"The report presents findings that pose both unique challenges and opportunities for programs seeking to provide humanitarian information to Syrian refugees in Lebanon. So far, according to the report, there is little evidence of any comprehensive strategy or investment in providing a humanitarian c
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ommunication strategy. Various agencies are employing piecemeal tactics to communication through counseling lines, SMS and face-to-face outreach, yet all of these have their limitations. Furthermore it is clear from Internews research presented here that all current outreach tactics are fundamentally undermined by a profound lack of trust and/or understanding on the part of the refugees about what they are being told, and by whom. Syria has a long history as one of the most media-oppressed countries in the world and the Syrians have a mistrust of media and officialdom in general." (Internews website)
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"This article attempts to highlight a new perspective on African audiences’ engagement with global media and point to new postulates in audience research. It briefly reviews key reception theories, ranging from the effects tradition to active audience paradigm and encoding-decoding model. It then
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offers a case study on Northern Nigerians’ interactions with international media, particularly the BBC World Service, to unveil the patterns and consequences of such interactions. The mainly Muslim Northern Nigerians were found to be high consumers of western media products, especially the BBC’s, but with high level of selectivity. Although they regard BBC as the most credible broadcaster that aids their understanding of international affairs and influences their everyday lives, they still see it as a western ideological instrument that portrays the West positively and depicts the Islamic world and Africa negatively. The findings reveal patterns and particularities of postcolonial audiences’ consumption of transnational media that suggest new theoretical postulates in reception research. They indicate the audiences’ tendency to exhibit a phenomenon of ‘selective believability’ in their interactions with international media. They also highlight the mediating roles of religion, culture, ideology and other extra-communication factors in such interactions, and identify the dynamics of credibility and believability. Credibility appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for believability in audiences’ consumption of dissonant messages." (Abstract)
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"Strategic Considerations for a Mali Communications Strategy: Don't forget the importance of local language to reach broad cross-section of the population. Broadcast media remain paramount; on a national radio is likely to be the key medium. Digital is still mostly a niche phenomenon." (Slide 39)
"S
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trategic Considerations for Communicating With Somalis: Role of foreign media remains extremely important. Radio is still the most widely used news medium, across all regions. Heavy access to and usage of alternative platforms opens up additional opportunities. Any communications strategy must include digital and mobile, with potentially greater short-term payoff than elsewhere in Africa." (Slide 54)
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"Between June 30th and July 10th, 2012, a team of four trained interviewers conducted interviews with 400 randomly selected adults, representative of the adult population of the town of Zemio and its surroundings, over 1,000 km east of the capital Bangui in the prefecture of Haut Mbomou, near the bo
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rder with the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The rapid assessment was conducted to serve as a comparison case to the previously published assessment conducted in Obo, the capital of Haut Mbomou, in July 2012. The Haut-Mbomou, one of the 14 prefectures of the Central African Republic (CAR) is under the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), a notoriously violent armed group from northern Uganda. These results suggest that information must first be local. Respondents in Zemio lacked a local source of news that would contribute to a better perceived access and quality of information. However, having a local quality information source may not necessarily have an impact on understanding and reported perception of humanitarian action." (Internews website)
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"Between May 19th-27th, 2012, a team of four trained interviewers conducted interviews with 400 randomly selected adults representative of the adult population in Obo, the capital of Haut-Mbomou, one of the 14 prefectures of the Central African Republic (CAR), and its surroundings [...] Radio is the
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most important source of information, especially the local community radio, Radio Zereda. However, women tended to also rely on friends, family and local authorities as main sources of information. None of the respondents mentioned printed media, television or Internet as a main source of information. Mobile phones are relatively common, one-fifth of the respondents (21%) indicated owning one, but just 9% indicated using text messages and less than 1% accessed Internet with their phone." (Executive summary)
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"This publication is an outcome of the Ørecomm Festival 2011 and presents Paula Uimonen (The Swedish Program for ICT in Developing Regions), Petter Åttingsberg (International Media Support) Stine Kirstein Junge (United Nations Development Programme), Birgitte Jallov (independent consultant), and R
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afael Obregon (United Nations Children’s Fund) and their experiences and reflections on social media in development cooperation. The publication addresses social media in relation to various subjects such as external communication, community radio, the Arab Spring, youth and equity, the credibility of social media, as well as new and innovative ways of using social media in development cooperation." (Introduction, page 10)
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"This guide highlights the importance of trust and credibility for public health organisations in order to communicate effectively on immunisation. The document aims at supporting Member States in planning and implementing communication initiatives on vaccination, by presenting an overview of the ma
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in issues that public health institutions need to consider in relation to building and maintaining trust." (Executive summary)
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"State media will continue to play a critical role in Iran. The audience for external media platforms is large and will remain so absent any significant reforms in domestic media. Attitudes towards specific media outlets are rarely uni-dimensional, and few enjoy unqualified trust. Satellite TV remai
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ns the medium of choice for reaching Iranians from outside of the country. The audience for digital platforms continues to grow, but future will partly depend effectiveness of the Iranian's 'walled garden' approach. There continues to be an important role for international broadcasters like VOA, Radio Farda, BBC, and others." (Conclusions, slide 30)
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"Internews' project to integrate local media and ICTs into humanitarian response in CAR takes place in a context of distrust between journalists and humanitarians. According to this report, humanitarians view the media as lacking credibility, depth, independence and fairness, and as monetizing news
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coverage. Journalists say that humanitarians are unwilling to engage in an exchange of information other than a one-way “infomercial.” As one journalist puts it, “they are only interested in their own publicity, but fear critical coverage.” However, both journalists and humanitarians agree on one key factor that undermines the quality of the information: the lack of resources. The use of ICT has the potential to fundamentally alter the relation by constantly bringing new and reliable data to humanitarians, demonstrating the effectiveness and usefulness of journalists. However, Internews' program must also include simple efforts at rebuilding trust between the actors." (Executive summary)
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"En promedio, la confianza en los medios es evidente en la región. Sin embargo, muchos ciudadanos siguen distantes. Para explicar los distintos niveles de confianza, este trabajo se concentra en un conjunto de indicadores de conciencia sobre la política. Es interesante notar que existen diferencia
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s sistemáticas en cómo las distintas dimensiones de la conciencia sobre la política se relacionan con la confianza en los medios." (Resumen ejecutivo)
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"Using Entman’s work on mediated public diplomacy, the authors conducted an Arabic-language online survey of news consumers on Arab websites, including one US-funded media outlet. They examined factors leading to gaps in exposure and perceptions of credibility for three Arab news outlets. Specific
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ally, they examined variables that differentiated between exposure to and perceived credibility regarding the three satellite news media – al-Jazeera, al-Arabiya, and al-Hurra. Results showed that issue importance and attitudes toward the United States were significant predictors of exposure gaps between the US-funded network and other Arab media. Exposure gaps were also powerful predictors of perceived credibility." (Abstract)
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"Internews surveyed more than 120 Syrian refugees in Zaatari camp, asking a set of 30 questions about information needs, sources, and trust levels. Additionally, 20 in-depth key informant interviews were conducted with humanitarian workers and media professionals in Jordan and in Beirut, Lebanon. As
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per the rapid assessment, many refugees in the camp are frustrated by their increasing ignorance of their current situation, the lack of adequate access to news and information about the situation in Syria, the quality of services available in the camp, and the lack of information about the very same services available. First and foremost, refugees demand news and information about Syria. This is followed by the need to know how to access basic services particularly with regard to water, food and new shelter (i.e. caravans). Residents also want to know information about their general situation in the camp. The overwhelming majority of refugees affirmed satellite TV was the source of information they trusted the most when there were at home in Syria – Al Jazeera Arabic and Al Arabiya being the preferred channels. In Zaatari, TV is the source refugees would like to access for news about Syria as well as for entertainment. After TV, mobile phones and Internet were ranked among the three most trusted sources." (Summary)
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"Television has recently experienced unprecedented expansion in Bangladesh. Given its popularity and influence, and with more people using it for their information, research on the credibility of TV news is warranted. Perceived independence of TV channels, their social role, source expertise, object
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ivity, and audiovisual quality were hypothesized to influence credibility perceptions of TV news. Based on factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, four of these five factors had a significant effect. Implications of TV news credibility in Bangladesh's development efforts are discussed." (Abstract)
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"This report is focused on attitudes to trust in international media. It collates findings from 36 focus groups and 11 immersion interviews conducted in Nairobi (Kenya), Cairo (Egypt), Dakar (Senegal), Mumbai (India) and Lahore (Pakistan) in the summer and autumn of 2010 [...] The report explores th
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ree core questions for each market. What news are people interested in? Which providers do people trust and why? How does trust affect the consumption of news from different providers and across different platforms? Whiel for each market there are different responses to these questions, the findings also identify a number of overarching trends across the five markets." (Executive summary)
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"This survey is the second nation-wide media use study conducted in Timor-Leste. UNMIT commissioned this study to provide a comprehensive update of the findings from Foundation Hirondelle’s National Media Survey of 2006, also conducted by INSIGHT. The main objectives of the study are to: 1) assess
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the extent of media coverage and audience reach/access to information and types of media in Timor-Leste, as well as the reach and impact of non-media information sources; 2) provide updated baseline information to UNMIT, Government of Timor-Leste and other partners to improve future communication efforts; and 3) to evaluate the effectiveness of media campaigns conducted by UNMIT and the Government of Timor-Leste in order to improve future design. The study consists of two parts: first, a nation-wide survey of 2,500 randomly selected respondents in all 13 districts throughout the country; and, second, a series of nine focus group discussions (FGD) in seven districts to explore the survey findings. The survey represents the opinion of Timorese adults of 15 years of age or older and yields a maximum margin of error of +1.95%. Interviews were conducted in May 2010." (Executive summary, page 1)
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"This material summarizes the main results and trends of a survey carried out with children and young people aged 13-18 in Tirana. The material focuses on the preference of this age group regarding different media, on the trends of opinions, suggestions for improvement, especially regarding the port
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rayal of this age group, as well as the relationship of trust this group has with each of these media." (Page 2)
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"As part of an overall strategy to influence public opinion in the Muslim world, the US government implemented two new international broadcasting tools — Radio Sawa and Alhurra (a satellite television network). In the face of declining support of US government policies in the Muslim world, this st
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udy examines the credibility and effectiveness of Radio Sawa in an attempt to understand its effectiveness as a communication tool. The study explores differences in credibility and other dimensions among the United Arab Emirates (UAE) population; surveying both those who use this new medium and those who do not. Results of the study reveal the effectiveness of the US government in reaching its objectives in the region." (Abstract)
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"Contrary to the optimistic view that the Internet would promote democracy in authoritarian countries like China, the pervasive political apathy among younger generations calls for a closer examination of micro-level individual political participation. This study contributes to the nascent body of e
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mpirical literature probing Chinese Internet users' political participation online by examining related behavioral and attitudinal factors. We argue that Chinese netizens' online participatory behaviors are determined by their political attitudes, trust in the media, and, chiefly, trust in the social system. Importantly, the current political and social environment in China seems to truncate any liberalizing potential of the Internet, as evidenced by the limited online political discussion and strong presence of government regulation. This dynamic implies that any utopian predictions concerning political participation online need to be reformulated in light of these external contextual factors." (Abstract)
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The IREX Audience Measurement Survey 2009 in Iraq was an ad hoc national quantitative research study on media usage, habits and attitudes of people over the age of 15, across Iraq, with a total sample size of 2,200 individuals. The total sample consists of a representative sample of 2,000 individual
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s in the 18 provinces of Iraq, as well as a booster sample of 200 Kurds from Kurdistan region. The survey revealed a general distrust of TV media; the highest rated TV network in Iraq was seen as "trusted" by only 33% of Iraqis. This distrust of media in Iraq extends to foreign language media as well with most (67%) Iraqis expressing distrust in non-Iraqi news.
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