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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
48
Media Law & Regulation
48
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
33
Journalism Education & Training
23
Journalistic Quality
18
Media Management
18
Associations & Networks of Journalists
16
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
15
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
14
Audiences & Users
11
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
11
Media & Communication Policies
11
Television
11
Internet
10
Radio
10
Online News
9
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
9
Political Transition and Media
9
Journalism
8
Media Outlets, Media Associations
8
Advertising Markets & Industries
7
Television Landscapes
7
Economics of Media
6
Television Markets
6
Media Ownership
6
Radio Landscapes
6
Democracy / Democratization and Media
6
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
5
Media Markets
5
Ethics in Media & Communication
5
Investigative Journalism
5
News Agencies
5
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
5
Press Landscapes
5
Television Law & Regulation
5
Press
5
Television Channels
5
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
4
Media / Communication Control
4
Financing Digital / Online Media
4
Social Media
4
ICT Regulation
4
Romani People
4
Media Concentration
4
Media Industries
4
Journalism Ethics
4
Self-Regulation of Media
4
International Communication
4
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
4
Political Reporting
4
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
4
Politics and Media
4
Propaganda
4
Magazines
4
Newspapers
4
Public Service Broadcasting
4
Telecommunication Infrastructure
4
Commercial Television
4
Television Programmes & Genres
4
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
3
Television Programme & Format Trade
3
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
3
Freedom of Expression
3
Censorship
3
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
3
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
3
ICT Indicators
3
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
3
Radio Markets
3
Defamation Law & Regulation
3
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
3
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
3
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
3
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
3
Local News
3
Media Assistance
3
Media, Mass Media
3
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
3
Public Media, State Media
3
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
2
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
2
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
2
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
2
Media Use, Media Consumption
2
Media Use: Foreign / International Media
2
Mobile Phone Use
2
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
2
Book Markets & Industries
2
Book Policies (National & International)
2
Catholic Church
2
Catholic Media
2
Christianity: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Orthodox Churches and Communication
2
Cinema
2
Film Industries
2
National Cinemas, National Film Production
2
Communication Rights
2
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
2
Editorial Independence
2
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
2
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
2
Press Releases & Press Conferences
2
Civil Wars
2
Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
2
Creative & Cultural Industries
2
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
2
Online Services
2
TikTok
2
Digitalization, Environment & Sustainable Development
2
Ecological Footprint & Sustainability of Digitalization, E-Waste & Recycling
2
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
2
ICT Industries & Markets
2
Ethnic Press, Minority Press
2
LGBT & Communication / Media
2
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
2
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
2
Economic Conditions
2
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
2
Indigenous Communication
2
Foreign Television Programmes
2
World Information and Communication Order
2
Satellite Television
2
Council of Europe
2
Journalists
2
Election Reporting
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
Media Development Indicators
2
Media & Information Literacy
2
'Comparing Media Systems' (Hallin/Mancini, 2004)
2
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
2
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
2
Broadcasting Companies
2
Political Doctrines
2
Election Campaigns: Social Media
2
Public & State Television
2
Satellite Radios
2
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
2
Digital Television
2
Informatics
2
Radio Broadcasting Equipment & Technologies
2
Television Transmitters
2
Access to Media & Information
1
Flow of Information
1
Advertising
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Geography
1
Audience Research
1
Audience Segmentation, User Typologies, Personas
1
Disinformation Consumption & Perception
1
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
1
Mobile Phone Use: Children
1
Media Use: Public Service & State Media
1
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Samizdat
1
Books
1
Book Aid, Book Publishing Assistance, Book Donations
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Children's Books & Literature
1
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
1
Transnational Book Publishing
1
Transnational Book Trade, International Book Trade
1
Youth Literature & Books
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
1
Catholic Press
1
Saints
1
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
1
Children: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
1
Christian Media
1
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
1
Historical Films
1
Film Markets
1
Film Editing
1
Digital Rights
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
1
Intellectual Property
1
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
1
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
1
State Influence on the Media
1
Foreign Government Communication Interventions
1
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
International Conflicts
1
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
1
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
1
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
1
Violence in the Media
1
War Reporting
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Media Ethnography
1
Cultural Cooperation (Development Aid)
1
Cultural Diversity
1
Mass Cultures
1
Multiculturalism
1
National Character
1
Democracy Assistance
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Development Theories
1
Underdevelopment
1
Development and Media
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Algorithms & Big Data
1
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Digital Communication
1
ICANN
1
Electronic Commerce
1
Digital Political Communication
1
Social Media in Political Communication
1
Podcasts
1
Netflix
1
Open Access Publishing
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
WhatsApp
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
News Websites & Portals
1
AI in Journalism & Media
1
AI Reporting
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Gender and ICTs / Internet
1
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
1
ICT Policies
1
Information Society
1
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
1
Ethnic Radios, Minority Radios
1
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
1
German-Language Media Abroad
1
Integration of Minorities: Role of Media
1
Minorities
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Minority Journalists
1
Minority Rights
1
Racism in Communication & Media
1
Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
1
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
1
Election Campaigns: Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Identifying & Researching Disinformation
1
Media Literacy: Disinformation, Fake News, Hate Speech
1
Archives
1
Documenting Human Rights Violations
1
Economic Contribution of the Media Industries to GDP
1
Television Industries
1
Competition, Competition Analysis
1
Press Markets
1
Transnational Media Markets, International Media Markets
1
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
1
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
1
Nonprofit Journalism, Nonprofit Media
1
Political Economy of Media
1
Economy
1
Industrialized Countries
1
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Educational Games, Serious Games
1
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
1
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC)
1
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
1
Climate, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation
1
Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
1
Image Ethics, Ethics in Photojournalism
1
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
1
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
1
Impact Assessment & Outcome Evaluation
1
Female Journalists & Media Workers
1
Female Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Events
1
Good Practice Examples
1
COVID-19 Communication
1
Food / Nutrition Communication & Media Representation
1
History of Radio
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
International News Flow
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Image Abroad
1
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
1
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
1
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
1
European Union (EU)
1
UNESCO
1
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
1
Journalism Education Curricula
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Journalistic Research Methods
1
Journalistic Style & Language
1
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
1
Journalists: Trust in Public Institutions
1
Labour Market for Journalists
1
Local Journalism
1
Television News
1
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Abbreviations
1
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
1
Linguistic Diversity
1
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
1
Media Assistance Donors: Corporate Donors
1
Media Assistance Donors: Foundations & Private Donors
1
Media Assistance: Post-Socialist Countries
1
Presentation of Information
1
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Civil Rights
1
Economic / Social / Cultural Rights
1
Human Rights
1
Licensing of Media
1
Media Regulation Practices
1
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
1
Regulatory Bodies
1
Transitional Justice
1
Truth & Reconciliation Commissions
1
Corporate Social Responsibility
1
BBC
1
Radio Free Europe
1
Digital Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Deaf & Hard of Hearing People
1
Conflict & War Photography
1
Documentary Photography
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Communism, Marxism
1
Socialism
1
Political Influence
1
Political Systems
1
Democracy
1
Democratization
1
Political Transition
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Political Communication
1
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
1
Editing
1
Television Production
1
Public & State Radios
1
Radio Programmes & Genres
1
Radio Stations
1
Radio Engineering & Technologies
1
Cyberpsychology
1
Opinion, Opinion Formation, Opinion Change
1
Identity & Identity Development
1
Islamophobia
1
Islam and Communication
1
Pilgrimages & Pilgrimage Sites
1
Religion and State
1
Religious Change
1
Religious Practice
1
Communication & Media Indicators
1
Communication & Media Research Associations & Networks
1
Corruption & Combating Corruption
1
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Minorities
1
Ethnocentrism
1
Participation
1
Social Change
1
Short Wave Radio (SW)
1
Satellite Communication & Information Services
1
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
1
Technology Transfer
1
Telecommunications
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Cultural Television Programmes
1
Television Programming, Programme Structures & Programme Policies
1
Non-Western Communication Approaches
1
Youth and Media
1
Youth Media
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type

Digital News Report 2020

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2020), 111 pp.
"The bulk of this report is based on data collected by a survey of more than 80,000 people in 40 markets and reflects media usage in January/February just before the coronavirus hit many of these countries. But the key trends that we document here, including changes in how people access news, low tr ... more

A Lockdown for Independent Media? Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Media Landscape and Press Freedom in Central and Southeast Europe

Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES);N-ost Netzwerk für Osteuropa-Berichterstattung (2020), 37 pp.
"Correspondents in nine countries – Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia – have analysed how the pandemic has affected to their work environment. Lockdowns have caused print media sales and advertising revenue to collapse. Media w ... more
"The 2019 Europe and Eurasia Media Sustainability Index (MSI) saw another improvement in the combined average score for the 21 countries studied: In 2018, the combined average score was 1.84, and in 2019 this increased to 1.86. In comparison with the previous year’s study, there were modest gains ... more

Media Influence Matrix: Romania. Government, Politics and Regulation

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2019), 21 pp.

Media Influence Matrix: Romania. Technology, Public Sphere and Journalism

Budapest: CEU School of Public Policy, Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2019), 23 pp.
"Convergence of services usually affects the quality and price of services offered by providers. However, this has not been the case in Romania yet. People benefit from a very competitive market and enjoy fairly cheap services, but the implications of convergence on the content made available to con ... more

Digital News Report 2019

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 153 pp.
"Despite the efforts of the news industry, we find only a small increase in the numbers paying for any online news – whether by subscription, membership, or donation. Growth is limited to a handful of countries mainly in the Nordic region (Norway 34%, Sweden 27%) while the number paying in the US ... more

A Pillar of Democracy on Shaky Ground: Public Service Media in South East Europe

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS);Media Programme South East Europe (2019), vi, 236 pp.
"This book gives an overview of public service media in South East Europe; referring to the ten countries, which the Media Programme of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung covers. From Croatia to North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the Republic of Moldova, liberalised media markets have emerged following the c ... more

Newsreel: New Skills for the Next Generation of Journalists. Research Report

Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism (EBI);University of Pécs (PTE), Institute for Communication and Media Studies;ISCTE-University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE-IUL);University of Bucharest (UB), Faculty of Journalism and Communication Studies (FJSC) (2018), 106 pp.
"The digitalisation has significantly changed the dynamics of journalism and the job of journalists. Journalism education should stay abreast of these changes. Against this background, we have analysed how academic journalism education in Germany, Hungary, Portugal and Romania teaches new skills nee ... more
"This book surveys current developments in social media and politics in a range of Central and Eastern European countries, including Ukraine and Russia. It explores the process of adoption of social media by politicians, journalists and civic activists, examines the impact of the different social an ... more

Digital News Report 2018

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 143 pp.
"The use of social media for news has started to fall in a number of key markets after years of continuous growth. Usage is down six percentage points in the United States, and is also down in the UK and France. Almost all of this is due to a specific decline in the discovery, posting, and sharing o ... more

Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe

Kyiv: Foreign Policy Council “Ukrainian Prism” (Prismua);Eurasian States in Transition Research Center (EAST Center) (2018), 335 pp.
"This research is aimed at assessing national vulnerabilities and preparedness to counteract foreign-led disinformation in 14 countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The Visegrad states (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia), Eastern Partnership countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia ... more
"Macedonia and Montenegro saw the largest overall score increases this year, in comparison to 2017. The improvement across all objectives this year for Macedonia’s media sector can be attributed to political changes that prioritize media in democratic reforms. Although Montenegro’s score improve ... more

Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study

Barbara Trionfi (ed.)
Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2017), 267 pp.
"This study examines the existence of criminal defamation and insult laws in the territory of the 57 participating States of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In doing so, it offers a broad, comparative overview of the compliance of OSCE participating States’ legislat ... more

Global Information Society Watch 2017: National and Regional Internet Governance Forum Initiatives (NRIs)

Association for Progressive Communications (APC);International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (2017), 249 pp.
"National and Regional Internet Governance Forums (NRIs) are the stars of the 2017 Global Information Society Watch. The story of NRIs began two years after the first global IGF held in 2006. In 2008, stakeholders from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda organised national forums and a subsequent Eas ... more

Digital News Report 2017

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2017), 133 pp.
"The report is based on a survey of more than 70,000 people in 36 markets, along with additional qualitative research, which together make it the most comprehensive ongoing comparative study of news consumption in the world. A key focus remains in Europe where we have added Slovakia, Croatia, and Ro ... more
"While a few much-needed improvements can be reported for the 2017 Europe & Eurasia Media Sustainability Index (MSI), overall there are signs of continued and worsening challenges facing those who wish to create and support a vibrant information system in the 21 countries studied in this volume [... ... more
"The integration of traditionally isolated Central/ Eastern Europe into larger, worldwide trends has fundamentally changed the way we look at the media in this region. This volume proposes to address the transition of the media and communication industries in the contemporary period. The contributio ... more

Mapping of Media Literacy Practices and Actions in EU-28

Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory (2016), 452 pp.
"Of the 939 identified main media literacy stakeholders, over a third were categorised as “civil society” (305), followed by “public authorities” (175) and “academia” (161). Over two-thirds of them do not have a statutory responsibility in this area and base their involvement on a differ ... more
"The KAS Task Force on Journalism Education in South East Europe has conducted a survey among journalism undergraduates and graduates in five countries – a first-time initiative in the region. Their response can be seen as a testimonial of a media sector in turmoil. In the Western Balkans and othe ... more