklung in Lateinamerika gelobt. Eine Fortführung dieses Beitrags ist angesichts der politischen und medialen Zustände in den meisten Ländern Lateinamerikas weiterhin politisch und ethisch notwendig and angeraten. Die im Laufe der untersuchten Jahre eingesetzten Maßnahmen und die Mittelverwendung waren nachvollziehbar und in der Regel ambitiös. In vielen Fällen sind einer Evaluation aber Grenzen gesetzt, weil geeignete Assessment-Verfahren nicht eingesetzt wurden und daher Vieles auf Einschätzungen der verantwortlichen Mitarbeiter beruhen musste. Allerdings bestätigten die Gesprächspartner aus den Ländern, trotz auch offen geäußerter Kritik im Einzelfall, die generell positiven Absichten und Wirkungen des Programms. Das Programm war von häufigen Wechseln der Zielvorgaben und des Personals gekennzeichnet, die sich nicht immer förderlich auf das Erreichen der generellen Ziele ausgewirkt haben, weil sie die nötige Stetigkeit und Klarheit der Vorgaben für die jeweiligen Mitarbeiter vermissen ließen. Hier scheint das Programm jetzt in eine ruhigere und konsistentere Phase einzutreten. Damit verbunden sind auch Erwartungen hinsichtlich organisatorischer und verwaltungstechnischer Veränderungen, die sowohl das Medienprogramm intern als auch dessen Beziehungen zu anderen Sektorprogrammen, zu den KAS-Länderbüros als auch zur Zentrale betreffen." (Seite 34)
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"This guide aims to bring together the most relevant literature on media development cooperation, be it of practical or academic nature and regardless of its ideological background. Included were publications which: focus on media development, i.e. the development of an professional, independent and
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sustainable media sector (and not on development communication, i.e. the use of media as communication channel for development issues); address explicitly the role of foreign assistance in media development; handle a clearly defined issue coherently; are based on various programmes or projects and not just on one isolated project experience; have been publicly available and have been published since 1990. From more than 600 reports, strategy papers and other writings on media development cooperation at the Catholic Media Council (www.cameco.org/library), the Communication Initiative (www.comminit.com/en/mediadev.html) and the Center for International Media Assistance (http://cima.ned.org) I identified 300 publications which met these criteria and which are included in this literature guide. To enhance the practical use of this publication, in addition I selected 30 “Top Titles” which may be considered key publications in terms of their comprehensiveness, practical usefulness or academic relevance." (Page 1)
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"The political landscape of individual countries, including their level of internal legitimacy and perceived vulnerability to political extremists, influences the level of media freedom enjoyed in that country at any given moment. In many MENA countries, media freedom is a privilege bestowed by mona
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rchs and dictators, not an immutable right enshrined in law, despite the existence of press freedom clauses in some constitutions. Therefore, Arab broadcast channels can be “unmade” as easily as they were made. The absence of media company consolidation in the region suggests that owners want to broadcast their own choice of content, including news content, which in turn suggests that media in the region are not viewed as a business venture but as a political tool. Television viewers in the MENA region are generally aware of broadcast ownership, particularly of the bigger stations, and expect a political slant to the news. The general expectation is that no one is broadcasting just for the sake of informing the public, so it is assumed that all the owners have agendas. Private television, whether terrestrial or satellite, is much more threatening to ruling elites than private newspapers, which are easier to censor in advance and to physically disrupt. Thus, governments have been very careful to vet owners prior to granting licenses to private television stations." (Executive summary, page 5)
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"The media in much of sub-Saharan Africa is severely constrained by several factors: lack of resources, government pressure, the influence of media ownership and the declining quality of secondary education and professional journalism education. In many countries, newspapers are unable to perform th
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e role of watchdog or effectively educate the public in part because of the difficulties faced by the journalists in their employ. Into the breach has stepped a plethora of foreign organizations which provide journalism training. Some of these are non-governmental organizations with a development agenda that seek to promote education about their causes. Others are the training arms of professional media groups (Thomson Reuters, BBC Trust) or are organizations that work on journalism education (the Berlin-based International Institute for Journalism and the International Center for Journalism in Washington, DC). This study—which includes content analysis and interviews with journalists who have received journalism training—considers these training efforts to see how effective they have been. The paper argues that given the challenges faced by the African media, donor-driven training programs will have only a limited effect on the larger media climate." (Abstract)
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"For almost twenty years, United Nations peacekeeping missions have set up local radio stations in conflict-prone countries - 14 to date, seven of which remain in operation. According to this report, some of the fourteen peacekeeping radio stations implemented by the United Nations contributed more
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to democratisation and media development in certain post-conflict countries than any other media assistance programmes. Surveys have confirmed their popularity and credibility with national audiences, and local journalists have lauded their contributions to media diversity and journalism standards. Nevertheless, Bill Orme states that the UN radios were created without long-term planning. Upon disappearance of UN peacekeeping missions the stations were simply closed, therefore losing their positive effects on democratisation and plurality. Only in Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo (Radio Okapi) were there serious attempts to continue the stations after the exit of the UN missions. Based on detailed description and analysis of the different experiences, Orme formulates a number of policy steps that would help UN radios to become lasting contributions to press freedom and peacekeeping." (CAMECO Update 2-2010)
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"In late 2009, three newspaper articles appeared in the Kenyan press, contributing to a newly emerging debate in the Kenyan media over government transparency and accountability. Media reporting in Kenya on governance issues, particularly in relation to corrupt practices in public spending, is not n
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ew. What was unusual about these articles was the attention they brought to the specific issue of taxation. Who is paying tax? Who is not paying tax? And what is happening to the revenue? Using evidence from a range of sources, these articles showed the potential for more in-depth questioning and scrutiny of tax issues by the Kenyan media, strengthening the role the media is playing in the development of Kenyan democracy. The three journalists who published the articles had all recently participated in a workshop for researchers, civil society organisations (CSOs) and Kenyan media representatives held in Kenya in November 2009. This workshop was part of a series of interventions delivered by Relay, a media and research communication programme. The Relay programme is managed by Panos London, which runs workshops and other activities with the other institutes within the Panos network, including Panos Eastern Africa. Relay provides training and facilitates relationship-building among key stakeholders to support more in-depth, research-informed media coverage of complex, under-reported or misreported development issues. The long-term goal is to generate public debate that can have an impact on policy and bring about much-needed change. This case study describes some of the methods and activities developed by Relay and how they were applied in Kenya to the issue of tax and governance. It offers a detailed and descriptive account of Relay’s series of workshop sessions, in particular." (Introduction)
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"What should be considered 'adequate' preparation and support for journalists and media workers in difficult, remote and hostile environments? One would assume there would be numerous sources of feedback and contributions measuring the suitability of the training, as well as providing information re
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garding what improvements are necessary to ensure journalists are provided the best possible pre-deployment preparation. However, after working and observing developments in this area over several years, three main issues have presented themselves. First, there is little investigation or analysis being conducted into these training programmes. Second, there are few independent organisations working to standardise the training and support provided to journalists. Finally, the extent of training and support to the local correspondents, fixers and stringers in developing countries, that most international media organisation depend on in these locations, has become an unfortunate casualty of shrinking international news budgets." (Abstract)
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"El programa ‘Radios Ciudadanas’ es liderado por la Dirección de Comunicaciones del Ministerio de Cultura y su objetivo es impulsar la democracia, la participación ciudadana y la diversidad cultural, por medio de la creación y consolidación de franjas de análisis y opinión, en las radios c
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omunitarias y de interés público del país. Esta publicación muestra como desde el escenario de la radio es posible construir ciudadanía y democracia en los espacios locales. Para ello, dialoga con los realizadores radiales de los municipios, líderes, representantes de las organizaciones sociales, voceros de la institucionalidad, oyentes y la ciudadanía de las poblaciones donde opera Radios Ciudadanas. Los lectores encontraran en “Voces y sonoridades de un proceso ciudadano”, un recorrido que inicia con la descripción del programa Radios Ciudadanas, luego reseña los contextos políticos, culturales y comunicativos que marcaron su origen y evolución. Posteriormente, configura una línea del tiempo con las tensiones, logros y dificultades identificadas en el proceso tanto en voz de los protagonistas como en la documentación hallada." (Página web Ministerio de Cultura, 24/11/2010)
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"[...] International donor support for Afghanistan's media has had two primary goals. The short-term goal has been to counteract the effects of insurgent communications in order to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. The long-term goal has been to create a free and independent media secto
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r that will continue to function after donor support has ended. Although millions of dollars have been invested in the development of the Afghan media sector and the growth of private media since 2001 is considered one of Afghanistan's greatest success stories, neither of these donor goals is being met. Donor support for Afghan media has led to the growth of radio and television outlets that are almost entirely dependent on foreign funding - direct and indirect. Recent strategic communications policies have neither diminished nor adequately countered the presence of extremist voices in Afghanistan. Despite some examples to the contrary, Taliban communications continue to affect the lives of ordinary Afghans, whereas many communications by and from Western sources do not. Neither short- nor mid-term analysis of the Afghan economy - ranked the third poorest in the world by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) - foresees the growth of a market able to sustain Afghanistan's domestic media sector without foreign financing. The limited impact of Western communications endeavors, in conjunction with the predicted continued weakness of the Afghan economy, reveals an urgent need for a dramatic shift in the media strategies and goals pursued by the United States and its allies. First and foremost, donors should invest primarily in the Afghan media's production and dissemination of socially constructive contents rather than in building media institutions or infrastructure that the Afghan economy cannot support. For these contents to be received as authentic and credible, they must reflect the vulnerabilities and priorities that Afghans themselves have identified as vital. Donors should make a multiyear funding commitment to the media in Afghanistan. Support should be allocated to both terrestrial and wireless media through a transparent and competitive process developed jointly by donors and Afghan media experts. Aggressively supporting the dissemination of socially constructive contents through new outlets will permit access to both geographic and demographic segments of the population not adequately served by current media outlets." (Summary, page 3)
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"Marqué par la vision de l’Eglise dans le domaine des médias, le développement de la radio catholique en République démocratique du Congo s’apparente au moyen de communication sociale dont l’accès est plus ou moins facile pour une grande partie de la population, comme nous rappelle l’a
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uteur de cet ouvrage. Le contexte dans lequel s’est développée la radio catholique en République démocratique du Congo témoigne de la volonté pour chacun d’affirmer, d’afficher, de prendre conscience de sa liberté d’accès à l’information, malgré le contexte socio-économique difficile. C’est ce qui ressort aussi de cet ouvrage." (Préface Federico Lombardi, page 9)
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"With all the organized efforts to support media development and defend press freedom around the world, there has been remarkably little done in any concerted way to reduce the problem of corrupt journalism", states this report. Ristow proposes that international journalism organizations should issu
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e regular reports documenting instances in which journalists have received, or extorted, payment for news as a clear sign of acknowledging this "dark side" of the profession and take the lead in documenting, and publicizing, the pay levels of journalists around the world. Media development organizations should sharpen their focus on ethics training and support the creation and nurture of media accountability systems such as ombudsmen. News media owners, managers, and editors should adopt, publicize, and then stick to a firm policy of zero tolerance for any form of cash for news coverage - from simple "facilitation" payments to reporters to paid ads masquerading as objective news -, review pay policies and take the initiative in creating accountability systems on their own." (commbox)
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"In July 2010, World Journalism Education Council gathered more than 400 journalism educators from about 50 countries for the second World Journalism Education Congress in South Africa. There was broad recognition that social media has become a major force in the field that cannot be marginalized an
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d that Africa has become a world-class incubator for media innovation. At the August meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Eric Newton carried these ideas a step farther, laying out the “four transformations” for U.S. journalism programs. Journalism schools are: 1. Becoming better connected to other university disciplines and departments, expanding the definition of what it means to be a journalist; 2. Playing an increasing role as content and technology innovators; 3. Emerging as promoters of collaborative, open approaches and models; 4. Becoming news providers that understand the ecosystem of their communities. In the digital age, journalism schools are trying to engage more deeply with the people we used to call the audience. These transformations are even more urgently required in the field of media development. In the future, media development projects will originate in an ever-widening pool of university departments. These will include law, public health, library science, computer science, international relations, visual design, and even architecture and urban planning, where striking advances in mapping applications are taking place. Nonetheless, programs that specialize in data will also require skills from the traditional journalism toolkit: verification, story-telling ability, and contextualization. Academia could be an ideal setting for this exchange of ideas, a meeting place between core values and technological innovation. Universities could also provide a space for frank discussion about the limitations of technology and the means to discern when new technologies offer concrete benefits to the user and when they constitute a distraction. These questions are even more critical in resource-poor societies in the developing world. To achieve these ends, more coordination is needed, both within and among universities, to serve as a critical bridge–between North and South, between technologists and humanists, between social media and traditional journalism." (Conclusion, page 23)
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