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Digital Trust Initiatives: Seeking to Reward Journalistic Ethics Online

Eleonora Maria Mazzoli

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2023), 28 pp.

"Digital trust initiatives strive to address complex problems and have multiple goals: from empowering users, to improving journalistic practices, to driving audiences and revenues to trusted news sources—and they cannot achieve such goals alone. Bolstering trustworthy news outlets and the content ... they produce in the digital information ecosystem is no easy undertaking. It entails interfacing with a diverse set of stakeholders—readers, journalists, news organizations, platforms, and advertisers—all of whom have distinct behaviors, goals, and incentives. Yet, the potential payback is immense if all the parts in this complex system can be aligned toward a similar objective. Cooperation among these initiatives as well as with other key industry actors in this sector will be key. There are signs that such collaboration is underway. The Journalism Trust Initiative (JTI) emergency protocol powered by NewsGuard aims to support news outlets at risk and will be tested for the first time in Ukraine later this year. It is a potentially promising example of how these initiatives can work together to help newsrooms around the world establish their credibility and transparency in times of crisis. There are also indications of increased cooperation between these initiatives and tech companies. A recently launched project shows the potential for collaboration among multiple digital news trust initiatives and online platforms: the Microsoft Journalism Hub, a resource center built to connect the journalism community with tools, technology, services, and partner programs. Among its features, it includes NewsGuard’s indicator tools and offers support for JTI’s certification program. Digital trust initiatives have set ambitious goals, but their ambitions for change at a global scale remain largely unproven as these efforts are still quite young. Additionally, the opacity of platforms’ content curation and moderation processes, and the lack of data on advertisers’ investment decisions, contributes to a dearth of concrete evidence on how these actors are actually using these indicators and standards—if they are using them at all. The extent to which these initiatives will gain broader traction is yet to be seen." (Conclusions) more

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2023 Edelman Trust Barometer: Global Report

Edelman (2023), 71 slides

"Four Forces That Lead To Polarization: 1. Economic Anxieties: Economic optimism is collapsing around the world, with 24 of 28 countries seeing all-time lows in the number of people who think their families will be better off in five years. 2. Institutional Imbalance: Business is now the sole instit ... more

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Medienvertrauen in Deutschland

Nikolaus Jackob, Tanjev Schultz, Ilka Jakobs, Oliver Quiring, Christian Schemer, Marc Ziegele, Christina Viehmann

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (2023), 207 pp.

"In den vergangenen Jahren wurde vermehrt darüber diskutiert, ob und in welchem Ausmaß das Vertrauen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger in mediale Berichterstattungen abgenommen hat. Begriffe wie „Lügenpresse“, grassierende Falschinformationen und die von vielen Beobachtern festgestellte gesellscha ... more

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The Trust Framework

Internews (2023), 2 pp.

"The Internews Trust Framework offers a perspective to gauge the presence of trust and, importantly, to understand why certain sources of information might be more, or lesstrusted. This framework consists of four key elements of trust, each comprising threecomponents. This enables us to analyze, mon ... more

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Inequity Driven Mistrust: Its Impacts to Infodemic Management and Health Response and What to Do About It

Alejandro Posada, Rocio Lopez Inigo, Majid Beesyna

Internews;USAID (2023), 45 pp.

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Information Ecosystem Assessment: Jordan

Aida Al-Kaisy

Internews (2023), 63 pp.

"This report provides an assessment of the media landscape in Jordan from the perspective of its audiences. Based on audience research, it examines the key issues emerging around media usage, trust, content, and literacy. It is based on data that was collected throughout June and July 2023; the medi ... more

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Snap Judgements: How Audiences Who Lack Trust in News Navigate Information on Digital Platforms

Amy Ross Arguedas, Sumitra Badrinathan, Camila Mont'Alverne, Benjamin Toff, Richard Fletcher, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2022), 43 pp.

"In this report, we qualitatively examine how audiences who lack trust in most news organisations in their countries navigate the digital information environment, especially how they make sense of the news they encounter while using social media, messaging applications, or search engines. Drawing on ... a sample of 100 individuals in four countries – Brazil, India, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) – we centre on how they use Facebook, WhatsApp, and Google, based on a unique interviewing approach anchored in their concrete everyday experiences. Participants were asked to describe and respond to what they actually saw on their screens as they navigated these platforms in real time while speaking to members of our research team. This research is focused on individuals with minimal trust in most news sources and below-average interest in politics – a population often neglected in audience research since these individuals tend to be least likely to consume news. However, for that same reason, understanding the way they encounter and engage with information online is of particular importance. Indeed, in line with prior survey-based research (Toff et al. 2021c), we found these individuals tended to be indifferent towards, or even opposed to, the idea of receiving news through platforms, which they said they primarily used for other purposes. What we found is that when they did encounter news on platforms and sought to assess how credible the information might be, they often relied on cues for making quick, in-the-moment judgements, which were particularly important since many of these users rarely clicked through to the original sources of news. The mental shortcuts people discussed, summarised in Figure 1, involved (1) pre-existing ideas they held about news in general or specific news brands (where the information was coming from), but also several other factors: (2) social cues from family and friends (who shared or engaged with the news), (3) the tone and wording of headlines (whether or not it was perceived as clickbait), (4) the use of visuals (which they often saw as important evidence for what could or could not be trusted), and (5) the presence of advertising (whether or not information appeared to be sponsored). Additional (6) platform-specific cues also played a role in shaping judgements about what to trust. These involved design decisions around how information appears on platforms (e.g. what labels appear, what is given most prominence), which in turn affect many of these other cues." (Introduction and key findings, page 3) more

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Trust, But Verify: Factors Affecting Media Trust in Bangladesh

Dhaka: Management and Resources Development Initiative (MRDI) (2022), 76 pp.

"This research study by the Management and Resources Development Initiative (MRDI) was conducted to develop a foundation for understanding audiences' attitudes and behaviour around media trust in Bangladesh. In a complex environment that has undermined news media trust in Bangladesh, the study is me ... more

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The Trust Gap: How and Why News on Digital Platforms is Viewed More Sceptically Versus News in General

Camila Mont'Alverne, Sumitra Badrinathan, Amy Ross Arguedas et al.

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2022), 71 pp.

"Drawing on an original dataset of survey responses collected in the summer of 2022 across four countries - Brazil, India, the UK, and the US - they examine the relationship between trust in news and how people think about news on digital platforms, especially Facebook, Google, WhatsApp, and YouTube ... more

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Trust in the Internet

Ipsos (2022), 23 pp.

"An international survey reveals that Internet users' trust on the Internet has dropped significantly since 2019. That is among the key findings of a 20-country Ipsos survey released by The New Institute in Hamburg, Germany. Only six in ten (63%) Internet users on average across the 20 countries sai ... more

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Estudio de confianza en la TV: Informe final

Santiago de Chile: Consejo Nacional de Televisión (CNTV);Brinca (2022), 45 pp.

"El CNTV necesita comprender en profundidad el vínculo emocional y significados atribuidos a la TV abierta desde la prespectiva de la confianza, identificando los atributos más relevantes que componen esta predisposición, para luego medirlos cuantitativamente. Para ésto Brinca ejecutó un estudi ... more

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Research Note: Fighting Misinformation or Fighting for Information?

Alberto Acerbi, Sacha Altay, Hugo Mercier

Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 3, issue 1 (2022), pp. 1-15

"A wealth of interventions have been devised to reduce belief in fake news or the tendency to share such news. By contrast, interventions aimed at increasing trust in reliable news sources have received less attention. In this article, we show that, given the very limited prevalence of misinformatio ... more

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Media Literacy, Disinformation & Misinformation in the Caribbean

Public Media Alliance;UNESCO;Media Institute of the Caribbean;Association of Caribbean Media Workers (2022), 78 pp.

"This situation report herein analyses media and information literacy (MIL), disinformation, and trust in news across the Caribbean. It contains country reports from eight researchers, covering eight Caribbean nations: the Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Su ... more

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Media Usage and Political Trust Among Young Adults in China: The Role of Media Credibility, Trust in Sources and Political Membership

Qiong Gong, Marc Verboord, Yijing Wang

Global Media and Communication, volume 18, issue 3 (2022), pp. 301-321

"On the basis of an online survey conducted among young Chinese adults, this study examines how the association between media usage and political trust can be explained by three factors: the mediating roles of the perceived credibility of traditional and social media; the moderating roles of trust i ... more

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Mistake or Manipulation? Conceptualizing Perceived Mis- and Disinformation among News Consumers in 10 European Countries

Michael Hameleers, Anna Brosius, Franziska Marquardt, Andreas C. Goldberg, Erika van Elsas, Claes H. de Vreese

Communication Research, volume 49, issue 7 (2022), pp. 919-941

"In the midst of heated debates surrounding the veracity and honesty of communication, scholarly attention has turned to the conceptualization of mis- and disinformation on the supply-side of (political) communication. Yet, we lack systematic research on the conceptualization of perceived mis- and d ... more

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Media Councils in the Digital Age: Year in Review

Blanquerna Foundation (2022), 22 pp.

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Listening to the Voices of the Public

Mediation: Biannual Publication of Fondation Hirondelle, issue 8 (2022), 6 pp.

"Faced with a major crisis of confidence since the beginning of the 2010s, traditional media are multiplying initiatives to try to reconnect with their audience, even giving them a real role in the production of information." (Page 1)

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Edelman Trust Barometer 2022: Global Report

Edelman (2022), 72 slides

"[...] Government and media fuel a cycle of distrust: Nearly one out of every two respondents view government and media as divisive forces in society—48% and 46%, respectively. Furthermore, government leaders and journalists are seen as the least trusted societal leaders today, with less than half ... more

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Populist attitudes and politicians’ disinformation accusations: Effects on perceptions of media and politicians

Jana Laura Egelhofer, Ming Boyer, Sophie Lecheler, Loes Aaldering

Journal of Communication, volume 72, issue 6 (2022), pp. 619-632

"Populist politicians increasingly accuse opposing media of spreading disinformation or “fake news.” However, empirical research on the effects of these accusations is scarce. This survey experiment (N = 1,330) shows that disinformation accusations reduce audience members’ trust in the accused ... more

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Modes of Perception and Issues of Trust in the Media

Anja Wollenberg, Katharina Nötzold (eds.)

Global Media Journal - German Edition, volume 12, issue 2 (2022), various pag.

"What are root causes of trust and distrust in media in different political contexts? How is media use shifted from one source to another with the change of political culture? What factors shape media perception across cultures and across political regimes? Are there commonalities or are they differ ... more