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The Attacks on Palestinian Digital Rights: Progress Report, May 6-19, 2021

7amleh – Arab Center for Social Media Advancement (2021), 15 pp.

"Over the past two weeks, 7amleh - The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media has worked to document and respond to the digital rights violations occurring during the 2021 Israeli attacks on Gaza, Palestinians in mixed cities in Israel and forcible displacement of Palestinians in East Jerus ... more

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A Comparative Study on Hate Speech and Incitement to Violence in Syrian Media. Second Monitoring Round (2020)

Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) (2021), 53 pp.

"The Syrian media of various types and geographical distribution use hate speech and incitement to Violence disproportionately. The average use of public hate speech in the Syrian media was (17.99%) as a percentage of the monitored content of the study sample, which is considered a low percentage wh ... more

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Hass im Netz ist nicht Teil des Jobs: Ein Leitfaden zum Umgang mit digitaler Gewalt

Anna-Lena von Hodenberg

Berlin: HateAid (2021), 48 pp.

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Grenzenloser Hass im Internet: Dramatische Lage in ganz Europa

Berlin: Hate Aid (2021), 5 pp.

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Maria Ressa: Fighting an Onslaught of Online Violence. A Big Data Analysis

Julie Posetti, Diana Maynard, Kalina Bontcheva

Washington, DC: International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2021), 44 pp.

"This groundbreaking collaborative case study is the most comprehensive assessment of online violence against a prominent woman journalist to date. We conducted a forensic analysis of the torrent of social media attacks on internationally celebrated digital media pioneer Maria Ressa over a five-year ... more

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Hate Narratives and Disinformation in Online Media in Albania

Ilda Londo

Tirana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 27 pp.

"The case studies analyzed here show that, in general, the mainstream media does not produce hate speech narratives on its own, but does become a vehicle for carrying them. The greatest producers of hate narratives, division, disinformation, and polarization remain the political actors, partly becau ... more

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Hate Speech 2020

Tina Gogoladze

Media Development Foundation (MDF) (2021), 32 pp.

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Online Caste-Hate Speech: Pervasive Discrimination and Humiliation on Social Media

Damni Kain, Shivangi Narayan, Torsha Sarkar, Gurshabad Grover

Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) (2021), 32 pp.

"In India, religious texts, social customs, rituals, and everyday cultural practices legitimise the use of hate speech against marginalised caste groups. Notions of "purity" of “upper-caste” groups, and conversely of "pollution" of “lower-caste” groups, have made the latter subject to discri ... mination, violence and dehumanisation. These dynamics invariably manifest online, with social media platforms becoming sites of caste discrimination and humiliation. This report explores two research questions. First, what are the specific contours of caste-hate speech and abuse online? Semi-structured interviews with 12 scholars and activists belonging to Dalit, Bahujan and Adivasi (DBA) groups show that marginalised groups regularly face hate and harassment based on their caste. In addition to the overt hate, DBA individuals and groups are often targeted with abuse for availing reservations – a constitutionally mandated right. More covert forms of hate and abuse are also prevalent: trolls mix caste names and words from different languages together so that their comments appear meaningless to individuals who are not keenly aware of the local context. Such hateful expression often emerges as a reaction from “upper-caste” groups to DBA resistance and social justice movements. Our respondents reported that the hateful expression can sometimes silence caste-marginalised groups and individuals, exclude them from conversations, and adversely impact their physical and mental well-being. The second question we explore is how popular social media platforms and online spaces moderate caste-hate speech and abuse. We analysed the community guidelines, policies and transparency reports of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Clubhouse. We find that Facebook, Twitter and YouTube incorporated "caste" as a protected characteristic in their hate speech and harassment policies only in the last two or three years – many years after they entered Indian and South Asian markets – showing a disregard for the regional contexts of their users. Even after these policy changes, many platforms – whose forms for reporting harmful content list gender and race – still do not list caste. Social media companies should radically increase their investment and capacity in understanding regional contexts and languages; they must focus on the dynamics of casteist hate and abuse. They will need to collaborate with a diverse set of DBA activists to ensure that their community guidelines effectively tackle overt, covert and hyper -local forms of caste-hate speech and abuse, and that their implementation and reporting processes match these policy commitments." (Eexecutive summary) more

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Hate Network: Hate Speech on Social Media Platforms in the Palestinian Context and its Impact on Their Digital Rights

Nijmeh Ali

Arab Center for Social Media Advancement (2021), 46 pp.

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Fake News Misinformation and Hate Speech in Ethiopia: A Vulnerability Assessment

Brussels: European Institute of Peace (2021), 22 pp.

"The assessment found that Ethiopia's media ecosystem's weaknesses have made it vulnerable to fake news, misinformation, and hate speech. Some of the driving factors are undoubtedly historical, including the weak state of private media in Ethiopia, the critical role of the Ethiopian diaspora in medi ... more

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A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Speech in the Central African Republic
Quick Overview

Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;United States Institute of Peace (USIP);Association Jeunesse en Marche pour le Développement en Centrafrique (AJEMADEC) (2021), 38 pp.

"Since 2014, PeaceTech Lab has undertaken research and worked with local partners in 13 countries to understand the dynamics of hate speech and the connection between the proliferation of hateful narratives online and violent events offline. This research and the resulting lexicons seek to identify ... more

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Addressing Hate Speech on Social Media: Contemporary Challenges

Jonathan Bright, Antonella Perini, Anne Ploin, Reja Wyss

Paris: UNESCO (2021), 10 pp.

"This discussion paper seeks to give an overview of the key aspects that need to be taken into consideration to address the occurrence of hate speech on social media, be it through concrete regulations by social media companies, counter efforts and legislations or preventive educational measures. Th ... more

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The "Hate Speech" Policies of Major Platforms During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ana Laura Pérez

Montevideo: UNESCO Office Montevideo and Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean (2021), 32 pp.

"This document reports an increase in so-called “hate speech” posts on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although dissimilar, such an increase can be observed in the transparency reports of the different platforms and the surge in content moderation since M ... more

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Hateful Speech and Conflict in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Words and Phrases

Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;Centre for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD);Destiny Ethiopia Project (2021), 56 pp.

"The list of terms included in this lexicon, as well as their proposed meaning and contextualization, are not static. Instead, the lexicon is a ‘snapshot’ (in time and space) of how hateful language is used, perceived, and understood by those who contributed to the research process in Ethiopia b ... more

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Beyond Fake News: The Central African Republic’s Hate Speech Problem

Brianna Ferebee, Rachel Sullivan

United States Institute of Peace (USIP), August 16 (2021)

"After a recent contested election, the Central African Republic finds itself in a precarious situation. Violence around the election combined with the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 and destructive flooding have caused the humanitarian emergency to reach its worst state in five years. Meanwhile ... more

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Hate Speech Among Politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Dejan Lucka

Sarajevo: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2021), 12 pp.

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Hatescape: An In-Depth Analysis of Extremism and Hate Speech on TikTok

Ciarán O'Connor

London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2021), 56 pp.

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Reclaiming the Public Sphere in a Global Health Crisis

Hans-Jörg Trenz, Annett Heft, Michael Vaughan, Barbara Pfetsch (eds.)

Javnost: The Public, volume 28, issue 2 (2021), pp. 111-235

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The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism

Howard Tumber, Silvio R. Waisbord (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), xxvi, 582 pp.

"This companion brings together various concepts used to analyse dimensions of media disinformation and populism. The companion is theoretically and methodologically comprehensive and features various historical and critical approaches providing a full and incisive understanding of media, misinforma ... more

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Un lexique de discours haineux et incendiaire en République Centrafricaine
Quick Overview

Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab;United States Institute of Peace (USIP);Association Jeunesse en Marche pour le Développement en Centrafrique (AJEMADEC) (2021), 38 pp.

"Depuis 2014, PeaceTech Lab a entrepris des recherches et travaillé avec des partenaires locaux dans 13 pays pour comprendre la dynamique des discours de haine et le lien entre la prolifération des récits haineux en ligne et les événements violents hors ligne. Cette recherche et les lexiques qu ... more

A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Speech in the Central African Republic Quick Overview

Un lexique de discours haineux et incendiaire en République Centrafricaine Quick Overview

A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Speech in the Central African Republic
Quick Overview

Un lexique de discours haineux et incendiaire en République Centrafricaine
Quick Overview