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Media focus
7382
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Publication Years
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Output Type
14726
Migration and Communication: Information and Awareness-Raising Campaigns in Countries of Origin and Transit. Austrian National EMN Conference 2019 Briefing Paper
Vienna: European Migration Network, National Contact Point Austria (2020), 6 pp.
"Information and awareness-raising campaigns for (potential) migrants in third countries constitute a central element of current migration strategies, both at the European and national level. However, little is known about the impact of these campaigns and how they influence migratory behaviour.
Inf
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ormation and behaviour change: In light of these limitations, we can learn from findings of rigorous evaluations in other fields, such as behavioural economics, and apply those to how information and awareness-raising can influence behaviour. Therefore, information and awareness-raising campaigns must be built on a contextual understanding of how people form beliefs and expectations and how these are transformed into decisions.
Randomized evaluations: Researchers, donors, EU Institutions and Member States are increasingly aware of the importance of creating rigorous evidence and using this evidence to inform policy decisions. To isolate the impact of information and awareness-raising campaigns on migratory behaviour, randomized evaluations are being implemented by some selected researchers and institutions.
Lessons learned: Evaluations presented during the conference indicate that peer-to-peer information campaigns have the potential to raise awareness about the risks and opportunities associated with migration. Another example shows that information on the chances of obtaining a legal status in Europe impacts the inclination to migrate. Rigorous evaluations also shed light on how information campaigns compare against other policy interventions, such as providing economic opportunities at the local level. Most evaluations find that migrants and potential migrants respond to reliable and trustworthy information.
Social networks: Beside rigorours evidence, which is still rare, qualitative evaluations suggest that campaigns should be built on trust: this can be achieved by using personal or peer-to-peer communication channels, a positive narrative, and messages of legal alternatives rather than deterrence. Finally, in order to create contextappropriate messages and to identify the right target group, diaspora communities and local experts are important stakeholders in the design and implementation of campaigns." (Main take-aways, page 2)
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"The participating unions shared very different experiences arising from the project. But it was clear that for each in their own situation and circumstances, the tailored approach and targeted support has delivered real results. IEG/SIPTU Ireland, TF Sweden, ZZAP Poland, NVJ Netherlands reported th
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at the training has delivered a measurable and significant increase in membership in the life-time of the project, ranging from a slight upwards curve to a substantial growth surge. All have the ambition of continuing to grow the union continuing and further developing the campaigning actions and outreach that they have put in place. ZDUS Slovenia, the Serbian Musicians’ Union and SNJ-CGT France reported on a substantial change of perspective and vision, with a renewed energy to take organising work in a new direction, with potential actions being developed to have a real organising and growth strategy that was previously lacking. In-depth exchanges had created a new shared basis for this work and all the unions expressed their commitment to taking it forward. The Finnish Musicians’ Union and Kunstenbond in its partnership with the Platform for Freelance Musici had taken the time in the course of the project to review and reinforce ongoing existing actions that aim to grow the union, extend its reach and partnerships and make it stronger. There was strategic reflection on how to improve systems that are already in place or add value to actions that are working for members, in order to deliver more engagement with the union. Both felt that having this space was a valuable way to reflect on wider organising goals and link them always back to targeted actions and services that are underway. Reaching out to members and providing union services must always link back also to developing union power and bringing the members along on the organising journey." (Overall conclusions, pages 32-33)
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Behind Closed Curtains: Disinformation on Messenger Services
Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2020), 30 pp.
"Several studies analysed in this paper show that messenger services facilitate and exacerbate the spread of disinformation. Any solution must make allowances for the complexity with which information spreads. The case studies show that a lack of trust in government is a key factor in the proliferat
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ion of disinformation, as is an increase in nationalism and its epiphenomena, including racism, sexism and anti-semitism. Additionally, a general loss of trust in journalism poses a problem. The infodemic surrounding the novel coronavirus highlights the urgency of the topic. A nuanced and comprehensive discourse on disinformation is crucial, and it is no longer adequate to discuss disinformation as a problem predominantly concerning social media platforms and politics. Addressing the issue can only be achieved by a society as a whole: we need broad social discourse and cannot outsource the solution to social media companies alone. This paper includes six recommendations designed to provide guidelines for political decisions and as a basis for further discourse." (Executive summary, page 4)
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Estudio sobre la situación de radios y televisoras locales y regionales en el contexto de la crisis de salud y económica generadas por el COVID-19
Lima: Consejo Consultivo de Radio y Televisión (CONCORTV) (2020), 132 pp.
"1. En medio de la pandemia por el Covid-19 y a pesar de los lamentables decesos, del fuerte impacto económico y emocional experimentados, los medios locales no abdicaron de su responsabilidad con las audiencias incluso en aquellas zonas en las prácticamente no existe presencia de Estado. En este
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contexto, han recuperado su protagonismo y han puesto en relieve una fuerte vocación de servicio público. Han visibilizado su labor estratégica en la vida nacional.
2. El principal problema a superar por los medios locales y regionales lo constituye el problema de la sostenibilidad económica. Esperan que esta etapa de reactivación de la economía genere un retorno de la inversión publicitaria local. Dudan que el pago simbólico que reciben por la difusión de los programas del Estado sea suficiente para incluirlos en la programación de las emisoras ahora que hay apertura y reactivación económica.
3. Un malestar común señalado por los medios consultados son las dificultades para acceder a los paquetes publicitarios que se generan en la capital. Creen firmemente que los fondos publicitarios del Estado deben llegar a las localidades más remotas y evitar que se queden en manos de las agencias intermediarias.
4. El impacto económico no fue procesado de la misma manera en todos los medios. Algunos medios, una pequeña minoría, pudieron superar las dificultades económicas: aquellos que pudieron diversificar sus fuentes de recursos económicos. De acuerdo a la evidencia encontrada, una manera de apoyar a los medios locales es diversificando sus fuentes de ingresos. Esto significa que desde el Estado es posible organizar de manera más sistemática los apoyos económicos destinados a medios locales y regionales en función de las estrategias públicas de salud y educación a través de Fondos concursables.
5. Hay un tema que es más profundo y que hay que explorar e investigar con más detalle y son las condiciones de trabajo de los comunicadores locales. Muchos de los trabajadores ganan el sueldo mínimo. Las emisoras han descrito cómo tuvieron que seguir pagando el seguro, los servicios, las AFP, a costa de dejar de pagar otras obligaciones como el IGV. Lo poco que ha ingresado ha sido destinado a para pagar sueldos y servicios. Los más vulnerables son aquellos que trabajan como concesionarios de las emisoras y que en plena pandemia debieron cerrar sus programas quedando totalmente huérfanos de cualquier tipo de protección social." (Conclusiones generales, página 57)
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"The rapid escalation in the long-running conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia which took place in late September 2020 has been shadowed by a battle across social media for control of the international narrative about the conflict. On Twitter, large numbers of accounts supporting both sides have
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been wading in on politicised hashtags linked to the conflict. Our findings indicate large-scale coordinated activity. While much of this behaviour is likely to be authentic, our analysis has also found a significant amount of suspicious and potentially inauthentic behaviour. The goal of this research piece is to observe and document some of the early dynamics of the information battle playing out in parallel to the conflict on the ground and create a basis for further, more comprehensive research. This report is in no way intended to undermine the legitimacy of authentic social media conversations and debate taking place on all sides of the conflict." (Aspi.org.au)
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"La Coordinadora de Medios Comunitarios, Populares y Educativos de Ecuador (CORAPE) es la red de medios comunitarios más grande de Ecuador y desde 2016 ha sido socio principal de DW Akademie en el país sudamericano. Entre 2016 y 2019 ambas organizaciones ejecutaron un proyecto financiado por el Mi
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nisterio de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo alemán (BMZ) cuyo objetivo era el de fortalecer los medios comunitarios de Ecuador en su labor de brindar acceso a información a poblaciones vulnerables, especialmente en lenguas indígenas. Una línea central de este proyecto fue la sostenibilidad financiera de medios comunitarios, que históricamente ha sido uno de los grandes problemas que ha enfrentado este sector. La viabilidad económica de los medios comunitarios se vio agravada durante el proyecto debido a cambios económicos y políticos en el país: la caída del precio del petróleo y la reestructuración del estado por la crisis fiscal, llevaron a una drástica reducción de los ingresos por publicidad en los medios comunitarios. El proyecto se construyó de manera participativa con miembros de la red de CORAPE. Para ello se definieron cuatro enfoques de sostenibilidad financiera (publicidad; proyectos productivos y emprendimientos; alianzas y articulaciones; producción de programas) y se acordaron una serie de herramientas metodológicas. Una selección de ocho medios comunitarios, diversos en su carácter, constitución y en sus fuentes de financiamiento, participaron en un proceso de autoanálisis, asesorías externas e intercambios entre pares con el objetivo de buscar soluciones de sostenibilidad. De esta manera se lograron definir una serie de procesos y crear herramientas especializadas que pueden ser aplicadas en otros medios de la red, así como otros medios comunitarios en el mundo. Esta publicación se divide en tres capítulos. El primero de ellos presenta los antecedentes, justificación de este proyecto, y la metodología aplicada. El segundo capítulo muestra los aprendizajes y buenas prácticas de cuatro de los medios comunitarios que participaron de este proceso. Finalmente, el último de los capítulos recomienda ocho pasos y herramientas a seguir, que son el aprendizaje de este proyecto, para que los medios comunitarios puedan alcanzar la sostenibilidad." (Página 7)
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Más que palabras: Buscando consensos para caracterizar el discurso de odio
Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC) (2020), 37 pp.
"[...] la presente investigación tiene como objeto cuatro naciones de América Latina: Argentina, Brasil, Costa Rica y Panamá. Se analiza de qué manera cada uno de los países seleccionados caracteriza al discurso de odio y cómo lo enfrenta. Este abordaje se realizó desde una perspectiva legal
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y social. La primera tuvo como fin determinar cuál es la concepción de discurso de odio que posee el ordenamiento jurídico de la región. La segunda buscó reflejar el modo en que grupos habitualmente afectados por expresiones en la red viven dichos ataques y cómo los conciben a la luz de lo establecido por el ordenamiento jurídico." (Resumen ejecutivo)
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Disonancia: Voces en disputa
México, DF: Article 19 (2020), 270 pp.
Children’s Media Lives. Wave 6
Ofcom (2020), 62 pp.
"The Children’s Media Lives study provides an in-depth understanding of how a sample of 18 children, aged eight to 18, are thinking about and using digital media, and how this differs and is influenced by age, life stage, family circumstances, peer groups and wider society. It explores how digital
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media use evolves over time as children develop and respond to offline factors such as new schools, friendships, and access to new technologies. This is the sixth wave of this longitudinal study into children’s media lives. The unique ability to review analysis, dating back to 2014, allows us to identify structural shifts in children’s media use and to explore the drivers behind new and emerging patterns of behaviour." (Introduction)
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"1) Any definition of disinformation in legislation or other regulation, such as regulatory guidance, must take into account the serious implications for freedom of expression and media freedom. Particularly to the extent that provisions on disinformation have been adopted in criminal law, a precise
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definition is paramount. This is even more important following the basic principle of criminal law, which prescribes that penalties only may be imposed when the criminal behaviour and the applicable penal sanctions within the upper and lower limits are precisely formulated in the law. Scholars and fundamental rights experts have warned that disinformation is an “extraordinarily elusive concept to define in law”, and is “susceptible to providing executive authorities with excessive discretion to determine what is disinformation, what is a mistake, what is truth”. Further, measures to combat disinformation “must never prevent journalists and media actors from carrying out their work or lead to content being unduly blocked on the Internet.” Indeed, the European Commission has warned that laws on disinformation which are “too broad” raise particular concerns as regards freedom of expression, and can lead to self-censorship. Given the dangers associated with defining disinformation in legislation, great caution should be exercised in enacting a definition. 2) Current national approaches are very divergent, which from a Digital Single Market and market freedom perspective can create problems for the freedom of the media to disseminate information across borders. This clearly demonstrates a further need for considering all options of handling more unified concepts. 3) Where disinformation is sought to be defined, common elements of a more unified approach to defining disinformation should be: (a) false or misleading information, (b) disseminated with a specific intention (malicious or bad faith) (c) and has the ability to cause certain public harms." (Recommendations, page 85)
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"Spatially and temporally relevant ‘big data’ that does not require data collection in the field has the potential to provide insights into people’s economic, social, behavioural and political lives, and hence could be used in measuring key development outcomes. Big data consists of humangener
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ated data including online searches, social media, citizen reporting or crowdsourced data, process-mediated data such as mobile phone call record details (CRD), commercial transactions data and machine-generated data from satellites, sensors or drones. The primary value of big data is that it is possible to measure outcomes that could not previously be measured using household surveys at the required temporal and spatial scale. The potential of big data to answer causal attribution, however, is still not widely understood, especially in low- and middle-income countries (L&MICs). The report is based on a map of the studies using big data and its objective is to discuss methodological, ethical and practical constraints relating to the use of big data. The systematic map includes impact evaluations (IEs) that use big data to evaluate development outcomes, systematic reviews (SRs) of big data IEs and other measurement studies that innovatively use big data to measure and validate any development outcomes. This study also explores the sectoral and geographical spread of big data's use in international development. This map includes studies written in English and published between 2005 and 2019, regardless of the target country's income level or population's status. We provide detailed breakdowns on the map for different country income classifications, fragile contexts and population characteristics. From the initial list of 17,393 studies we arrived at a final list of 437 studies, which included 48 IEs, 381 measurement studies and 8 SRs." (Executive summary)
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Digital 2020: Global Digital Overview
We Are Social; Hootsuite (2020), 232 pp.
"The relationships between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) actors are critical for improving and sustaining WASH services. Social network analysis (SNA) is a powerful tool for studying social systems that focuses attention on the complex relationships among actors in a system. Specifically, it
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shows the relationships among actors, who can be individuals or organizations. It can increase the understanding of the structural characteristics of a network, such as who the central actors in a network are, how tightly interconnected or fragmented the network is, and what subgroups or clusters exist. This information can highlight strengths and weaknesses in communication, the flow of resources, power structures, and the overall functioning of the network. As part of an overall systems approach to WASH, the United States Agency for International Development’s Sustainable WASH Systems (SWS) Learning Partnership is applying SNA across a range of activities in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Cambodia, with 12 of 19 planned applications completed to date. This learning brief summarizes SWS’s application and use of SNA." (Page 1)
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"These are simple recommendations on the inclusion of data on disability for researchers conducting evidence syntheses and primary studies." (Page 1)
The Unbearable Ease of Misinformation
Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2020), 163 pp.
"Misinformation is a lucrative business in several Eastern European countries, reliant on advertising revenue, and pulling in cash from a variety of other sources including government subsidies, crowdfunding, tax designations, donations and sales of merchandise. The Business of Misinformation projec
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t, run by the Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS), set out in its first phase to map the misinformation business in six countries: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, and Slovakia. Our researches identified the individuals and businesses that own local misinformation websites and their links to institutions, parties and other individuals." (Publisher description)
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Digital Inclusion in Mediated Peace Processes: How Technology Can Enhance Participation
Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace (USIP) (2020), 44 pp.
"Inclusion in peace processes is conventionally understood in “offline” terms, such as being physically present at the negotiation table. However, digital technology can support a mediator’s efforts to integrate a broad variety of perspectives, interests, and needs into a peace process. This r
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eport explores the current and future practice of digital inclusion, giving a framework for understanding the possibilities and risks, and providing examples of practical ways digital technologies can contribute to mediated peace processes." (www.usip.org)
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