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Reclaiming the Public Sphere in a Global Health Crisis

Hans-Jörg Trenz, Annett Heft, Michael Vaughan, Barbara Pfetsch (eds.)

Javnost: The Public, volume 28, issue 2 (2021), pp. 111-235

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A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Speech in the Central African Republic
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Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab; United States Institute of Peace (USIP); Association Jeunesse en Marche pour le Développement en Centrafrique (AJEMADEC) (2021), 38 pp.

"Since 2014, PeaceTech Lab has undertaken research and worked with local partners in 13 countries to understand the dynamics of hate speech and the connection between the proliferation of hateful narratives online and violent events offline. This research and the resulting lexicons seek to identify ... more

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Social Networks and the Challenge of Hate Disguised as Fear and Politics

Adam Klein

Journal for Deradicalization, issue 26 (2021), pp. 1-33

"This case study examines social networks as the modern intersections of radical discourse and political extremism. But, as this research will show, extremist content in social networks, even that which has telegraphed violent hate crimes, is seldom communicated in textbook forms bigotry or provocat ... more

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Caste-Hate Speech: Addressing Hate Speech Based on Work and Descent

Murali Shanmugavelan

International Dalit Solidarity Network (2021), 33 pp.

"Caste discrimination remains one of the world’s most serious human rights issues. It is intrinsically linked with hate speech, but as this report has demonstrated, insufficient attention has been paid to the caste-based aspects of hate speech. All too often, caste-hate speech is allowed to contin ... more

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Netzpolitik: Eine feministische Einführung

Francesca Schmidt

Opladen; Berlin: Verlag Barbara Budrich (2021), 188 pp.

"Die Publikation führt in die Thematiken einer feministischen Netzpolitik ein und zeigt deren Potentiale auf. Zudem unternimmt sie den Versuch, einen neuen Gesellschaftsvertrag des Digitalen zu entwerfen. Anhand von zwei zentralen Themen- und Diskussionsfeldern, „Digitale Gewalt“ und „Überwa ... more

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The Attacks on Palestinian Digital Rights: Progress Report, May 6-19, 2021

7amleh – Arab Center for Social Media Advancement (2021), 15 pp.

"Over the past two weeks, 7amleh - The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media has worked to document and respond to the digital rights violations occurring during the 2021 Israeli attacks on Gaza, Palestinians in mixed cities in Israel and forcible displacement of Palestinians in East Jerus ... more

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Digital Hate: The Global Conjuncture of Extreme Speech

Sahana Udupa, Iginio Gagliardone, Peter Hervik (eds.)

Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press (2021), 266 pp.

"The euphoria that has accompanied the birth and expansion of the internet as a "liberation technology" is increasingly eclipsed by an explosion of vitriolic language on a global scale. Digital Hate: The Global Conjuncture of Extreme Speech provides the first distinctly global and interdisciplinary ... more

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A Comparative Study on Hate Speech and Incitement to Violence in Syrian Media. Second Monitoring Round (2020)

Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) (2021), 53 pp.

"The Syrian media of various types and geographical distribution use hate speech and incitement to Violence disproportionately. The average use of public hate speech in the Syrian media was (17.99%) as a percentage of the monitored content of the study sample, which is considered a low percentage wh ... more

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Hass im Netz ist nicht Teil des Jobs: Ein Leitfaden zum Umgang mit digitaler Gewalt

Anna-Lena von Hodenberg

Berlin: HateAid (2021), 48 pp.

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Grenzenloser Hass im Internet: Dramatische Lage in ganz Europa

Berlin: Hate Aid (2021), 5 pp.

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Maria Ressa: Fighting an Onslaught of Online Violence. A Big Data Analysis

Julie Posetti, Diana Maynard, Kalina Bontcheva

Washington, DC: International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2021), 44 pp.

"This groundbreaking collaborative case study is the most comprehensive assessment of online violence against a prominent woman journalist to date. We conducted a forensic analysis of the torrent of social media attacks on internationally celebrated digital media pioneer Maria Ressa over a five-year ... more

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Hate Narratives and Disinformation in Online Media in Albania

Ilda Londo

Tirana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 27 pp.

"The case studies analyzed here show that, in general, the mainstream media does not produce hate speech narratives on its own, but does become a vehicle for carrying them. The greatest producers of hate narratives, division, disinformation, and polarization remain the political actors, partly becau ... more

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Hate Speech 2020

Tina Gogoladze

Media Development Foundation (MDF) (2021), 32 pp.

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Online Caste-Hate Speech: Pervasive Discrimination and Humiliation on Social Media

Damni Kain, Shivangi Narayan, Torsha Sarkar, Gurshabad Grover

Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) (2021), 32 pp.

"In India, religious texts, social customs, rituals, and everyday cultural practices legitimise the use of hate speech against marginalised caste groups. Notions of "purity" of “upper-caste” groups, and conversely of "pollution" of “lower-caste” groups, have made the latter subject to discri ... mination, violence and dehumanisation. These dynamics invariably manifest online, with social media platforms becoming sites of caste discrimination and humiliation. This report explores two research questions. First, what are the specific contours of caste-hate speech and abuse online? Semi-structured interviews with 12 scholars and activists belonging to Dalit, Bahujan and Adivasi (DBA) groups show that marginalised groups regularly face hate and harassment based on their caste. In addition to the overt hate, DBA individuals and groups are often targeted with abuse for availing reservations – a constitutionally mandated right. More covert forms of hate and abuse are also prevalent: trolls mix caste names and words from different languages together so that their comments appear meaningless to individuals who are not keenly aware of the local context. Such hateful expression often emerges as a reaction from “upper-caste” groups to DBA resistance and social justice movements. Our respondents reported that the hateful expression can sometimes silence caste-marginalised groups and individuals, exclude them from conversations, and adversely impact their physical and mental well-being. The second question we explore is how popular social media platforms and online spaces moderate caste-hate speech and abuse. We analysed the community guidelines, policies and transparency reports of Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Clubhouse. We find that Facebook, Twitter and YouTube incorporated "caste" as a protected characteristic in their hate speech and harassment policies only in the last two or three years – many years after they entered Indian and South Asian markets – showing a disregard for the regional contexts of their users. Even after these policy changes, many platforms – whose forms for reporting harmful content list gender and race – still do not list caste. Social media companies should radically increase their investment and capacity in understanding regional contexts and languages; they must focus on the dynamics of casteist hate and abuse. They will need to collaborate with a diverse set of DBA activists to ensure that their community guidelines effectively tackle overt, covert and hyper -local forms of caste-hate speech and abuse, and that their implementation and reporting processes match these policy commitments." (Eexecutive summary) more

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Hate Network: Hate Speech on Social Media Platforms in the Palestinian Context and its Impact on Their Digital Rights

Nijmeh Ali

Arab Center for Social Media Advancement (2021), 46 pp.

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Fake News Misinformation and Hate Speech in Ethiopia: A Vulnerability Assessment

Brussels: European Institute of Peace (2021), 22 pp.

"The assessment found that Ethiopia's media ecosystem's weaknesses have made it vulnerable to fake news, misinformation, and hate speech. Some of the driving factors are undoubtedly historical, including the weak state of private media in Ethiopia, the critical role of the Ethiopian diaspora in medi ... more

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Hate Narratives in the Western Balkans and Turkey

Sandra B. Hrvatin, Sanela Hodzic Brankica Petkovic

Ljubljana: Peace Institute (2021), 29 pp.

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Addressing Hate Speech on Social Media: Contemporary Challenges

Jonathan Bright, Antonella Perini, Anne Ploin, Reja Wyss

Paris: UNESCO (2021), 10 pp.

"This discussion paper seeks to give an overview of the key aspects that need to be taken into consideration to address the occurrence of hate speech on social media, be it through concrete regulations by social media companies, counter efforts and legislations or preventive educational measures. Th ... more

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The "Hate Speech" Policies of Major Platforms During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Ana Laura Pérez

Montevideo: UNESCO Office Montevideo and Regional Bureau for Science in Latin America and the Caribbean (2021), 32 pp.

"This document reports an increase in so-called “hate speech” posts on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although dissimilar, such an increase can be observed in the transparency reports of the different platforms and the surge in content moderation since M ... more

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Hateful Speech and Conflict in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Words and Phrases

Nicola Barrach-Yousefi et al.

Washington, DC: PeaceTech Lab; Centre for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy (CARD); Destiny Ethiopia Project (2021), 56 pp.

"The list of terms included in this lexicon, as well as their proposed meaning and contextualization, are not static. Instead, the lexicon is a ‘snapshot’ (in time and space) of how hateful language is used, perceived, and understood by those who contributed to the research process in Ethiopia b ... more

A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Speech in the Central African Republic Top Insights

A Lexicon of Hateful and Inflammatory Speech in the Central African Republic
Top Insights