"Despite the growing importance of media assistance, recent developments in this field have gone largely unnoticed by journalism and mass communication studies. Therefore, this paper will analyze the status quo of international media assistance and provide a literature review. Authors engage in theo
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rybuilding by suggesting an economic theory of journalism to explain impact problems of media assistance projects, and they will present data from an empirical study currently being conducted. The study uses quantitative and qualitative methods to survey 600 media professionals from developing and transition countries, to provide first time data on the impact of media assistance programs on the attitudes and characteristics of journalists, the organizational influences of media assistance, and the function of journalism in societies of developing countries." (Abstract)
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"The Media Development Initiative (MDI) commenced in January 2005. Component One, delivered through Papua New Guinea’s Media Council, provided support to media related and non government organisations through a flexible funding mechanism. It ended in January 2009. Component Two (MDI 2) focused on
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the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC), strengthening its capacity as the national public broadcaster through its pre existing relationship with the Australian Broadcasting Coroporation. MDI 2 is the subject of this evaluation." (Executive summary)
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"This report explores the origins of media development research, outlines existing empirical measurements of the impact of media development projects, and examines relevant theories about the relationship between media modernization and societal progress." (Page 1)
"A pesar de que las inversiones externas en proyectos de medios han aumentado – con excepción de América Latina – hacen falta estudios que analicen el impacto de estas inversiones. A veces se han publicado evaluaciones de proyectos individuales, pero se careció de estudios que analizaran el c
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onjunto de la cooperación internacional a medios de comunicación. Recientemente tres meta-evaluaciones – es decir: evaluaciones que no se limitan a una experiencia, sino comparan y resumen los resultados de varias – hicieron el esfuerzo de llenar este vacío. Quiero brevemente presentar algunos de los resultados de estos estudios [African Media Development Initiative AMDI 2006; “Apoyo a medios en los Balcanes 1996-2006”; “Empoderando medios independientes: esfuerzos de EE.UU. para fomentar noticias libres y independientes en el mundo”, 2008)." (Página 181-182)
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"The organizations that conduct country rankings should continue to increase technical sophistication, cultural neutrality, and transparency. In particular, continued attention must be paid to digital media, notably the Internet and mobile phones, which now number approximately 4.6 billion worldwide
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. Donors and implementers of media assistance, meanwhile, should keep up efforts to find better ways to monitor and evaluate specific programs and to share the resulting information with other aid organizations. At a time of financial shortfalls, foundations and other funding bodies should assure that assessment of media quality at both the national and the program level receives the attention (and the money) that it deserves." (Executive summary, page 5)
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The report analyzes spending on media development by the U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), which budgeted $140.7 million for media development efforts in FY 2010. This figure represents a dramatic increase when compared with the $68.9 million spent only
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five years earlier. Based on data provided by the State Department, the paper outlines trends in spending on media development, broken down between State Department and USAID programs and by region.
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"A description of the radio landscape in Liberia, and recommendations for the IREX Civil Society and Media Leadership Program." (commbox)
"As a follow up on the Media and Development Forum, which took place in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) on 11-13 September 2008, the European Commission initiated this study to map out the projects and programmes which European donors have in place to support media development in Africa [...] Some 240 co
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ntacts were identified and sent the questionnaire. 148 responses have been collected. 200 projects/programmes have been identified and analysed. These projects/programmes amounts to a support worth more than 100m €. The projects/programmes involve 46 out of the 57 African countries. Training is the dominant activity area. More than 1/3 of the projects have training as the main content. Additionally, in many cases the training activities support other activity areas, like production of programmes, setting up of radio stations etc. Only one small project address education of future journalists. 152 projects (76%) address only one country. These projects include 36 countries (63% of the countries in Africa and 78% of the countries which have received support). The projects targeting only one country amount to 60.739.635 €, which is 60% of the funding recorded in the survey. Very few countries receive the majority of the funding. The three countries receiving support for more than 5 mil € receive 32,8% of the total support. The data indicates that the major part of the support goes to countries in conflict/post-conflict or democracy crisis situations. ¾ of the projects are implemented by non-African organisations/institutions. Regarding New Media, the analysis shows that mobile phones and the Internet are gaining importance in the continent because of the numbers of subscribers and access possibilities are increasing. Initiatives are taken in many countries to make these tools real means of communication as well as sources of information and evidence and channels of dissemination of information in several areas of development. Despite of this development, only very few projects address new media." (Executive summary, page 5-7)
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"In 2004-2005, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Office of Transition Initiatives commissioned Altai Consulting to conduct the first comprehensive media evaluation of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, looking at the impact of the Afghan media on opinions and behav
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iors three years after the beginning of the country’s reconstruction. The evaluation found, among other things: that Afghans were avid and sophisticated media users and that cultural barriers to media use were less significant than previously expected; that the radio played a predominant role throughout the country; and that media are instrumental in social progress and education. However, since publication of that report1, Afghanistan’s media sector has seen important changes. To inform future assistance from the international community to the Afghan media, it was deemed necessary to assess the current state of the Afghan media – by reflecting a full and accurate audience profile, to determine program preferences, to measure the impact of the Afghan media on local opinions and behaviors and to gauge Afghan expectations in terms of programming and messaging. A large-scale research project was thus planned and conducted from March to August 2010. This research included a deep probe into the media sector and the public’s behaviors and expectations. The methodology used to achieved this included a combination of: literature review; direct observations; key informant interviews with most relevant actors involved in the media sector; 6,648 close-ended interviews in more than 900 towns and villages of 106 districts, covering all 34 provinces of the country; an audience survey on more than 1,500 individuals run daily for a week; about 200 qualitative, open-ended interviews; and 10 community case studies. Such an effort guarantees that results presented here are fairly representative of the Afghan population at large. This document provides a comprehensive synthesis of data collected during the survey. A database of media actors, 16 priority district reports, 10 case study reports, a complete description of the methodology and the original datasets from the main quantitative research and the audience research are publicly available, allowing anyone interested to access more focused information as needed." (Introduction, page 8)
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"This report by Drew Sullivan, a journalist, editor, and media development specialist, explains how lawsuits can force media organizations to censor themselves or limit the distribution of their news content, restricting freedom of expression and thus threatening one of the foundations of democracy.
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Vested political, business, and criminal interests, especially in the developing world, are increasingly using the courts to redress alleged harms, punish journalists and scare off publishers. Sullivan’s report describes the practice, known as “libel tourism,” of shopping worldwide for plaintiff-friendly courts. While the United Kingdom is currently the jurisdiction of choice for many plaintiffs, by publishing online, a media organization faces the risk of a lawsuit in just about any country. Given the wide variety of defamation standards, court practices, and freedom of speech standards, the risks are almost impossible to manage. Leveling the playing field requires the passage of laws in many jurisdictions, better standards and awareness of risks among journalists, and an industry-wide solution to the problems of insurance and legal defense." (https://www.cima.ned.org)
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"This book highlights the importance of the news media as watchdogs, agenda setters and gatekeepers for the quality of democratic deliberation in the public sphere. At the same time, it theorizes that the capacity of journalists and media systems to fulfill these roles depends on the broader context
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determined by the profession, the market and the state. Media systems' performance often falls far short of the ideals, as succesive case studies from different world regions demonstrate. Finally, the book asks what policy interventions work effectively to close the gap between the democratic promise and perfomance of the news media as an institution. The final chapter, "Policy recommendations", concludes (page 406): "Interventions include reforms directed at strengthening the journalistic profession, notably institutional capacity building, through bodies such as press councils, press freedom advocacy NGOs, and organizations concerned with journalistic training and accreditation. Other important reforms seek to overcome market failures, including developing a regulatory framework for media systems to ensure pluralism of ownership and diversity of contents. Finally, policies also address the role of the state, including deregulation to shift state-run broadcasting to public service broadcasting, overseen by independent broadcasting regulatory bodies, and the protection of constitutional principles of freedom of the press, speech, and expression." (commbox)
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According to this document "media support interventions tend to be conceived and implemented late in the electoral cycle". Support to media around elections could be developed through: mechanisms to map the implications of rapid media and communication changes for electoral outcomes; mechanisms for
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lesson learning on which media support strategies have proved most effective (or ineffective); coordination of media support around elections.
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