"A Artigo 19 entende que muitos comunicadores populares se encontram em situação de vulnerabilidade social e legal em decorrência da omissão do Estado em regularizar o funcionamento de suas rádios e de suas políticas restritivas para o setor. Por esse motivo, elaborou orientações que serão
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reunidas em dois blocos – primeiro algumas perguntas e respostas sobre o procedimento de fiscalização das rádios e, depois, a respeito dos processos criminais que podem enfrentar os comunicadores comunitários. Tais orientações são baseadas no fato de que os agentes da Anatel e da Polícia Federal são obrigados a seguir procedimentos padrão baseados na legislação brasileira, como também devem seguir uma conduta ética —e o mesmo vale para os processos criminais que podem ser instaurados contra os radiocomunicadores. Com o objetivo de sanar o desencontro de informações a respeito desses procedimentos, esta publicação irá apresentar um panorama geral dos problemas enfrentados pelas rádios comunitárias e, em seguida, analisar a possibilidade de agilizar a obtenção da outorga de funcionamento via instrumentos legais e administrativos, além de orientar os comunicadores sobre os seus direitos e como agir caso suas rádios enfrentem procedimentos de fiscalização, levando em conta ações que possam ser tomadas nesse momento e em momento posterior, no âmbito judicial." (Objetivo da publicação, página 11-12)
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"Como parte de sus objetivos y tareas principales, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación Medios y Convergencia (OBSERVACOM) realiza un monitoreo sistemático de las regulaciones y políticas públicas de los países de la región respecto al acceso, la diversidad y el pluralismo en materia
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de medios de comunicación y libertad de expresión, prestando una especial atención a la situación de la radio y televisión comunitaria. Como una de los resultados de este trabajo hemos realizado el siguiente informe comparado de la legislación existente en la materia, con el objetivo de analizar la compatibilidad de los marcos normativos latinoamericanos con los estándares sobre libertad de expresión aprobados por los órganos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. A continuación, compartimos con ustedes los principales hallazgos de la investigación, esperando sea un aporte útil para el desarrollo de sus funciones." (Página 3)
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"Local radio stations have mushroomed in Africa, including Tanzania, partly due to increased support from international donors. However, research results show that the lack of economic viability is a major constraint for local radio stations. They can hardly generate sufficient revenues from adverti
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sers to sustain the station. This leads to high turnover of staff due to low pay, low quality of content, and lack of capacity in serious programming. Based on a market model, the goal of this paper is to identify these problems from both a business and a journalism perspective and to find possible solutions. The results of this analysis show that a viable economic model in Africa requires simultaneous support for three different fields, (a) development of good content, (b) development of media management capacities, and (c) media research covering the extent and satisfaction of local audiences in order to develop local advertising markets that serve local media." (Abstract)
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"Koch FM is a community radio station located in Korogocho, a slum in Nairobi, Kenya. The station aims to provide alternative information, education and entertainment content. Producers at the station and community members who make up the station’s audience have different perceptions of Koch FM’
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s role. While the producers envision Koch FM as the provider of information and a space for community voice, the community evaluates the station’s performance based on parameters drawn from commercial broadcasters. Consequently, the station acts as a space where sometimes-contradictory ideals play out. In exploring these contrasting viewpoints, this article highlights contextual production practices and the shifting audience expectations facing community radio in Kenya’s vibrant radio broadcast environment. The data are the outcome of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2014 and 2015." (Abstract)
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"The Argentinian Law 26.522 on Audiovisual Communication Services (currently under reform) aimed at democratizing the media arena by recognizing multiple actors such as community broadcasters, school and indigenous media, among others. According to the legal classification, community broadcasters we
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re regulated as private non-profit media, despite having specific objectives, programming, organizational logic and economic conditions. Conversely, school and indigenous media merged into the public sector, even if they may act as community media. The article compares results arising from two research projects carried out in Northern Argentina through in-depth interviews with key informants from two indigenous radio stations and two school radio stations. The theoretical framework mainly draws on literature about community, alternative and popular communication. Results show that communities participate in such media foundation or management and that media content deals with cultural and political issues related to their interests or needs. Indeed, emerging features allow considering such broadcasters as community media." (Abstract)
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"This study examines the challenges of good governance for community radio stations. It does this by exploring how volunteers, managers and members of the Boards of Directors at four community radio stations in Ireland view governance issues. The article finds that there are three key requirements f
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or effective governance in the context of non-profit community radio stations. First, participants described the importance of the Board’s leadership role in acquiring expertise in specific, necessary areas, such as finance, human resources and compliance. The Board was also seen to require a capacity to generate positive relationships between the station and its constituent communities. Second, participants outlined a number of practices that proved useful in achieving positive internal relationships between the Board, the volunteers and management. Third, participants described how a collectively shared ethos of community radio was useful in overcoming potential divisions by generating a shared sense of the organization for its members. The findings highlight the need for further research and analysis of the organizational uniqueness and consequent governance requirements of community media." (Abstract)
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"Desde una perspectiva crítica de la comunicación para el desarrollo y el cambio social y tomando como referencia una nueva mirada a la Comunicología de la Liberación definida por Luis Ramiro Beltrán (1981), esta presentación analiza experiencias y modelos de comunicación horizontal de radios
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comunitarias en India, con el fin de conocer, desde la práctica, los modos en los que se está involucrando en el proceso de la comunicación a comunidades antes excluidas y silenciadas. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre la participación de la comunidad en las prácticas de comunicación participativa iniciadas por tres radios comunitarias en India. Este análisis recoge las diversas formas desde las que estas radios comunitarias en India afrontan el proceso de comunicación dialógica con las poblaciones y comunidades a las que dan servicio." (Resumen)
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"There are currently 280 community broadcasting services (275 community sound and 5 community television services). According to AC Nielsen and All Media and Products Survey (AMPS) data, community broadcasting services collectively take up an audience share of 6.3 million people in South Africa. How
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ever, this has not necessarily translated into advertising revenue, for example Community TV has a 9.5% reach but only yield an advertising spend less than 1%. Likewise, Community radio reaches 25%2 of the population but only receives 2% of the advertising spend. At face value this can be attributed to the profile of the community sector’s audience, that is, this sector does not deliver audiences that are attractive enough to advertisers to derive revenue that is comparable to commercial and public broadcasting services. However, factors contributing to the success of the community broadcasting sector are more complex. The study highlights the fact that the community broadcasting sector’s challenges emanate from a lack of corporate governance, management capacity and revenue diversification strategies. There is also a limited concerted institutional support, capacity building and funding strategies for community broadcasting in South Africa. Currently the Authority ‘s regulation of corporate governance, financial accountability and community participation is limited. Given the time and resources expended on addressing compliance challenges associated with this sector, it may be necessary for the Authority to consider Regulations or guidelines to address these shortcomings." (Executive summary)
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"The quest for competitiveness and popularity of a campus radio station needs to be balanced with the epistemological frames of community radio, which include participation, community ownership, and opposition to hegemonic discourse in the mainstream media as well as independence from political and
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market influences. I contribute to these reflections by highlighting how within this frame ATL FM is facing dilemmas and challenges that have not occupied community media theorists so far. Through content analysis and in-depth interviews, I investigate whether a community radio can serve and encourage the participation of the local community when professional rather than community members exclusively manage it. I propose a conscious incorporation of stakeholders in the community radio business model as a possible solution to this dilemma." (Abstract)
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"Una radio social (comunitaria, alternativa, popular, local, etc.) posee múltiples y diversas fuentes de financiamiento. Múltiples: en el sentido de que no se sostienen con una sola fuente de financiamiento. Primero, porque es difícil conseguir una sola fuente que cubra completamente los gastos d
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e una emisora. Segundo, porque eso haría peligrar la independencia y margen de acción: la multiplicidad es estratégica. Diversas: implementan distintos modelos. Van a la búsqueda de distintas fuentes. Y en general, tienen pequeños ingresos de muchas fuentes y de todos los tipos posibles. Incluso, creando e inventando nuevas. Utilizan alquiler de espacios a terceros, publicidad comercial, publicidad oficial, proyectos de cooperación, subsidios, aportes individuales, venta de productos (discos, material promocional, etc.), venta de servicios (producción radiofónica, capacitación, investigaciones, etc.), desarrollo de bares o espacios culturales, etc. Nos parece de relevancia que estos elementos se incluyan a la definición de lo que es una radio social, por cuanto es un tema que siempre queda postergado o es tabú para las emisoras. Es una característica diferencial respecto de otros tipos de emisora, y habla también de su capacidad de resiliencia, resistencia, adaptabilidad y creatividad. De considerar a la multiplicidad y diversidad de fuentes de financiamiento como un elemento constitutivo de la definición de medio social, podrían evitarse, por ejemplo, algunas legislaciones como la brasileña y la chilena que definen a los medios comunitarios o ciudadanos -entre otras cosas- como aquellos que no pueden recibir publicidad comercial. Y esto funciona como una restricción a su funcionamiento. Al igual que las legislaciones que imponen una restricción al alcance de este tipo de medios: esa restricción de alcance repercute en achicar las posibilidades, sobre todo, de obtener publicidad comercial." (Conclusiones y recomendaciones, página 273-274)
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"In 2016, 72% of all broadcast time was locally produced content, which equals 41,243 hours of locally produced content each week. While slightly less than in 2011-12, the proportion of local content has remained broadly consistent over all census periods. The proportion of content derived from loca
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l sources was higher in metropolitan and suburban stations than it was in regional and rural and remote stations. Stations dedicated to educational and Indigenous programming also tended to broadcast a higher proportion of locally produced content than other categories [...] Of the locally produced content that is broadcast by community radio stations each week 62% is presented live. Suburban stations present the most live content, with 75% of all locally produced content broadcast by suburban stations presented live. Metropolitan stations present 67%, regional stations 61%, and rural and remote stations 53% of their locally produced content live. Community radio stations broadcast a large proportion of their local content live. Youth stations also largely broadcast their local content live (88%). Educational stations also present a large majority of their local content live (88%). General stations, which make up the vast majority of community radio stations, present 70% of their locally produced content live. Religious (31%) and Indigenous (33%) and RPH (38%) stations present the lowest proportion of locally produced content live." (Pages 9-10)
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"Sector income has increased significantly since the last census was conducted in 2011-2012. Community radio stations collectively generated $103,533,154, including CBF grants, in the 2015-2016 financial year. This represents an increase of 41%, or $30,143,206, over the last four years. While it is
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important to note that the inclusion of 57 temporary community broadcast license holders in the sample has contributed to the increase in total income generated by the sector, as these stations reported significantly lower average income per station than permanent community broadcast license holders the effect is not significant. Income growth was strongest across regional and metropolitan stations, with these stations reporting total income 84% and 47% higher than four years ago respectively. Rural stations also grew, while suburban stations reported income lower than in 2011-2012. Youth stations experienced the most significant growth since the last Census, with income growing by 125% between 2011-2012 and 2015-2016. Significant increases in total income were also reported by religious stations, who reported income 82% higher than in 2011-2012." (Page 8)
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"Community broadcasting is known as the third tier of broadcasting, occupying the space between commercial and state broadcasters. In Kenya, this sector has been active only since 2004. Despite its recognised value in other contexts across the globe, community broadcasting is still struggling to fin
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d footing in the Kenyan media landscape, and there is a paucity of research on how this sector actually operates – its structures, content and audiences. This work therefore explores the roles and relevance of community radio in the vibrant Kenyan media landscape. Using a complementary mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, three community radio stations with different social contexts, funding and management structures were investigated. The research focused on the ideas and actors behind community radio, its funding and management structures, content, content production processes, listenership patterns and participation practices. Brought to light was that this sector navigates legislation and funding challenges, and juggles between global and local ideals about community broadcasting, most distinct of which are democracy and development. The local, the national and the global inform the ideas under which Kenyan community broadcasting operates, and these ideas are interpreted differently in each context. Communities interact with each of the stations based on their particular local contexts. Not only do they listen to community broadcasters according to specific daily rhythms, but they also mobilise themselves into social formations – most often fan groups and clubs – as a way of collective participation in the life of the station. Contrary to much radio audience research, this work shows that listenership is a distinct activity and participation in and through the media is not only an individual endeavour, but a collective undertaking drawing on pre-existent social solidarities. Community radio content addresses its listeners as different kinds of communities and publics at specific times of the day, and they respond accordingly. As well, there is content transformation across diverse media platforms, which may be a step towards new genres. Despite working within different and hybrid journalistic cultures, the producers play similar roles to their communities across the three contexts including mediation, mobilisation, space-creation, information and entertainment. Of these roles, mobilisation is a strength of community radio. The research reveals the intertwined nature of state, media and audience relationships, and argues for the fact that there are no homogenous audiences even at a micro-level, and that the affective and democratic functions of media participation are intricately linked to each other." (Abstract)
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"[...] The CBS Radio 95.3 MHz in Buea with the support of the CPS Programme in Cameroon, developed a training curriculum for voluntary programme producers to enable local communities and individuals to produce new radio programmes and guide them in their learning-bydoing process and practical acquis
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ition of skills [...] The first workshop for new VEBs was essential for the CBS Radio 95.3 MHz in Buea to motivate community members and community leaders to take ownership of the CBS Radio in Buea as their local community station and experience CBS Radio as a way to communicate with the local population. The workshop motivated community members to produce new programmes including a series on the “co-habitation syndrome” and women rights, family and social counselling, HIV/ AIDS prevention, a programme on the local archives and documentation centre and a programme for students of the University of Buea [...] In conclusion, community-based media face several challenges ranging from lack of financial resources or training capacities to infrastructural problems. Nevertheless, providing a structured introduction to the production of radio programmes benefits the volunteers and the radios through increased commitment and ownership of the communities for the radio station, building a diverse programme structure and thereby contributing to a diverse public sphere, ensuring the building of critical media competences among communities, which usually are not represented in the media." (Pages 33, 40, 42)
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"ActionAid’s efforts of bring together communities radio stations from different states across the country in the recent National Consultation on Community Radio held at Bhubaneswar was quite useful to discuss the best practices of community radio stations, the challenges they face and the way for
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ward. We thank Young India and Radio Namskar for partnering with us in this effort. The present publication on the best practices of the community radios in different parts of the country encapsulate the experiences and journey of the community radio stations in amplifying the voice of the marginalized communities, the change result they have achieved partnering with the communities and the larger aspirations of the community for social justice and equality. Through this publication we would like to share the learnings emerging from the practice of community radio stations. I look forward to carrying these conversations further with you dear readers, and hence I look forward to receiving your comments and feedback on this report." (Foreword)
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"Migori County is listed by the National Commission on Integration and Cohesion as a political violence hotspot. The aim of this study was to examine the role of community radio programming in peace promotion during political campaigns in Migori. The objectives of the study were: To establish the ty
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pes of programmes Milambo Radio 103.8 FM, Radio Tarumbeta 90.4 FM and Radio Rameny 88.3 FM have designed for promoting peaceful political campaigns in Migori County; to determine the extent to which such programmes are used to promote peaceful political campaigns and to explore strategies through which community radio programming may be made more effective in promoting peaceful political campaigns. This qualitative case study enlisted twenty one participants. Face-to-face interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis supplied qualitative data, whose analysis has been done in tandem with the research questions. The research was underpinned by the Agenda Setting Theory (Shaw, 1979) and supported by the Media Effects Theory (Perse, 2000). The study confirms that whereas community radio stations in Migori County have a huge potential to propagate and mobilize for peace during political campaigns, this potential is not sufficiently exploited. It is recommended that strategic radio programming for peace should be enhanced to enable community radio stations in Migori County forestall campaign violence in the run-up to the general elections of 2017." (Abstract)
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"Forte FM is a community radio station located at University of Fort Hare Alice campus and was established to facilitate development in communities within the Amathole district municipality. Alice, a small rural town under Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, is one of the communities under the coverage of
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Forte FM. This study assessed the role that Forte FM plays in facilitating the development of Alice community. The study adopted a mixed method design in which questionnaires and interviews were used to collect primary data. The study findings show that although Forte FM is faced with serious financial challenges, it contributes to the development of Alice in various ways which includes providing the community with agricultural information, health information, promoting local culture, equipping the community with skills, promote local artists and sports personnel and educational programmes. The findings also revealed that the community is involved in the management of some aspects of the station’s operations through a board which is elected annually by the community itself. The results indicate that the radio station involve some community members in programming as experts on some topics or as people who have experienced an ordeal so they could share their experiences and advice other people how to manage similar situations. However, there is need to involve the community in the whole production process. The respondents’ attributed poor levels of community participation in programming to insufficient funds. The study recommends that Forte FM should lobby members of the community to fund the production of programmes since the station belongs to the community. This will enhance the sense of community ownership towards the radio station." (Abstract)
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"La emergencia de las radios comunitarias se da al interior de un proceso comunitario y colectivo de toma de conciencia de las agresiones institucionales por parte del Estado; de los intentos de despojo del territorio por parte de empresas trasnacionales, de la desinformación de los medios comercia
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les y de opresión política. En este proceso se articulan diferentes actores, entre ellos el movimiento de la CNTE, detonando un movimiento sui generis como fue el de la APPO en 2006, la lucha del 2016, y que dejarían su impronta hasta la fecha. La paulatina apropiación de esos medios, va sacando de las sombras una cotidianidad local y regional culturalmente densa y vital que potencia a hombres, mujeres niños y ancianos, y que se orienta a otros horizontes civilizatorios. Y va nutriendo y se va nutriendo de los movimientos sociales. Sin embargo, el patriarcado que históricamente ha determinado la sumisión de la mujer, la subordinación del espacio doméstico al espacio público, la negación de la participación de las mujeres en dicho espacio público, se hace visible también en la forma de funcionar de las radios comunitarias, con mayor énfasis en el ámbito rural que en el ámbito urbano. La mayoría de las mujeres entrevistadas, fuimos expulsadas de los propios procesos que encaminamos, expulsadas por la violencia que en esos espacios se reproduce y se controla. Espacios que, si cumplen con una función social, que están ahí siendo contestarías para otras causas, pero no para defender la vida e integridad de sus mujeres. Ocurre que mujeres que habían ya problematizado los roles de género, gracias a la influencia de maestros, al hecho de haber salido de sus comunidades, al rechazo al prototipo de mujer vivido en el hogar, se encuentran que, en las radios, que pretenden subvertir un sistema injusto, se reproducen las relaciones de género machistas. Eso no les impide seguir luchando a contracorriente en un proceso que va reconfigurando sus identidades e impactando las identidades masculinas. Al finalizar esta investigación, arribe junto a una serie de reflexiones que me hacen abrir la mirada con mayor profundidad. Iniciaré compartiendo desde una mira en perspectiva que si bien la situación de las mujeres en los medios de comunicación se presenta como un objeto estereotipado y cubriendo las cuotas de género que se exige en la sociedad." (Reflexiones finales, página 113-114)
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"In this article, which draws on a detailed study of four community radio stations, we have highlighted a number of elements of community radio which contribute towards a democratisation of the public sphere as envisaged by Habermas and his followers. However, we have argued that democratic particip
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ation is still not optimised within the community media sector in that its discourse remains limited to local news reporting and information provision rather than targeting more radical, and arguably divisive, issues which would, as advocated by AMARC and other commentators, promote social change. This, we have argued, is the case largely because of the apolitical leanings of Irish policy framework; historical traditions which blur the distinction between public and commercial broadcasters at local levels; the somewhat limited scope of community radio training programmes in stations themselves; the weakness of linkages between stations and community groups; and the failure of the latter to understand the unique remit of community radio. The article draws lessons of specific interest to researchers and activists in these domains, as well as offering a framework of use to community radio researchers interested in examining the sector’s contribution to the democratisation and the re-animation of the public sphere more broadly." (Conclusion, page 45)
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