"There is immense difficulty in regulating hate speech on the ground of ethnicity when ethnicity is a prime cehicle for political organization and mobilization. On the one hand, substantive (real) equality demands that certain marginalized ethnic gropus be shielded from hate speech in order to have
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any chance of successfully renegotiating and reclaiming the places they have lost in the society. On the other hand, hate speech regulation should not be used as a pretext for perpetuation of ethnic hierarchies and criminalization of dissent. If the solution is not clear, the Ethiopian example at least casts light on the curious tension between the two sides of the equality paradox." (Conclusion, page 377)
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"The Media Council of Kenya (MCK), the statutory body established under the Media Act 2007 that regulates media and advances professionalism of the media in Kenya, monitored a set of ten vernacular radio stations in September/October 2011 in order to assess their current performance. The study looke
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d at the adherence of the stations to the “Code of Conduct for the Practice of Journalism in Kenya” and the quality and diversity of their coverage. The monitoring was carried out during the confirmation of charges hearings at the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague. A specific objective of the study was to analyze the ICC coverage in terms of accuracy, balance, fairness and conflict sensitivity. Key Findings: The radio stations scored highly on balance and fairness: 97% of the news reports showed no evidence of slanted reporting and 96% covered at least two viewpoints; only a few cases of hate speech were encountered. 99,5% of all radio items contained no hate speech; women were clearly underrepresented in the radio programmes. Women were central news subjects in less than 10% of the news items. Only a quarter of the presenters were female; the radio stations covered the ICC confirmation of charges hearings mainly in their news bulletins. Only a few talk-shows took up the topic. Several editors and managers described this editorial line as an attempt to avoid ethnic tension and incitement; the ICC coverage was predominantly perpetrator-centred. Only a few stories included the side of the victims of post-election violence. Most of the coverage focused on the immediate court procedures, only a few items provided in-depth background information about the cases." (Executive summary)
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"One of the key issues to be interrogated by media researchers in relation to conflicted societies is the extent to which the media serve to escalate or reduce the overall conflict situation. The argument goes that the media either escalate the conflict by accentuating disagreements, foregrounding c
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onfrontations, and lending air time to forceful voices, or, conversely, reduce the conflict by shunning extremism, giving room for alternative voices and visualizing peaceful solutions. For several reasons, the media situation in and around Somalia provides an interesting ground for discussing these issues. For one, the longlasting Somali conflict has been a recurrent issue for both the local and the international media. In addition, the extraordinary situation of the growing Somali diaspora has provoked a media engagement that in a special way treats issues of conflict through civic-driven, transnational media channels. Within this backdrop, it is the aim of the current article to discuss the role of the extended Somali media in relation to the local conflict situation. By “extended Somali media,” I point to both the local media in Somalia as well as diaspora media channels that are situated abroad but are still heavily concerned with Somali issues in their content.
Within media and conflict research, a particular movement, namely “peace journalism,” has received increased attention over the last few years. In short, peace journalism seeks to challenge conventional journalism by working actively for peace through the media. The movement has gained momentum as a result of criticism raised against conventional media operations in the coverage of the so-called global war on terror, a critique that echoes several decades of disappointment with the global media and their coverage of national and international conflicts. Against this backdrop, peace journalism claims to be an alternative to the traditionally conflict-oriented news paradigm. Thus, it is necessary in this article firstly to introduce peace journalism and how the concept challenges conventional journalism in theory and practice. Then, secondly, I will discuss the functions of the extended Somali media environment from a peace and conflict perspective. Since both the diaspora media and local media channels in Somalia may be seen as potent proponents of peace journalism, the article aims to use these media forms as entry points to evaluate some of the key tenets of peace journalism. On the basis of this discussion, the article will conclude with some critical remarks about the peace journalism ideology on the level of principle." (Introduction)
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"The Arab Media Outlook is the most comprehensive publication on the Arab Media Industry and represents one of the key knowledge development initiatives of the Dubai Press Club. The report serves as a reference point of the media industry in the region highlighting media trends across 17 markets and
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providing both breadth and depth of coverage for the benefit of various industry stakeholders." (www.med-media.eu, October 26, 2015)
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"Considerable attention has been focused on the opportunities presented by new information and communication technologies for development (“ICT4D”) and for government (“ICT4GOV”). The purpose of this report is to analyze their impact on human rights (“ICT4HR”). As Philip Alston, the form
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er Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, explained in a report to the General Assembly: “New technologies offer a great many potential solutions to some of [the] problems [in human rights fact-inding], and offer signiicant improvements in existing factinding methodologies.” He notes, however, that there has been “[l]ittle sustained work . . . by the human rights community as a whole to apply existing technologies or to study their potential uses and problems.” This report aims to remedy that gap. Using case studies largely from three countries, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Dominican Republic, the report considers both the opportunities and risks presented by new technologies for human rights. The report concludes there are beneits that can be realized through the deployment of new technologies in human rights projects. New technologies offer the potential to reduce the cost of collecting information about human rights issues and to increase participation in human rights advocacy efforts. Each of these possible beneits, however, gives rise to new risks and challenges. Although new technologies can reduce the cost of information gathering, it can be dificult to ensure the accuracy of the information generated, and the associated volume can make it challenging and expensive to identify relevant data. There is also no guarantee that increased participation or information will be translated into action or concrete outcomes for the community." (Executive summary)
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"In recent decades the Maasai of East Africa have undergone substantive cultural change in response to national development efforts. This study uses participant observation, in-depth interviews, and digital photography to better understand the lived experience and development perspectives of Maasai
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women. Through dialog about digital photographs they had taken, Maasai women powerfully articulated their concerns and ideas about development and social change within their communities. Results show that Maasai women have a keen sense of the potential benefits and pitfalls of the social changes they are experiencing, particularly with regards to marriage relationships, gender norms, and education. Implications of the study of participants’ adept use of digital photography to facilitate dialog about development and social change are discussed." (Abstract)
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"Guided by two overarching questions – do people want or need health news, and are they satisfied with the health news available to them – Internews used a mixed methods approach, conducting surveys, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, as well as mining years of project data and rep
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orts. In general, the assessment found that the media is a key factor in improving the lives of Kenyans by providing more, better, and deeper coverage of complex health issues that matter to them." (Internews website)
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"Audience segmentation is generally associated with strategic communication (such as advertising and public relations), where content is manipulated to suit reader preferences. News has generally been considered truth-telling unvarnished by such concerns. This article compares how news of the same h
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umanitarian crisis [in Darfur, Sudan] was designed by 10 news organizations in seven countries for different market segments. Comparisons showed statistically significant differences in representation, influenced in part by what the audience-market was. Like advertising, news seemed to share an attribute with the strategic design of advertising and public relations. Increasingly carried online, news will be vulnerable to click-based customization of content like advertising is, taking us beyond currently observed geopolitical influences on segmentation to advertiser and market-based differences." (Abstract)
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"During a two days workshop at AMDISS Media Development Institute (MDI), 31 journalists, editors and managers from 21 South Sudanese media houses and media organisations from seven States met to define the long term training needs within the South Sudanese media sector. The Fojo training needs asses
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sment method used at the workshop is based on local ownership, providing the South Sudanese media with a possibility to formulate their proper needs in depth, regardless of the agendas and priorities of donors and other national and international actors. Despite that the nation of South Sudan has existed for only one year, there is already a fatigue among South Sudanese journalists towards what they call “brief case trainings” – international trainers that fly in, produce a two-day workshop, and fly out. This has so far been standard procedure, providing a multitude of short, similar trainings with no progression in time. The South Sudanese journalists argue that the best way to build a sustainable and professional media sector is by providing coordinated, long-term training opportunities, based on their own needs and with the objective of building professional national capacity – not only for journalists, editors and media managers, but also for trainers and teachers." (Summary, page 4)
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"The TMF Strategic Plan for 2012 – 2015 provides the background, objectives and approach of TMF’s work in its second phase. Lessons from the pilot phase (2008 – 2012) have led to changes in TMF’s grant strategy, but the objective remains the same: to increase the quantity and quality of inve
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stigative and public interest journalism that better informs the public, contributes to debate and thereby increases public demand for greater accountability across Tanzania." (www.tmf.or.tz, May 26, 2014)
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"This report is the third in a series of comprehensive studies of internet freedom around the globe and covers developments in 47 countries that occurred between January 2011 and May 2012. Over 50 researchers, nearly all based in the countries they analyzed, contributed to the project by researching
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laws and practices relevant to the internet, testing the accessibility of select websites, and interviewing a wide range of sources. This year's findings indicate that restrictions on internet freedom in many countries have continued to grow, though the methods of control are slowly evolving, becoming more sophisticated and less visible. Brutal attacks against bloggers, politically motivated surveillance, proactive manipulation of web content, and restrictive laws regulating speech online are among the diverse threats to internet freedom emerging over the past two years. Nevertheless, several notable victories have also occurred as a result of greater activism by civil society, technology companies, and independent courts, illustrating that efforts to advance internet freedom can yield results." (www.freedomhouse.org, January 14, 2013)
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"Panos is working with 20 radio stations across Uganda to give voice to the voiceless through facilitating debate. It isagainst this background that Panos Eastern Africa (PEA) has developed this Guide to help our partner radio stations and journalists improve the quality of their debate and hope it
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will be useful to the media in general. The guide therefore highlights the role of radio producers and moderators in reaching rural communities recognizing that they too can set agenda for news and debate on radio, thereby positively contributing to the country’s development in all spheres. The rural debate methodology has highlighted the potential radio has to create an informed society that can hold leaders at the different levels to account." (Foreword)
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The major conclusion of this study is that there is enormous potential for media development in South Sudan because of the enthusiasm for and interest in news and information, even in the most remote villages. Local radio is a platform for political and cultural expression and a site for citizen par
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ticipation, empowerment, and social and political change. Radio is also relatively inexpensive to operate, to program and, for audiences, to receive. The Internews stations have been effective in providing an open forum for dialogue and debate at the local level, with access for members of government, civil society organizations and the public. The report follows on earlier research into the stations’ impact, 'Light in the Darkness'.
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