Educational Media
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1408
Featured
Topics
Educational Television
349
Educational Radio Programmes
286
Audiovisual Media in Education
143
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
136
Educational Films & Videos
103
Open, Distance and Digital Education (ODDE)
98
Online Learning, E-Learning
80
Radio Schools
64
Literacy, Literacy Campaigns, Postliteracy, Alphabetisation Policies
59
Educational Radios
57
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
53
Adult Education
51
Education and Communication / Media
46
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
38
Media Didactics, Media Use in Education
33
Media Assistance: Educational & Instructional Media
26
Nonformal Education
26
Audience Clubs & Listener Groups
23
Rural Communication for Development
23
Training of Trainers, Teacher Education
23
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
21
Educational Broadcasting
20
Community Radios
19
Radio
19
Easy-To-Understand Information, Easy-To-Read Materials, Easy Language
18
Radio Sutatenza (ACPO) (Colombia)
17
Open Educational Resources (OER)
17
Book Aid, Book Publishing Assistance, Book Donations
16
Digital & Information Literacy
16
Educational Media: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
15
Primary Education
15
Reading Promotion
14
Higher Education
14
Teaching & Teaching Methods
14
Radio Dramas, Radio Soap Operas, Radio Fiction
14
Vocational Training
13
Television
13
Curricula: School Education
12
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC)
12
Basic Education
11
Civic Education: Use & Role of Media
11
Development Education
10
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
10
Edutainment Radio Programmes
10
Mobile Learning
10
Secondary Education
10
Media & Information Literacy
10
Satellite Communication & Information Services
10
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
9
Book Markets & Industries
9
Book Policies (National & International)
9
Educational Print Materials
9
Interactive Audio Learning, Interactive Digital Learning, Interactive Radio Instruction
9
Media, Mass Media
9
Budgeting, Cost Calculation, Financial Planning
9
Freire, Paulo (1921-1997)
9
Agricultural Information & Extension
8
Indigenous Language Book Publishing
8
Community Development
8
Theatre for Development
8
Development and Media
8
Educational Satellite Communication
8
Educational Policies
8
Filmstrips (Still Image Instructional Media)
8
Language Learning & Teaching
8
Radio Programmes & Genres
8
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
8
Peasants / Farmers & Communication
7
Catholic Radios
7
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
7
Edutainment Campaigns: Planning & Implementation
7
Visual Aids for Development
7
Education (General)
7
Educational Media: Effects & Effectiveness
7
Good Practice Examples
7
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
7
Radio San Gabriel (El Alto, Bolivia)
6
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
6
Radio for Development
6
Educational Effects of Media, Educational Role of Media
6
Educational Institutions
6
Blended Learning
6
Health Information Materials
6
Social Change
6
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
5
Digital & Social Media Use: Children
5
Book Publishing
5
Children's Books & Literature
5
Radio Fe y Alegría (Venezuela)
5
Puppetry
5
School Radios
5
Alternative Communication & Media
5
Participatory Communication
5
Puppetry in Education
5
Behaviour Change Communication
5
Educational Planning
5
Digital Educational Materials
5
Workshops & Seminars: Methods, Tools, Planning, Experiences
5
Colonial Period
5
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
5
Communication
5
Educación Radiofónica de Bolivia (ERBOL)
5
Radio Scriptwriting
5
Research in Media & Communication
5
Access to Media & Information
4
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
4
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
4
Audiences & Users
4
Book Reading Habits, Book Readers, Book Consumption
4
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
4
Film Audiences, Film Consumption
4
Book Trade & Distribution
4
Gender and Book Publishing
4
Children's Television Programmes
4
Cinema
4
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
4
ALER
4
Groups, Group Communication, Group Development
4
One Laptop per Child (ICT Development Programme)
4
Communication for Social Change
4
Artificial Intelligence
4
Racism in Communication & Media
4
School Libraries
4
Digital Didactics
4
Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) (India, 1975-1976)
4
Educational Communication
4
Illiteracy, Non-Literate Persons
4
Teaching Programmes
4
Women (General)
4
Health Radio Programmes
4
HIV / AIDS Communication
4
Indigenous Communication
4
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
4
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
4
Social Communication
4
Cost-Benefit-Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness, Efficiency
4
Quality Management
4
Project Design, Project Planning
4
Media Effects
4
Research Results
4
Social Development
4
People with Disabilities: Advocacy & Empowerment
3
Agriculture
3
Media Use, Media Consumption
3
Media Use: Children
3
Mobile Phone Use
3
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
3
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
3
Book Publishing Management
3
Radio Santa María (La Vega, Dominican Republic)
3
Storytelling
3
Culture (General)
3
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
3
Electronic Commerce
3
Economy
3
Emisora Cultural de Canarias (ECCA) (Spain)
3
Instituto Radiofónico Fe y Alegría (IRFA) Bolivia
3
Schools
3
Educational Games, Serious Games
3
Distance Education Materials
3
Correspondence Courses
3
Universities
3
Gaming, Video Games
3
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
3
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
3
UNESCO
3
Journalism Education & Training
3
Language
3
Media Literacy: Youth
3
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
3
Project Impact, Project Effects, Project Effectiveness, Project Efficiency
3
Radio Magazines
3
Ideologies
3
Internet & ICTs in Rural Areas
3
Rural Areas, Rural Communities, Rural Development
3
Participation
3
Printers, Printing Houses, Printing Presses
3
Television Production Equipment
3
Urban Communication, Urban Media
3
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
2
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
2
Audience Composition
2
Book Design & Production
2
Book Publishing in the Global South, Book Publishing & Development
2
E-Books & Digital Book Publishing
2
Catholic Social Thought
2
Children's Films
2
Children's Radio Programmes
2
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
2
Science & Research Dissemination Films
2
Short Films
2
Films in Health Communication
2
Transnational Film Co-Productions
2
Intellectual Property
2
Community Radio Associations & Networks
2
Participatory Videos & Community Filmmaking
2
Traditional Communication
2
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
2
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
2
Cultural Policies
2
Cultural Exchange
2
Developing Countries
2
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
2
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
2
Development Communication: Indigenous & Traditional Communication
2
Digital Inclusion
2
E-Governance, E-Democracy
2
Generative AI, including ChatGPT et al.
2
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
2
Gender and ICTs / Internet
2
ICTs and Development
2
ICT Policies
2
Information Society
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
2
Libraries
2
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
2
Audiobooks & Audio Cassettes
2
Instituto Guatemaltéco de Educación Radiofónica (IGER)
2
Educational Issues: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Educational Media Research
2
Instructional Media: Effects & Effectiveness
2
Instructional Media: Experiences
2
Learning Processes
2
Lifelong Learning
2
Teachers
2
Training Courses, Course Development
2
Catholic Universities
2
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
2
Online Meetings & Workshops, Video Conferences, Hybrid Events
2
Innovations
2
Health Education
2
Health Television Programmes
2
Therapeutical Use of Communication & Media
2
History of Radio
2
International News Flow
2
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
2
Transnational Television Co-Productions, International Television Co-Productions
2
French Language
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Media Assistance
2
Radio Nederland Training Centre (RNTC)
2
Media Assistance: Radio
2
Media Assistance: Television
2
Communication Systems
2
Information Exchange
2
Media Literacy: Producing Participatory Videos
2
Media Literacy: Secondary Education
2
Media Literacy: Television
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Organisational Development & Capacity Building
2
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
2
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
Political Communication
2
Television Production
2
Television Production Skills
2
Youth Radio Programmes, Youth Radio Stations, School Radios
2
Radio ERPE (Riobamba, Ecuador)
2
University Radios
2
Cognitive & Mental Development
2
Population
2
Social Roles
2
Data Transmission
2
Telecommunication Infrastructure
2
Television Programmes & Genres
2
Theories of Communication & Media
2
Non-Western Communication Approaches
2
Visual Communication
2
Design & Layout
2
Illustrations, Pictures, Images
2
School Media, School Newspapers, School Magazines
2
Access to Media & Information: Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas
1
Radio Advertising
1
Advocacy
1
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Agricultural Development & Policies
1
Agricultural Radio Programmes
1
Agriculture & ICTs, e-Agriculture
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Pastoralism
1
Elderly People: Internet & Social Media Use
1
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
1
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
1
Interactive Radio: Audience Participation, Interaction & Feedback
1
Media Socialisation, Media Biographies, Media Life Journeys
1
Television Use: Children
1
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
1
Media Use: Rural Populations
1
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
1
Media Use: Workers
1
Media Use: Youth
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
1
Book Calculation & Pricing
1
Book Fairs
1
Book Marketing, Branding & Promotion
1
Book Publishing Houses
1
Bookselling
1
Copyright: Books
1
Professional, Specialist & Technical Books
1
Transnational Book Publishing
1
Campaigning
1
Behaviour Change Campaigns
1
Campaigning: Planning & Implementation
1
Public Awareness Campaigns
1
Catechists & Pastoral Agents
1
Catholic Libraries
1
Emissora Rural A Voz do Sao Francisco (Petrolina, Brazil)
1
Radio Estrella del Mar (Ancud, Chile)
1
Radio Marañón (Jaén, Perú)
1
Radio Quillabamba (Quillabamba, Peru)
1
Catholic Schools
1
Catholic Social Work
1
Church Documents on Communication
1
History of Communication: Catholic Church
1
Popes & Papacy
1
Children & Childhood
1
Children & Digital Media
1
Children & Television
1
Gaming: Children
1
Girls and Media
1
Media Literacy: Children
1
Christian Communication
1
Christian Films & Videos
1
Cultural Films & TV Productions
1
War & Political Violence in Cinema
1
Film Literacy
1
Film Markets
1
Film Production
1
Basic Film Production Skills
1
Film Technologies
1
Film & Video in Education
1
Videos
1
Communication Rights
1
Translation Rights
1
Government Communication Strategies
1
Strategic Communication Planning
1
Community Development: Role of Communication & Media
1
Community Media
1
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
1
Group Media
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Oral Cultures & Traditions, Oral History, Oral Testimonies
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
1
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
1
Peace Culture, Peace Education, Non-Violence
1
Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
1
Performing Arts
1
Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
1
Cultural Development
1
Cultural Traditions
1
Cultural Identity
1
Authors, Writers
1
Writing & Writing Styles
1
Development Assistance
1
Development Planning
1
National Development Planning
1
Development Strategies
1
Regional Cooperation, South-South Collaboration
1
Underdevelopment
1
Communicating Development Projects, Media in Development Programmes
1
Development Communication: Project Design & Implementation
1
Development Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
1
Mailing Lists
1
Indigenous Digital & Social Media Communication
1
Online Communication
1
Digital Media Markets
1
Podcasts
1
Open Access Publishing
1
Social Media
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
WhatsApp
1
Wikis
1
ICTs and Poverty Reduction
1
ICT Development Assistance
1
ICT4D: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
ICT Regulation
1
Prisoners & Communication / Media
1
Romani People
1
Library Collection Development & Acquisitions
1
Distribution of Media
1
Cooperatives, Cooperativism
1
Economic Conditions
1
Economic Development
1
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
1
National Economies
1
Trade, International Trade, Trade Policies, Trade Agreements, Tariffs
1
Catholic Schools, Catholic Education
1
Economics of Education
1
Educational Apps
1
Federación Guatemalteca de Escuelas Radiofónicas (FGER)
1
Instituto Radiofónico Fe y Alegría (IRFEYAL) (Quito, Ecuador)
1
Programa Rural de Educación Biligüe Intercultural (PREBIR) (Paraguay)
1
Open Universities
1
Educational Methods
1
Consciousness Raising
1
Educational Theories
1
Indigenous Language Education
1
Programmed Learning
1
Mentoring
1
Software: E-Learning
1
Participatory Didactics, Participatory Education
1
Students
1
Training
1
University Education, Tertiary Education
1
Feasts & Festivals
1
Media Literacy: Gaming
1
Radio Entertainment
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Tourism & Travel
1
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
1
Ubuntu (Ethical Concept of Southern African Origin)
1
Values
1
Evaluation
1
Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
1
Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
1
Health Campaigns: Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Impact Assessment & Outcome Evaluation
1
Information Products & Services: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Organisational Development & Capacity Building: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Women's Radio Programmes
1
Women's Television Programmes
1
Gender Relations
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Gender-Sensitive Language
1
Addiction Reporting, Media Representation & Prevention
1
Cancer Prevention, Cancer Communication
1
Health Campaigns: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Health Campaigns: Message Design
1
Cold War (1947-1991)
1
History (General)
1
Indigenous Language Press
1
Indigenous Movements, Indigenous Organizations
1
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Population
1
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
1
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
1
Satellite Television
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Radio Journalism Education
1
Basic Journalistic Skills
1
Radio News
1
News Agencies
1
Science Journalism
1
English Language
1
Language Policies
1
Media & Communication Terminologies
1
Television Language
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
France: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Media Assistance: Youth Programmes & Media
1
Media & Communication General
1
Communication & Information Needs
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Information
1
Diffusion of Innovations
1
Family Communication
1
Presentation Skills & Techniques
1
Media & Communication Policies
1
Media Literacy: Curricula
1
Media Literacy: Press
1
Media Literacy: Primary Education
1
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
1
Television Landscapes
1
Media Law & Regulation
1
Human Rights
1
Administration
1
Failures, Mistakes, Shortcomings: Experiences & Learnings
1
Financing Not-For-Profit & Community Media
1
Indigenous Knowledge, Local Knowledge, Traditional Knowledge
1
Broadcasting Companies
1
Certification
1
Migration
1
Refugees / Displaced People
1
Youth Migrants, Youth Refugees, Youth Dasporas
1
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
1
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
1
Sabogal Guevara, José Ramón (1908-1996)
1
Peace, Peacekeeping, Peace Building, Peace Movements
1
Populism
1
Political Systems
1
Election Campaigns: Social Media
1
Political Discourse
1
Propaganda
1
Press
1
Editing
1
Magazines
1
El Espectador (Newspaper, Colombia)
1
Rural Press
1
Co-Production
1
Radio Production
1
Radio Production Skills
1
Television Production Management
1
Video Production Skills
1
Project Management
1
Coordination
1
Pilot Projects
1
Project Financing
1
Cultural Radio Programmes
1
Religious Radio Programmes
1
Radio Programming, Programme Structures & Schedules
1
CECOPAL-Radio FM Sur (Córdoba, Argentina)
1
Mega FM (Radio Station, Gulu, Uganda)
1
Radio Chiwalaki (Vacas, Cochabamba, Bolivia)
1
Radio Ecológica (Somoto, Nicaragua)
1
Media Reception
1
Preference
1
Self-Help
1
Everyday Life
1
Attitudes, Attitude Formation & Change
1
Indoctrination
1
Manipulation
1
Consciousness
1
Individual Development
1
Visual Perception, Visual Reception
1
Research Methods
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
1
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
1
Sciences, Natural Sciences
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Countering Discrimination & Racism
1
Youth Violence & Violence Prevention
1
Corruption & Combating Corruption
1
Nomades
1
Movements
1
Social Movements
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Aspects
1
Social Work
1
Social Structure
1
Lower Classes
1
Sociology
1
Traditional Society
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Digital Radio
1
Equipment
1
Computer Networks, Local Area Networks (LAN)
1
Computers
1
Tablet Computers
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Software
1
Open Source Software
1
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
1
Telecommunications
1
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
Mobile Phone Apps
1
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
1
Remote Work, Teleworking, Working from Home
1
SMS
1
Cultural Television Programmes
1
Audio Slide Shows, Sound Image Shows
1
Signs, Signals, Semiotics
1
Youth and Media
1
Youth, Adolescents
1
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
1
Youth & Television
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type

Memorias de un vinilo: Sistematización del componente educativo de Vokaribe

Barranquilla: Asociación de Radiodifusión Comunitaria Vokaribe;Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2023), 57 pp.
"Memorias de un vinilo explora los surcos, las materialidades, los sonidos, las huellas, las voces, las melodías, las letras que se producen en torno al componente educativo de una experiencia comunicativa, comunitaria, organizativa denominada Vokaribe en la ciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia). Aunqu ... more
"This open access handbook offers a one-stop-shop for both new and established researchers, educators, policy makers and administrators in the field of open, distance and digital education (ODDE) to gain a comprehensive overview of the history, theory and practice at all levels of ODDE, and at the s ... more

ChatGTP and Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education

Paris; Caracas: UNESCO;UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (IESALC) (2023), 14 pp.
"[...] this short document is a bite-size exploration of a number of training delivery methods, which aims to help organisations choose which approaches are most suited to their aims. In order to do this, it provides a set of considerations for this decision-making process, as well as six brief case ... more
"What is transdisciplinarity - and what are its methods? How does a living lab work? What is the purpose of citizen science, student-organized teaching and cooperative education? This handbook unpacks key terms and concepts to describe the range of transdisciplinary learning in the context of academ ... more
"Development communications for the past seventy years have followed two paradigms grounded in mass communication and marketing theories. The aim of development communication is changing behaviour, which is much closer to the definition of learning. Therefore, this article proposes a new learning pa ... more
"Journalism education, being heavily focusing on experiential learning and face-to-face interaction, is particularly challenged when it comes to remote teaching and learning. This manual aims to provide journalism instructors the resources to improve their teaching in digital spaces. The subject mat ... more

Technology in Disability-Inclusive Education

Paris: UNESCO;Global Education Monitoring Report Team (2023), 43 pp.
"This report outlines the actions driven towards inclusive education, including skill-based training, online learning and classroom settings, and low-tech to high-tech assistive technology (AT). Skill-based training, one of the most important skills for Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), covers life ... more

Monitoring Digital Education Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean

Buenos Aires: UNESCO IIEP Office for Latin America (2023), 8 pp.
"This article offers a brief introduction to digital education policy monitoring. The information is organized into four major interrelated analytical axes: digital inclusion policies; digital policies to enhance the quality of learning; policies focused on students learning digital skills; and poli ... more

Technology in education: A tool on whose terms?

Paris: UNESCO (2023), xxv, 526 pp.
"Este artículo analiza cómo Acción Cultural Popular (ACPO) aplicó la comunicación para desarrollar la educación a distancia dirigida a la población adulta rural de un pequeño municipio en Boyacá, y su impacto nacional entre 1954 y 1974, tema que integra la tesis doctoral "Educación y menta ... more
"Acción Cultural Popular fue una institución católica de largo alcance que ofreció educación a la población campesina y que buscó mejorar sus condiciones de vida en una época violenta, con alta migración rural-urbana y una creciente urbanización y pobreza. Las investigaciones sobre esta ex ... more

El periodismo va a la escuela: Cómo investigar y contar la educación

Cartagena: Fundación Gabo;Tinker Foundation (2023), 44 pp.
"O artigo é um relato de experiência da rádio universitária brasileira Paulo Freire, que em 2023 completa 60 anos, analisando como ela se reconfigurou, reinventando suas rotinas profissionais, formatos e modos de circulação, para enfrentar a desinformação sobre a Covid-19. A emissora AM tran ... more

Esperançar com Freire: Reflexões sobre comunicação e mudança social

Fernanda Amaral (transl.)
Teresina, Brazil: Instituto Ubíqua; Loughborough University (2023), 188 pp.
"Em março de 2021, o Institute for Media and Creative Industries da Loughborough University London organizou, em parceria com a Ubiqua, um ciclo de debates hamado Paulo Freire Centennial: 7 Talks in Preparation for the Next 100 years. Foi um envolvimento precoce com as celebrações pelo centenár ... more

Manjarrés en el tiempo del aprendizaje móvil

Medellín: Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (2023), 153 pp.
"Este libro presenta una reflexión sobre las posibilidades didácticas de las TIC en el ámbito educativo rural, en el marco de la investigación “Formación de docentes de escuela nueva con aprendizaje móvil para la integración de TIC en sus prácticas de enseñanza” realizada por el Grupo d ... more
"The study's primary objectives were to assess the state of data on access to digital devices and connectivity in schools in Thailand, which are crucial enablers for e-learning initiatives, and to map the state of access to and use of these devices and connectivity so as to identify potential gaps. ... more