Audiences & Users
Subject areas
Filter
4906
Featured
Topics
Female Journalists & Media Workers
311
Media & Information Literacy
223
Media Use, Media Consumption
211
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
200
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
189
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
188
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
149
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
140
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
117
Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
114
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
100
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
99
Media Literacy: Youth
98
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
97
Digital & Information Literacy
96
Children: Media Representation & Reporting
89
Media Literacy: Children
86
Media Use: Youth
85
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
85
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
84
Audiences & Users
81
Indigenous Communication
81
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
78
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
72
Community Radios
72
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
69
Media Effects
69
Children's Books & Literature
68
Child Protection Online
67
Digital & Social Media Use: Children
65
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
65
Gender and ICTs / Internet
65
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
64
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
64
Media Use: Children
63
Gender-Sensitive Journalism
63
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
62
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
61
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
58
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
57
Dealing With the Past
56
Audience Research Methods
55
Feminism & Communication
55
Children's Television Programmes
53
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
53
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
52
Television
51
Children's Rights
50
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Population
50
Oral Cultures & Traditions, Oral History, Oral Testimonies
48
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
48
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
48
Digital Literacy: Youth
48
Youth and Media
47
Access to Media & Information
46
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
46
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
46
Research in Media & Communication
46
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
46
Digital Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
45
Youth Radio Programmes, Youth Radio Stations, School Radios
45
Television Reception & Effects
45
Community Radio & Gender
44
Indigenous Digital & Social Media Communication
43
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
42
Stereotypes in Media & Communication
42
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
42
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
41
Child Abuse: Digital Media
41
Racism in Communication & Media
41
Mobile Phone Use
40
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
40
People with Disabilities: Reporting & Media Representation
40
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
39
Media Reception & Effects: Children
39
Women (General)
39
Television Use: Children
38
Children and Media
38
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
38
Refugees / Displaced People
38
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
37
Gaming, Video Games
37
Media Literacy: Television
37
Gender Relations
36
Youth & Digital Media
36
Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
35
Romani People
35
Media Reception
34
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
33
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
33
COVID-19 Communication
33
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
33
Holocaust
32
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
32
Audience Segmentation, User Typologies, Personas
31
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
31
Digital Inclusion
31
Radio
31
Youth Activism, Youth Civic Engagement, Youth Political Interests, Youth Protests
31
Facebook
30
Indigenous Issues Reporting & Media Representation
30
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
30
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
29
Audience Research
29
Storytelling
29
Diaspora Media
29
Gender-Sensitive Language
29
Media Literacy: Secondary Education
29
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
29
Milieus, Lifestyles
28
Participatory Communication
28
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
28
Gaming: Uses & Effects
27
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
27
Cultural Identity
27
Youth Media
27
Youth: Media Representation & Reporting
27
Audience Research: Planning & Implementing Surveys
26
Community Radio Audiences & Use
26
Internet & Social Media Use: Women
26
Girls and Media
26
Puppetry
26
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
25
Faith-Based Media Literacy Education: Catholic Church
25
Digital Literacy: Children
25
Violence in the Media: Effects on Children
25
Indigenous Films, Indigenous Videos
25
Participatory Videos & Community Filmmaking
25
Anthropology of Media & Communication
25
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
25
Gender Media Studies & Feminist Communication Research
25
Indigenous Languages
25
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
24
Crime & Violence Reporting
24
Good Practice Examples
24
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
24
Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
24
Media, Mass Media
24
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
24
Youth, Adolescents
24
Print Media Use, Press Readers
23
Film Literacy
23
Social Media
23
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
23
Education and Communication / Media
23
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
23
Television News
23
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
23
Photography
23
Media Use: Families
22
Media Use: Urban Populations
22
Television Use: Youth
22
Mobile Phone Use: Migrants & Refugees
22
Alternative Communication & Media
22
Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
22
Media Didactics, Media Use in Education
22
Counselling
22
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
22
Newspapers
22
Advocacy & Empowerment: Indigenous People
21
People with Disabilities: Advocacy & Empowerment
21
Media Use: Rural Populations
21
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
21
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
21
Cinema
21
War Reporting
21
Internet
21
LGBT & Communication / Media
21
Media Literacy: Disinformation, Fake News, Hate Speech
21
Female Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers
21
Nazism
21
Diasporas
21
Helplines, Hotlines
21
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
20
Afro-Latin Americans, Afroamerican Population
20
Ethics in Media & Communication
20
Women's Radio Programmes
20
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking: Reporting & Media Representation
20
Media Literacy: Families
20
Media Psychology, Communication Psychology
20
Questionnaires, Questionnaire Design
20
Advertising
19
Advocacy & Empowerment: Children
19
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
19
Advocacy & Empowerment: Youth
19
Audience Clubs & Listener Groups
19
Children's Films
19
Traditional Communication
19
Media Ethnography
19
Gender and Radio
19
Poverty & Impoverished People: Reporting & Media Representation
19
Rohingya
19
Book Reading Habits, Book Readers, Book Consumption
18
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
18
Indigenous Language Book Publishing
18
Ethnographic Films
18
Media Criticism
18
Prisoners & Communication / Media
18
Press
18
Media Socialisation, Media Biographies, Media Life Journeys
17
Media Reception & Effects: Youth
17
Mobile Phone Use: Youth
17
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
17
Animated Cartoons, Animated Films
17
War & Political Violence in Cinema
17
Conflicts and Media
17
Visual Anthropology
17
Sexual Abuse: Digital Media
17
HIV / AIDS Communication
17
Election Reporting
17
Media Literacy: Curricula
17
Migration
17
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
17
Visual Communication
17
Youth Films & Videos
17
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
16
Elderly People: Internet & Social Media Use
16
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
16
Mobile Phone Use: Women
16
Child Abuse Reporting
16
Children's Media
16
Children's Radio Programmes
16
Female Film Actors, Directors & Producers
16
Videos
16
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
16
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
16
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
16
Theatre for Development
16
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
16
Twitter & Microblogs
16
Artificial Intelligence
16
Sexual Abuse Reporting, Sexual Violence Reporting
16
Indigenous Knowledge, Local Knowledge, Traditional Knowledge
16
Migrants
16
Emotions in the Media, Emotional Functions & Messages of Media
16
Everyday Life
16
Research Methods
16
Agricultural Information & Extension
15
Interactive Radio: Audience Participation, Interaction & Feedback
15
Community Participation in Community Media
15
Rural Communication for Development
15
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
15
Rural Women & Communication
15
News
15
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
15
Children: Early Childhood, Toddlers, Preschoolers
14
Genocides
14
Literature
14
Edutainment Radio Programmes
14
TikTok
14
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
14
Educational Television
14
Gender & Religious Communication
14
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
14
Media Law & Regulation
14
Female Migrants / Migration
14
Democracy / Democratization and Media
14
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
14
Theories of Communication & Media
14
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in Advertising
13
Film Audiences, Film Consumption
13
Media Use: Indigenous Populations
13
Radio Use: Youth
13
Street Papers
13
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
13
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
13
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
13
Culture (General)
13
Edutainment Television Programmes
13
Algorithms & Big Data
13
Disadvantaged Groups & Communication, Minorities & Media
13
Discrimination in Language & Media
13
Nonformal Education
13
Gender Discrimination, Gender Inequalities
13
Indigenous Language Press
13
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
13
Politics and Media
13
Radio Programmes & Genres
13
Digital Wellbeing, Digital Resilience, Digital Mental Health
13
Persuasive Communication
13
Television Programmes & Genres
13
Access to Media & Information: Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas
12
Mobile Phone Use: Children
12
Radio Use: Women
12
Religious Media Use, Religious Media Audiences
12
Gender and Book Publishing
12
Children & Digital Media
12
Films
12
Community Media
12
Media Assistance: Indigenous Communication
12
Violence in the Media
12
Fans, Fandom, Fan Cultures
12
Female ICT Sector Personnel / Professionals
12
Discrimination-Sensitive Language, Minority-Sensitive Journalism
12
Minority Journalists
12
Gendered Disinformation
12
Media Literacy: Gaming
12
Local History & Memory
12
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
12
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
12
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
12
Media Literacy: Primary Education
12
Media Literacy: Producing Participatory Videos
12
Framing
12
Public Spheres
12
Memory, Memorizing
12
Participatory Research Methods
12
Focus Groups & Group Discussions (Qualitative Research Method)
12
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
12
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
12
Non-Western Communication Approaches
12
Suburbs, Poor Districts, Slums, Shanty Towns
12
Media Use: Foreign / International Media
11
Community Reporters, Media Volunteers
11
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
11
Collective Identities & Media
11
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
11
Behaviour Change Communication
11
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
11
ICTs and Development
11
Ethnic Radios, Minority Radios
11
Ethnic / Minority Radio Programmes
11
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
11
Addiction to Media & Video Games, Effects of Media on Mental Health
11
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
11
Countering Defamation & Harassment
11
Women's Magazines, Women's Press
11
Health Communication
11
Journalism Education & Training
11
Political Reporting
11
Critical Media Literacy
11
Child Protection: Legislation & Regulation
11
Music
11
Politics
11
Public Service Broadcasting
11
Social Classes
11
Urban Communication, Urban Media
11
Youth Television Programmes
11
Audience Research: Concepts & Experiences
10
Information Needs
10
Media Use: Catholic Media Productions
10
Children's Books: Picture Books
10
Media Literacy: Preschool Children
10
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
10
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
10
Civic Education: Use & Role of Media
10
Teaching & Teaching Methods
10
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
10
Journalism Ethics
10
Gender Norms & Roles
10
Therapeutical Use of Communication & Media
10
Colonial Legacies
10
Journalism
10
Exiled Journalists
10
News Reception
10
Families: Media Representation & Reporting
10
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
10
Media & Communication Policies
10
Human Rights Violations
10
BBC
10
Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas & Media
10
Migration Prevention Information, Informing Potential Migrants
10
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
10
Public Media, State Media
10
Radio Dramas, Radio Soap Operas, Radio Fiction
10
Islam and Communication
10
Youth & Religious Communication
10
Participation
10
Reality Television Programmes & Daily Talks
10
Postcolonial & Decolonial Communication Approaches
10
User-Generated Contents
10
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
9
Children & Advertising
9
Elderly People: Media Use
9
Radio Use: Children
9
Media Use: Lower Classes & Poor Population
9
Campaigning: Planning & Implementation
9
Media & Communication Projects: Children
9
Freedom of Expression
9
Community Television
9
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
9
Contents of Media
9
Theatre
9
Cultural Diversity
9
Communication for Social Change
9
Development and Media
9
Development Communication: Indigenous & Traditional Communication
9
Influencers (Social Media)
9
Instagram
9
Online Learning, E-Learning
9
Albinism
9
Integration of Minorities: Role of Media
9
Elderly People: Reporting & Media Representation
9
Television Serials
9
Child Health, Mother & Child Care Communication
9
Food / Nutrition Communication & Media Representation
9
Ethnicity in Communication
9
Public Funding & Support Policies: Indigenous Communication
9
UNICEF
9
Family Communication
9
Human Rights
9
Agenda Setting
9
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
9
Religion and Communication
9
Communication & Media Indicators
9
Survey Methods
9
Countering Discrimination & Racism
9
Domestic Violence
9
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Minorities
9
Access to Media & Information: Disadvantaged Groups and Minorities
8
Advertising Literacy
8
Advocacy
8
Advocacy & Empowerment: Migrants & Refugees
8
Media Use: Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
8
Youth Literature & Books
8
Catholic Church
8
Child Abuse
8
Children & Childhood
8
School Radios
8
Celebrities, Idols, Stars
8
Development Education: Films
8
Film & Gender
8
Educational Films & Videos
8
Self-Censorship
8
NGOs & Civil Society Organizations: Communication Strategies & Practices
8
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
8
Community Telecommunication Networks
8
Traditional Music
8
Content Analysis (Research Method)
8
Digital Anthropology, Cyberanthropology
8
Cultural Studies
8
Narratives, Narrative Structures
8
Reading Promotion
8
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
8
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
8
Social Media in Political Communication
8
Online News
8
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
8
Media Assistance: Minority Media
8
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
8
Schools
8
Literacy, Literacy Campaigns, Postliteracy, Alphabetisation Policies
8
Elderly People: Tailored ICTs & Media
8
Entertainment and Media / Communication
8
Television Fiction
8
Environmental Protection
8
Self-Regulation of Media
8
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
8
Female Researchers
8
Health Radio Programmes
8
Indigenous Television Broadcasting
8
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
8
Globalisation of Media
8
Satellite Television
8
Journalistic Quality
8
Youth Journalists, Youth Correspondents, Youth Media Volunteers
8
Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
8
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
8
Language Policies
8
Linguistic Diversity: Internet & Digital Media
8
Local Television
8
Media Assistance
8
Media Literacy: Radio
8
Media Literacy: Teacher Training
8
Media Literacy Policies
8
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking
8
Deaf & Hard of Hearing People
8
Public & State Radios
8
Antisemitism
8
Qualitative Research Methods
8
Interviewing (Qualitative Research Method)
8
Sampling (Survey Methodologies, Statistics)
8
Reality & Communication, Truth & Media
8
Inequalities
8
Society & Media, Media Sociology
8
Advertising Literacy: Children
7
Empowerment
7
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
7
Audience Research in Media Assistance
7
Mobile Phone Use: Minorities
7
Book Aid, Book Publishing Assistance, Book Donations
7
Campaigning
7
Campaigning: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
7
Campaigning: Experiences
7
Development Communication Campaigns
7
Election Campaigns
7
Radio Campaigns
7
Faith-Based Film Literacy Education: Catholic Church
7
Amazon Synod (2019)
7
Child Labour
7
Political Cartoons & Comics
7
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
7
Film Reception & Effects
7
Communication Rights
7
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
7
Community Radio Journalism & Production Skills
7
Violence in the Media: Effects on Youth
7
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
7
Ritual Communication & Media Rituals
7
Development Assistance
7
Cybercrimes
7
YouTube
7
Ethnic Press, Minority Press
7
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
7
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Minorities
7
Adult Education
7
Educational Radio Programmes
7
Educational Issues: Reporting & Media Representation
7
Indigenous Language Education
7
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
7
Environmental Communication
7
Health Campaigns: Experiences
7
Colonial Period
7
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
7
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
7
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
7
Linguistic Diversity
7
Media Assistance: Exile Media
7
Media Assistance: Youth Programmes & Media
7
Human Rights Protection
7
Transitional Justice
7
Truth & Reconciliation Commissions
7
Media Management
7
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
7
Watchdog Role of the Media
7
Radio Reception, Radio Psychology, Radio Effects
7
Cyberpsychology
7
Indigenous & Traditional Religions, Indigenous Cosmovisions
7
Social Anthropology
7
Networks & Networking
7
Social Change
7
Computers
7
Illustrations, Pictures, Images
7
Signs, Signals, Semiotics
7
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
6
Peasants / Farmers & Communication
6
Audience Composition
6
Audience Expectations & Satisfaction
6
Information Needs: Migrants
6
Television Use: Women
6
Mobile Phone Use: Elderly People
6
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
6
Book Publishing
6
Child Migrants, Child Refugees, Child Diasporas
6
Digital Media Socialisation
6
Children's Magazines
6
Faith-Based Media Literacy Education
6
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
6
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
6
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
6
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
6
Violence in the Media: Video Games
6
Media Quality
6
Messages, Message Design, Message Analysis
6
Puppetry in Education
6
Cultural Resistance
6
Development Education
6
Edutainment Campaigns: Effects & Effectiveness
6
Social Change & Media / Communication
6
Digital Communication, Digital Media
6
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
6
Podcasts
6
Sexting (Sending Sexually Explicit Messages of Oneself to Others)
6
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
6
ICTs and Poverty Reduction
6
Virtual Reality
6
Racism
6
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
6
Media Assistance: Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
6
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
6
Archives
6
Digital & Online Archives
6
Libraries
6
Indigenous Language Libraries & Archives
6
Audiobooks & Audio Cassettes
6
Educational Games, Serious Games
6
Environmental & Land Conflicts Reporting & Media Representation
6
Values
6
Female News Sources
6
Gender in Health Communication
6
Men, Male Identity, Masculinity
6
Health Journalism
6
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
6
History of the Press
6
Slavery, Slaves
6
Foreign News, International News
6
African Languages
6
Linguistics & Sociolinguistics
6
Minority Languages
6
Communication
6
Media Literacy: Photography
6
Youth Migrants, Youth Refugees, Youth Dasporas
6
Election Campaigns: Social Media
6
Political Communication
6
Propaganda
6
Public Opinion
6
Radio Programming, Programme Structures & Schedules
6
Radio Stations
6
Uses-And-Gratifications Approach
6
Judaism and Communication
6
Mobile Phones in Rural Areas
6
Discrimination
6
Society
6
Social Aspects
6
Dalits
6
Lower Classes
6
Mobile Phone Apps
6
Cable Television
6
Youth & Religious Communication: Catholic Church
6
Access to Media & Information: Indigenous Populations
5
Advertising Audiences & Target Groups
5
Advertising Effects: Children
5
Advocacy & Empowerment: Girls
5
Agricultural Radio Programmes
5
Music Consumption & Use
5
Opinion Polls, Public Opinion Research
5
Target Groups
5
Book Markets & Industries
5
Catholic Radios
5
Catholic Social Thought
5
Child Marriage
5
Aesthetics in Film & Visual Communication
5
African Cinema
5
Ethnic Films, Minority Films
5
Feature Films
5
Latin American Cinema
5
National Cinemas, National Film Production
5
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
5
Public Relations
5
Community Radio Contents & Programming
5
Groups, Group Communication, Group Development
5
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
5
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
5
Rumours & Rumour Management
5
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
5
Gender Projects (Development Cooperation)
5
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
5
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
5
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
5
Digital Labour, Digital Work
5
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
5
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
5
Online Radio, Internet Radio, Radio Streaming
5
Websites
5
ICT Policies
5
Ethnic / Minority Television Programmes
5
German-Language Media Abroad
5
Health Communication: Disadvantaged Groups, Minorities, Hard-to-Reach Audiences
5
Homeless People
5
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
5
Media Industries
5
Media Markets
5
Small Enterprises, Micro Businesses, Small & Medium Enterprises (SME)
5
Educational Effects of Media, Educational Role of Media
5
Open, Distance and Digital Education (ODDE)
5
Religious Education: Use & Role of Media
5
Journalism Ethics: Covering Vulnerable Persons
5
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
5
Gender in Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
5
Gender & Television
5
Marriage & Partnership
5
Media Reception & Effects: Women
5
Women's Rights
5
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
5
Addiction Reporting, Media Representation & Prevention
5
Mental Health Reporting & Media Representation
5
History of Media & Communication
5
Ethnographic Photography
5
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
5
UNESCO
5
Photojournalism
5
Prostitution Reporting & Media Representation
5
Language and Media
5
Media Assistance: Radio
5
Communication & Information Needs
5
Presentation of Information
5
Oral Communication
5
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
5
Labour Migration
5
Blind & Visually Impaired People
5
Social Photography
5
Influence of Media on Politics
5
Youth Magazines
5
Public & State Television
5
Perception, Cognition & Comprehension
5
Hinduism and Communication
5
Islam
5
Islamist Communications & Media
5
Youth & Religion
5
Qualitative Analysis
5
Data Analysis & Interpretation
5
Participatory Action Research
5
Ethnographic Research
5
Internet & ICTs in Rural Areas
5
Marginality, Marginalized Groups
5
Social Roles
5
Traditional Society
5
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
5
Television Programming, Programme Structures & Programme Policies
5
Television Semiotics
5
Audiovisual Language
5
Advertising Markets & Industries
4
Television Advertising
4
Advocacy & Empowerment: Planning & Implementation
4
Forestry, Deforestation, Forest Protection
4
Audience Research: Online Surveys
4
Disinformation Consumption & Perception
4
Information Needs: Indigenous Population
4
Media Repertoires
4
Media Use: Entertainment
4
Media Use: Political Information
4
Catholic Book Publishing
4
Behaviour Change Campaigns
4
Campaigning: Effects & Effctiveness
4
Catholic Church and Communication
4
Radio San Gabriel (El Alto, Bolivia)
4
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards the Catholic Church
4
Media Literacy: Comics
4
Gaming: Children
4
Street Children
4
Christian Communication
4
Christian Television
4
Theologies of Communication
4
Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
4
Film Festivals
4
Historical Films
4
Media / Communication Control
4
Censorship
4
Alternative Radios
4
Community Development
4
Community Newspapers, Community Press
4
Perpetrators
4
Reconciliation Work
4
Extremist Recruitment through Media
4
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
4
Television Quality
4
Mythology & Communication, Media Myths
4
Visual Arts, Painting
4
Creative & Cultural Industries
4
Cultural Heritage
4
Cybercultures
4
Gaming: Youth
4
Clothing & Fashion
4
One Laptop per Child (ICT Development Programme)
4
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
4
Edutainment Campaigns: Experiences
4
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
4
Digital Media, Internet & Religion
4
Digital Research Methods
4
Chat
4
Online Dating
4
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
4
Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
4
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
4
Hispanic Americans, Hispanic Media
4
Minorities
4
Xenophobia
4
Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
4
Audio Archives, Visual Archives, Media Archives
4
Rural Libraries
4
Economics of Media
4
Domestic Workers
4
Easy-To-Understand Information, Easy-To-Read Materials, Easy Language
4
Radio Schools
4
Educational Policies
4
Training
4
Workshops & Seminars: Methods, Tools, Planning, Experiences
4
Humour, Parody, Satire
4
Sports Reporting
4
Climate, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation
4
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
4
Ethics & Data Protection in Research
4
Victim-Sensitive Reporting
4
Evaluation Approaches, Purposes & Frameworks
4
Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
4
Sexuality
4
Women with Disabilities & Media
4
History of Media: Colonial Period
4
History of Photography
4
History of Radio
4
Indigenous Rights, Indigenous Jurisdiction & Customary Law
4
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
4
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
4
Journalists
4
Business & Economics Journalism
4
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
4
Language
4
Translations & Translating
4
Organizational Communication, Institutional Communication
4
Religious Freedom
4
Television Law & Regulation
4
Leadership, Leadership Development
4
Music Videos
4
Pop Music
4
Children with Disabilities
4
Documentary Photography
4
Democracy
4
Radicalisation: Influence of Media
4
Monitoring
4
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
4
Muslim Radio Broadcasting
4
Radio Ucamara (Nauta, Peru)
4
University Radios
4
Behaviour
4
Preference
4
Fear, Anxiety
4
Attitudes, Attitude Formation & Change
4
Taliban
4
Muslim Media
4
Empirical Studies
4
Violence
4
Resilience
4
Open Source Software
4
Interactive Voice Response (IVR)
4
Television Channels
4
Television Talk Shows
4
Audiovisual Communication
4
Drawing, Drawings
4
School Media, School Newspapers, School Magazines
4
Advertising Effects & Impact
3
Advocacy Campaigns
3
Advocacy & Empowerment: Ethnic Minorities
3
Advocacy & Empowerment: Monitoring & Evaluation
3
Advocacy & Political Films
3
Agriculture & ICTs, e-Agriculture
3
Environmental & Land Conflicts
3
Audience Orientation
3
Audience Research: Professional Development & Joint Industry Committees (JIC)
3
Health Information Access & Use
3
Media Use: Conflict Areas
3
Media Use: Foreign & International News
3
Media Use: Public Service & State Media
3
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
3
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
3
Awards & Prizes: Literary & Book Awards
3
Book Publishing Houses
3
Book Trade & Distribution
3
E-Books & Digital Book Publishing
3
Scholarly Book Publishing, Academic Book Publishing
3
Campaigning: Message Design
3
Digital Media Campaigns
3
Catholic Television Programmes
3
Solidarity
3
Church Documents on Communication
3
World Youth Day (Catholic Church)
3
Youth Catechesis, Youth & Catholic Church
3
Children & Television
3
Sesame Street (Children's Television Programme)
3
Research: Children & Media / Communication
3
Christian Social Media Presence & Online Communities
3
Christian Television Programmes
3
Christianity (General)
3
Digital & Social Media Pastoral
3
Family Pastoral
3
Pentecostal Churches & Communication
3
Intercultural Theologies
3
Awards & Prizes: Film Awards
3
Bollywood
3
Film Music
3
Film Production Skills
3
Basic Film Production Skills
3
Television Programme & Format Trade
3
Communication Strategies
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
3
Community Communication
3
Group Media
3
Media Assistance: Community Radios
3
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
3
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
3
Religion and Conflicts, Religious Conflicts, Religious Violence
3
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
3
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
3
Human Security Reporting
3
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
3
Violence in the Media: Television
3
Wars & Political Violence in Arts & Literature
3
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
3
Religious Functions & Messages of the Media
3
Dance, Folk Dances
3
Cultural Traditions
3
Cultural Integration
3
Cultural Role & Influence of Media
3
Digital Humanities
3
Tales, Legends, Traditional Literary Lore
3
Mass Cultures
3
Edutainment Health Programmes
3
Visual Aids for Development
3
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
3
Digital & Social Media Effects
3
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
3
Multimedia Products & Production
3
Online Communication
3
Political Websites & Online Communities
3
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
3
Telegram
3
Weibo (Microblogging Website, China)
3
AI & Social Justice
3
Information Society
3
Minority Rights
3
Prison Libraries
3
Uyghurs, Uighurs
3
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
3
Radio in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
3
Trust Building in Health & Emergency Communication
3
Documentation Systems
3
Digital Economies & Markets
3
Informal Sector, Informal Economy
3
Curricula: School Education
3
Education (General)
3
Educational Radios
3
Secondary Education
3
Infotainment, Politainment
3
Defamation Law & Regulation
3
Image Ethics, Ethics in Photojournalism
3
Evaluation Design & Implementation
3
Feminist Media
3
Women's Media
3
Alcohol Abuse: Prevention & Media Representation
3
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
3
First World War (1914-1918)
3
Second World War (1939-1945)
3
Indigenous Identity & Communication
3
Indigenous Movements, Indigenous Organizations
3
Indigenous Youth
3
Mapuche
3
Adaptation of Media Products to Other Countries / Cultural Contexts
3
Foreign Correspondents
3
Foreign Television Programmes
3
Image Abroad
3
Transnational Television, International Television
3
Colonialism
3
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
3
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
3
Investigative Journalism
3
Basic Journalistic Skills
3
Journalistic Style & Language
3
Local Journalism
3
Radio News
3
Radio Journalism
3
Asian Languages
3
Local Communication & Media
3
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
3
Fondation Hirondelle
3
Media Assistance: Refugees
3
Media Literacy: Migrants & Diasporas
3
Media Literacy: Press
3
Media Literacy: Producing Participatory Media
3
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
3
Design Thinking
3
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
3
Financing Media: Customer Payments, Subscription Models, User-Based Financing
3
Starting Media Outlets, Creation of Digital Businesses
3
Media Outlets, Media Associations
3
Deutsche Welle
3
Media Workers with Disabilities
3
People with Disabilities (General)
3
Peace, Peacekeeping, Peace Building, Peace Movements
3
Hindu Nationalism
3
Populism
3
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
3
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
3
Political Transition and Media
3
Magazines
3
Audience Influence
3
Gatekeeping Function of Media
3
Media Effects Research
3
Attention
3
Habits
3
Prejudices
3
Personality
3
Socialization
3
Third-Person Effects
3
Interreligious Dialogue
3
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
3
Muslim Television Broadcasting
3
Network Analysis
3
Comparative Approaches & Methods in Communication Research
3
Photovoice (Participatory Research Method)
3
Youth Violence & Violence Prevention
3
Nomades
3
Social Work
3
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
3
Short Wave Radio (SW)
3
SMS
3
Visual Cultures
3
Youth & Television
3
Advertising Ethics
2
Film & Video Advocacy / Activism
2
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Geography
2
Maps
2
Audience Letters
2
Community Media Audiences & Use
2
Media Diaries
2
Media Use: Preferred Contents & Programmes
2
Mobile Phone Use: People with Disabilities
2
News Avoidance
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Books
2
Book Policies (National & International)
2
Conflict Coverage: Children's Books & Educational Materials
2
Information Campaigns
2
Media Events (Events or Activities Hosted Largely with the Media in Mind)
2
Catholic Church: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
2
Catholic Press
2
Catholic Radio Programmes
2
Radio Kwizera (Ngara, Tanzania)
2
Radio Sutatenza (ACPO) (Colombia)
2
Catholic Television
2
Catholic Websites
2
film-dienst (Film Journal, Germany, 1947-)
2
Salesians (SDB)
2
Child Servitude
2
Children & Radio
2
Orphans
2
Bible, Biblical Theology
2
Christian Radios: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
2
Ecumenism
2
Faith-Based Film Literacy Education
2
Pastoral Work
2
Religious Films
2
Film and Society
2
Film Culture
2
Science Fiction Films
2
Short Films
2
Nollywood
2
Film & Video in Education
2
History of Film & Cinema
2
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
2
Right to be Forgotten
2
International Organizations: Communication Strategies & Practices
2
Community Development: Role of Communication & Media
2
Community Informatics
2
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
2
Community Radio Setting-Up
2
Graffiti, Wall Paintings, Street Art
2
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
2
Media Assistance: Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation
2
Transitional Justice Reporting
2
Codes
2
Countering Misinformation & Rumours
2
Religious Functions & Messages of Digital Media
2
Arts
2
Performing Arts
2
Youth Theatre
2
Cultural Policies
2
Acculturation
2
Cultural Influence
2
Cultural Pluralism
2
Cultural Values
2
Digital Cultures
2
Hybrid Cultures, Hybridization
2
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
2
Museums
2
Developing Countries
2
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
2
Regional Cooperation, South-South Collaboration
2
Religion and Development
2
Behaviour Change Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
2
Development Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
2
Development Communication: Gender Focus
2
Farm Radio International (NGO)
2
Soul City (NGO, South Africa)
2
Development Communication Tools & Methods
2
Posters for Development & Education
2
Radio for Development
2
Data
2
Daily Maverick (South Africa)
2
Rappler (Philippines)
2
The Quint (India)
2
Religious Apps
2
Digital Media Research, Digital Communication Research
2
E-Governance, E-Democracy
2
Interactive Media
2
Internet and Society / Social Change
2
Internet / ICTs and Social Change
2
Chatbots
2
Electronic Commerce
2
Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
2
Digital Political Communication
2
Online Magazines & Newspapers
2
Blogging, Blogs
2
Social Media Marketing in Broadcasting Enterprises
2
Bilibili (Chinese Anime, Comics, Platform)
2
WhatsApp
2
Generative AI, including ChatGPT et al.
2
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
2
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
2
ICT Development Assistance
2
ICT Effects & Impact
2
Communication Among Disadvantaged Persons
2
Foreigners: Media Representation
2
Religious Minorities & Media
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
2
Collective Memory: Disasters
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
2
Identifying & Researching Disinformation
2
Documenting Human Rights Violations
2
Library Use
2
Television Industries
2
Entertainment Media Industries & Markets
2
Radio Markets
2
Media Ownership
2
Nonprofit Journalism, Nonprofit Media
2
Financing Television
2
Economy
2
Alternative Economy, Solidarity Economy, Social Economy Businesses, Fair Trade
2
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
2
Consumption, Consumer Behaviour, Consumerism
2
Remittances
2
Traffic & Transport Infrastructure
2
Basic Education
2
Educational Broadcasting
2
Educational Communication
2
Interactive Audio Learning, Interactive Digital Learning, Interactive Radio Instruction
2
Mobile Learning
2
Students
2
Training of Trainers, Teacher Education
2
Vocational Training
2
Older Adults (General)
2
Sports
2
Docudrama
2
Docusoaps & Scripted Reality Programmes
2
Television Dramas
2
Television Entertainment: Audiences
2
Communication for Sustainable Development
2
Environmental Journalism
2
Extractive Industries & Mining Reporting
2
Religion and Environment
2
Sustainable Development
2
Water Resources Management, Water Access & Supply
2
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
2
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
2
Bias in News Media
2
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
2
Gender Issues: Media Coverage
2
Media Literacy: Women
2
Sexism
2
Women Entrepreneurs
2
Moderation / Facilitation Skills & Techniques
2
Health Campaigns: Planning & Implementation
2
Health Communication & Campaigns: Youth
2
Health Communication in Social Media, User-Generated Contents
2
HIV / AIDS (General)
2
Suicide Reporting & Media Representation
2
WASH Communication (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
2
History of Television
2
Folk Media, Traditional Indigenous Communication
2
Indigenous Populations: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
2
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
2
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
2
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
2
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
2
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
2
Turkey: International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy, Image Abroad
2
Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
2
Journalism Education Curricula
2
Journalistic Skills
2
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
2
Local News
2
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
2
Judaism: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Risk Communication
2
Service Journalism, Consumer Information, Lifestyle Journalism
2
Television Journalism
2
Witnesses, Witness Testimonies
2
Amerindian Languages
2
Language Barriers
2
Media & Communication Terminologies
2
Metaphors
2
Rhetorics, Public Speaking, Speeches
2
Television Language
2
Local Press
2
Media Assistance: Impacts, Effectiveness, Efficiency
2
Internews
2
Communication Networks
2
Communication Systems
2
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
2
Information
2
Diffusion of Innovations
2
Information Ecosystems
2
Communication & Conversation Skills
2
Radio Policies
2
Media Literacy Training & Research
2
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Media Law & Regulation: Religious Media
2
Cost-Benefit-Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness, Efficiency
2
Financing Not-For-Profit & Community Media
2
Marketing & Branding
2
Escuela Audiovisual Infantil (Belén de los Andaquíes, Caquetá, Colombia)
2
Media Monitoring Africa (NGO, Johannesburg, South Africa)
2
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
2
Migration Policies
2
Dadaab (Refugee Camp, Kenya)
2
Conflict & War Photography
2
Right-Wing Extremism
2
Political Participation
2
Political Parties
2
Political Resistance
2
Governance & Accountability as Focus of Radio Programmes
2
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Politics
2
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
2
Trade Unions & Labor Movements: Communication Strategies
2
Editing
2
Wantok (Newspaper, Papua New Guinea)
2
Yellow Press
2
Radio Production Skills
2
Video Production Skills
2
Project Impact, Project Effects, Project Effectiveness, Project Efficiency
2
Radio Magazines
2
Radio Research Methods
2
Priming Effects
2
Identification
2
Mental Stress
2
Opinion, Opinion Formation, Opinion Change
2
Manipulation
2
Opinion Change
2
Identity & Identity Development
2
Motivations
2
Social Functions & Effects of the Media
2
Social Integration: Role of Media
2
Therapeutical Writing, Memory Books
2
Muslim Digital Media & Online Communities
2
Religion (General)
2
Religion and Society
2
Religious Media, Faith-Based Media
2
Religious Television Programmes
2
Symbols
2
Television Studies & Research
2
Quantitative Analysis
2
Data Collection, Data Collection Methods
2
Interviewing (Journalistic Genre)
2
Research Results
2
Utilization & Implementation of Research Results, Research Reception & Effects
2
Rural Areas, Rural Communities, Rural Development
2
Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
2
Disappeared People, Missing People
2
Violence Prevention Campaigns
2
Witchcraft, Sorcery
2
Buen Vivir / Good Living
2
Civil Society
2
Population
2
Adults
2
Families
2
Social Justice
2
Social Structure
2
Digital Radio
2
Digital Television
2
Informatics
2
Robots, Robotics
2
Software
2
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
2
Commercial Television
2
Al-Jazeera
2
Rede Globo (Television Network, Brazil)
2
Slides, Slideshows
2
Visualization
2
Flow of Information
1
Information Gaps
1
Information Selection
1
Advertising Agencies
1
Advertising Law & Regulation
1
Advertising Planning & Implementation
1
Radio Advertising
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Experiences
1
Celebrity Humanitarianism
1
Suppression: Communicative Counterstrategies
1
Agricultural Issues: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Agroecological Agriculture
1
Fishing
1
Pastoralism
1
Geographical Information Systems
1
Audience Research Under Difficult Conditions
1
Social Media Analytics, Web Metrics, User Data Analytics
1
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
1
Reading Habits: Children
1
Media Use: Influence of Religion
1
Media Use: Workers
1
Authoritarian Discourse
1
Clandestine Radios
1
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
1
Author's Writing & Publishing Guides
1
Bestsellers
1
Book Marketing, Branding & Promotion
1
Abya-Yala (Book Publishing House, Ecuador)
1
Book Research
1
Children's Libraries
1
Christian Book Publishing
1
Professional, Specialist & Technical Books
1
Event Marketing & Communication
1
International Media Events
1
Public Awareness Campaigns
1
Catholic Church: Communication Education & Training
1
Catholic Communicators & Journalists
1
Catholic Marketing
1
COPE (Catholic Radio Network, Spain)
1
Radio Cutivalú (Piura, Peru)
1
Radio Federación (Sucúa, Ecuador)
1
Radio Nawal Estéreo (Guatemala, formerly: La Voz de Nahualá)
1
Canção Nova (Brazil)
1
Madha TV (Catholic Television Channel, Tamil Nadu)
1
Catholic Media Organizations
1
Signis
1
UCIP - Union Catholique Internationale de la Presse
1
UNDA (International Catholic Radio and TV Association, 1928-2001)
1
Catholic Movements & Organizations
1
Christmas
1
Church Documents
1
Church History
1
History of Communication: Catholic Church
1
Mary, Mariology
1
Pastoral da Criança (Brazil)
1
World Communication Day (Catholic Church)
1
Child Drawings
1
Child Soldiers
1
Children & Religion
1
Children's News Programmes
1
Educational Comics & Comics for Development
1
Media Products Created by Children
1
Pre-School Education
1
Apostolates
1
Exodus
1
Adventist Church
1
Igreja Internacional da Graça de Deus (Brazil)
1
Christian Churches: Media Assistance
1
Christian Communication Ethics, Christian Media Ethics
1
Christian Ethics
1
Christian Press: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christian Radios
1
Televangelism
1
Interfilm (Protestant Film Organization, 1955-)
1
WACC
1
Basic Christian Communities
1
Christianity: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Church Public Relations
1
Film and Spirituality
1
Lay People
1
Liturgy, Liturgical Communication
1
Mission
1
Missionary Communication, Media & Evangelisation
1
Social Pastoral Work
1
Urban Pastoral
1
Prayers
1
Digital Theologies
1
Arab Cinema, Middle Eastern Cinema
1
Asian Cinema
1
Cinema (Location)
1
Conflict Coverage: Cinema & Audiovisual Media
1
Environmental Films
1
Film and Development
1
Film and Religion, Religion in Motion Pictures
1
Bible Films, Movie Christs & Antichrists
1
Film Criticism
1
Film Dramaturgy
1
Film Ethics
1
Film Trade, Film Export & Import
1
Action & Adventure Films
1
Comedies
1
Crime Films
1
Melodramas
1
Violence in the Media: Film
1
Film Industries
1
Hollywood
1
Film Language
1
Film Editing
1
Film Promotion
1
Film Studies & Research
1
Film Theories
1
Foreign / Developing Countries: Film Representation
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Screenwriting, Film Scriptwriting, TV Scriptwriting
1
Encryption, Cryptology
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Digital Rights
1
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
1
Plagiarism
1
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Facial Recognition, Biometric Surveillance
1
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
1
Development Organizations: Communication Strategies & Media Representation
1
Crisis Communication
1
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
1
Development Aid Public Relations, Development Public Awareness Raising
1
Ethics in Public Relations
1
Nonprofit Public Relations & Marketing
1
Nonprofit Public Relations: Design & Implementation
1
Press Releases & Press Conferences
1
Social Marketing
1
Alternative Press
1
Community Archives & Libraries
1
Community Media Financing & Sustainability
1
Community Media Impact
1
Community Radio Associations & Networks
1
ALER
1
Community Radio Concepts & Principles
1
Community Radio Management
1
Community Radio Policies
1
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
1
Community Websites
1
Discussion Forums, Community Discussions, Citizen Consultations
1
Faith-Based Community Radios
1
Ethnic Conflicts
1
Small Arms
1
Boko Haram
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Wars
1
Civil Wars
1
Soldiers
1
War Crimes
1
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
1
Enemy Images
1
Internet / ICTs and Conflicts
1
Peace Culture, Peace Education, Non-Violence
1
Aesthetics in Media & Communication
1
Coding
1
Decoding
1
Metalanguage
1
Radio Language & Moderation
1
Alternative Cultures, Protest Cultures
1
Artists
1
Digital Art, Virtual Art
1
Street Theatre
1
Theatre Audiences
1
Cultural Consumption
1
Cultural Dependency
1
Cultural Exchange
1
Cultural & Literary Journalism
1
Cultural Projects (Development Cooperation)
1
Cultural Systems
1
Culture and Development
1
Memes
1
Exhibitions
1
Foreign Cultural Policies & Cooperation
1
Influence of Media on Traditional Cultures
1
Authors, Writers
1
Biographical & Autobiographical Writing
1
Indigenous Language Literature
1
Poetry
1
Manuscripts, Scripture, Calligraphy
1
Media Cultures
1
Radio Culture
1
Multicultural Societies, Multiethnic Societies
1
Religion and Culture
1
Islamic Culture
1
Religious Music
1
Subcultures
1
Traditional Cultures
1
Writing & Writing Styles
1
Development Assistance: Accountability & Transparency
1
Development Assistance: Beneficiaries, Target Groups, Beneficiary Inclusion & Participation
1
Development Assistance Criticism
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Development Projects: Planning & Implementation
1
Uno a Uno (Laptops for School Students, Latin America)
1
Development Strategies
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Good Governance
1
International Development Cooperation
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Development Issues and Development Assistance
1
Development Aid Reporting
1
Development Communication: Design & Implementation
1
Development Communication: Experiences
1
Development Communication: Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Development Communication Research
1
Development Education: Books
1
Development Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Edutainment: Youth
1
Cyberspace
1
Darknet
1
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
1
Digital Criticism
1
Cyberfaith / Virtual Spirituality
1
Religious Digital & Social Media Practices
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
Digital Media Usability
1
Spam & Scam
1
Google
1
Internet and Politics
1
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
1
Financing Digital / Online Media
1
Scoring, Scoring Systems
1
Filter Bubbles & Echo Chambers
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Hashtags
1
Social Media & Web 2.0 for Development
1
Yala-Young Leaders (Social Networking Website)
1
Trolling (Social Media)
1
AI & Democracy / Democratization
1
AI Ethics
1
Digitalization, Environment & Sustainable Development
1
Ecological Footprint & Sustainability of Digitalization, E-Waste & Recycling
1
Mobile Phone Markets
1
Software Industries
1
ICT Indicators
1
ICT Research
1
Affirmative Action
1
Coordination in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication: Disadvantaged Groups, Minorities, Hard-To-Reach Audiences
1
Disaster Risk & Preparedness Communication, Disaster Prevention Communication
1
Famines: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Humanitarian Aid
1
International Humanitarian Crisis Reporting, Foreign Disaster Reporting
1
Deepfakes (Realistic-Looking Media Content that has been Modified, Generated or Falsified Using AI)
1
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
1
Election Campaigns: Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Information Processing
1
Library Assistance (Development Cooperation)
1
Library Management
1
Economic Contribution of the Media Industries to GDP
1
Media Concentration
1
Game Industries, Game Production
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Television Markets
1
Transnational Media Markets, International Media Markets
1
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
1
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
1
Political Economy of Media
1
Television Economics
1
Video on Demand
1
Cooperatives, Cooperativism
1
Economic Conditions
1
Living Conditions
1
Standards of Living
1
Economic Development
1
Economic Indicators
1
Energy Supply, Electricity
1
Solar Energy, Renewable Energy
1
Exploitation
1
Neoliberalism
1
Production
1
Educational Media: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Environmental Education
1
Ethical Learning: Use & Role of Media
1
Gender & Education
1
Higher Education
1
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC)
1
Open Educational Resources (OER)
1
Learning Processes
1
Lifelong Learning
1
Primary Education
1
Academic Training
1
Media Literacy: Elderly People
1
Ethics in Entertainment
1
Feasts & Festivals
1
Fotonovelas, Photonovels
1
Leisure
1
Television Shows
1
Tourism & Travel
1
Contamination, Pollution
1
Deserts, Desertification
1
Environmental Campaigns: Experiences
1
Environmental Degradation
1
Environmental Issues (General)
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
1
Defamation, Libel, Slander
1
Ethics in Nonprofit & Community Journalism
1
Morals
1
Press Councils
1
Social Norms
1
Standards, Ethics in Evaluation, Codes of Conduct
1
Evaluation
1
Evaluation Reporting & Communicating Results
1
Health Campaigns: Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Information Products & Services: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Most Significant Change (MSC)
1
Using Evaluation Results, Learning from Evaluations
1
Women's Television Programmes
1
Housemaids
1
Revenge Porn (Non-Consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images)
1
Events
1
Strategy Development & Strategic Planning
1
Cancer Prevention, Cancer Communication
1
Health Education
1
Health Information Materials
1
Malaria Communication
1
Media Assistance: Health Communication
1
Mental Health (General)
1
Tuberculosis Communication
1
History (General)
1
History of Communication Research
1
Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC) (Colombia)
1
Ethnobotany
1
Guaraní
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Indigenous Peoples
1
Cross-Cultural Analysis
1
Intercultural Dialogue
1
International Communication
1
Foreign Media Reception & Effects
1
Foreign Press, Foreign Language Press
1
Germany: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Glocalization of Media
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
Regional (Transnational) Integration & Communication
1
Russia: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Sputnik (Russian State News Portal & Radio Broadcast Service)
1
Transnational Communication
1
Transnational / International Civil Society Communication Networks & Strategies
1
European Union (EU)
1
United Nations (UN)
1
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
1
World Conferences
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Journalists' Associations & Networks: International Cooperation & Assistance
1
Civic Journalism, Public Journalism
1
Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
1
Information Sources of Journalists
1
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Journalism Studies & Research
1
Journalistic Genres
1
Editorials (Journalism)
1
Editors
1
Labour Market for Journalists
1
News Values, News Selection Criteria
1
News Agencies
1
Associated Press (AP)
1
Inter Press Service (IPS)
1
Print Journalism
1
Journalistic Radio Programmes
1
Radio Interviews
1
Reporting & Media Representation: Specific Issues
1
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
1
Religion: Media Representation
1
Religious Journalism, Religion News
1
Arabic Language
1
French Language
1
Local Governance & Accountability: Role of Media
1
Media Assistance: Citizen Participation & Civil Society
1
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
1
BBC Media Action
1
CFI (French Media Assistance Organization)
1
International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
1
Media Assistance: Institutional Support & Core Funding
1
Media Assistance: Project Planning & Implementation
1
Media Assistance Research
1
Media Assistance: Self-Regulation, Accountability & Transparency of Media
1
Media Assistance: Television
1
Spain: Media Assistance
1
Business Communication
1
Buzzwords, Mottos, Slogans
1
Communication Channels
1
Communication Processes
1
Information Overload
1
Personal Influence
1
Mindfulness, Mindful Communication
1
Nonverbal Communication, Body Language, Gestures
1
Social Communication
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Media Literacy: Nonformal Education
1
Media Literacy: Parents
1
Media Literacy: Sensationalist Press, Yellow Journalism
1
Media Literacy: Violence Prevention
1
Médi@action (Media Literacy Centre, DRC)
1
Well-Being Online
1
Press Landscapes
1
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Social Media Landscapes
1
Socialist Media Systems
1
Television Landscapes
1
Constitutions
1
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Media Complaints / Sanctions Procedures
1
Ombudsmen
1
Radio Law & Regulation
1
Corporate Social Responsibility
1
Failures, Mistakes, Shortcomings: Experiences & Learnings
1
Crowdfunding
1
Human Resources Development, Personnel Management
1
Personnel Recruitment, Staff Recruitment
1
Membership Organizations
1
Newspaper Management
1
Nonprofit Media Management
1
Organisational Development & Capacity Building
1
Organisational & Governing Structures of Media
1
Radio Management
1
Self-Management
1
Allpanchis (Journal, Cusco, Peru, 1970- )
1
Radio Free Europe
1
Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA)
1
Word Publishing (Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea)
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Twards Migrants
1
Music as Means of Political Communication
1
Music Contests
1
Music Television Programmes
1
Radio Music
1
Rock Music
1
Songs
1
Cadwalladr, Carole (British Investigative Journalist)
1
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945)
1
Kaplún, Mario
1
Kisch, Egon Erwin (1885-1948)
1
Mihalic, Francis (SVD, 1916-2001)
1
Nair, Mira
1
Ressa, Maria
1
Colonial Photography
1
Digital Photography
1
Photographers
1
Photography: Production Skills
1
Portrait Photography
1
Selfies, Self-Portrait Photographs
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Citizenship
1
Elections
1
Governance
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Islamization
1
Polarization, Political Polarization
1
Political Change
1
Political Doctrines
1
Conservatism
1
Imperialism
1
Political Extremism
1
Political Influence
1
Political Opposition
1
Political Socialisation
1
Political Systems
1
Democratization
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Hybrid Political Systems
1
Political Transition
1
Personal Safety
1
State
1
Public Administration
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Public Opinion Manipulation
1
Alternative Public Spheres
1
Jeune Afrique (News Magazine)
1
Special-Interest Magazines
1
Local Newspapers
1
El Comercio (Newspaper, Peru)
1
El Espectador (Newspaper, Colombia)
1
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
1
Periodicals
1
Scholarly Journals
1
Radio Production
1
Television Production
1
Decision Making
1
Project Experiences
1
Cultural Radio Programmes
1
Radio Documentaries
1
Radio Networks
1
Bush Radio (Cape Town, South Africa)
1
KKCR (Kagadi Kibaale Community Radio) (Uganda)
1
Kovsie FM (Bloemfontein, South Africa)
1
Munghana Lonene FM (Radio Station, South Africa)
1
Radio Ada (Ghana)
1
Radio Elshinta (Jakarta, Indonesia)
1
Radio Islam (South Africa)
1
Radio Liberty
1
Radio Maputaland (Jozini, South Africa)
1
Radio Riverside (Khara Hais District, South Africa)
1
Radio Zibonele, Khayelitsha, South Africa>
1
Urban Radios
1
Reception, Effects & Psychology of Media
1
Cultivation Theories
1
Digital Media Reception
1
Group Reception, Community Reception
1
Influence of Media on Religious Meaning, Practice & Values
1
Parasocial Interaction
1
Oppression
1
Partnership
1
Social Behaviour
1
Social Participation
1
Cognitive & Mental Development
1
Ideologies
1
Creativity
1
Imagination
1
Sorrow
1
Spiral of Silence Theory
1
Afterlife, Immortality, Resurrection: Media Representation
1
COVID-19 Pandemic & Religion
1
God
1
Hinduism
1
Islamophobia
1
Mythology
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Religion
1
Religion in Entertainment Programmes (Religiotainment)
1
Religious Communication Research
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Religious Practice
1
Religious Press
1
Religious Social Work
1
Religious Sociology
1
Spirituality
1
Symbols: Religious
1
Applied Communication Research
1
Communication Research Design
1
Analysis
1
Formative Research
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Political Indicators
1
Social Indicators
1
Low-Budget Research
1
Observation (Research Method)
1
Participatory Observation (Research Method)
1
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
1
Research Report Writing
1
Phone-Based Surveys
1
Rural Issues: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Government Crimes
1
Afrodescendants
1
Apartheid
1
Copts
1
Ethnocentrism
1
Imazighen (Ethnic Group, Morocco)
1
Indigenism
1
Kurds (Ethnic Group)
1
Fertility
1
Social Control
1
Social Policies
1
Social Sciences Research
1
Castes
1
Class Consciousness
1
Middle Classes
1
Stigmatization
1
Alternative Technologies
1
Loudspeakers, Public Address Systems (PA)
1
Paper & Paper Production
1
Radio Sets, Radio Receivers
1
Satellite Communication & Information Services
1
GIS, Geospatial Services
1
Television Sets
1
Telecommunications
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Telefax, Telegrams, Telex, Telegraphy
1
Pay TV, Pay Television
1
RT (Russian International Broadcaster, formerly Russia Today)
1
TVE (Spain)
1
Television Games
1
Television Magazines
1
Television Programmes, Specific
1
Testimonial Television Programmes
1
University Television
1
Housing: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Urban Areas
1
Audio Slide Shows, Sound Image Shows
1
Colours
1
Infographics & Data Visualization
1
Youth Languages
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
 Download  (0)
 Add to my commbox

Big Issue North: Impact Report 2015

Big Issue in the North (2015), 11 pp.
 Download  (0)
 Add to my commbox

Word on the Street: Examining What Characteristics of a Street Paper and its Host City Best Contribute to Success

Nicole Gorny
Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Honors Program Capstone Projects (2015), x, 88 pp.
 Download  (0)
 Add to my commbox

Contextos de encierro, contextos de derechos: Guía para periodistas, comunicadores y comunicadoras

Tatiana Hirano, María Cianci, Natalia Zapata, Florencia Pérez Lalli, Fabiana Vezzali
São Paulo: Campaña Latinoamericana por el Derecho a la Educación (CLADE);Asociación Latinoamericana de Educación Radiofónica (ALER);GESEC (2015), 69 pp.
 External Link  (8)
 Add to my commbox

Media Use in Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG);Gallup (2015), 40 slides
"Key Takeaways: Iraq is divided and in transition. You cannot have an actionable understanding of media habits without analyzing specific "target" audiences. All media platforms matter, depending on the audience." (Slide 33)
 External Link  (16)
 Google Scholar  (12)
 WorldCat  (11)
 Add to my commbox

Women as Radio Audiences in Africa

Tanja Bosch
In: The Routledge Companion to Media and Gender
Cynthia Carter; Linda Steiner; Lisa McLaughlin (eds.)
London; New York: Routledge (2015), pp. 514-522
 External Link  (10)
 Add to my commbox

De l’utilisation des médias au Mali

Berlin; Bamako: Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT);Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2015), 89 pp.
"En février et en mars 2015 Media in Transition and Cooperation (MiCT) et la Fondation Friedrich Ebert à Bamako (FES) en coopération avec l’Institut d’Economie rurale malien ont procédé à une analyse de l’usage des médias à Bamako et dans sept chefs-lieux régionaux ainsi que dans troi ... more
 Download  (0)
 Add to my commbox

A cidadania participativa no rádio: Estudo de caso em uma escola municipal

Vanessa Angelica Balestrin, Maria Teresa Trevisol, Monica Piccione Gomes Rios
Org & Demo (Marília), volume 16, issue 1 (2015), pp. 89-108
"The trade publishing sector in South Africa produces books primarily in English and Afrikaans, which is not representative of the spread of languages spoken in the country. In particular, there are very few books published for general readers in the local African languages. The Indigenous Language ... more
 External Link  (11)
 Add to my commbox

Trapped in a Propaganda War. Abandoned. Frustrated. Stigmatized: Understanding Information and Communication Needs Among IDPs in Eastern Ukraine

Jacobo Quintanilla, Oksana Parafeniuk, Vitaliy Moroz
Arcata, Calif.; Washington, DC: Internews (2015), 20 pp.
"As information among internally displaced people (IDPs) spreads mostly through word-of-mouth and social media, rumors and misinformation are rife. Citizens in eastern Ukraine have low trust in traditional media, and Ukrainian TV is largely not perceived as a credible source of information. IDPs do ... more
 External Link  (7)
 Google Scholar  (7)
 WorldCat  (7)
 Add to my commbox

Kenya Decides: Kiswahili, Social Media and Politics in Kenya’s 2013 General Elections

Natascha Bing
Journal of African Media Studies, volume 7, issue 2 (2015), pp. 165-183
"In contrast to most recent studies focusing on how ICT and new media were catalysts for the 2007/08 post-election violence, this article will shed light on the role of Kiswahili and social media in the process of fostering participation in the 2013 general election campaigns. It takes a closer look ... more
 External Link  (11)
 Google Scholar  (11)
 WorldCat  (11)
 Add to my commbox

From Public Service Broadcaster to Development Actor: Deutsche Welle and the (con)quest of African Female Audiences

Eva Polonska-Kimunguyi
Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies, volume 29, issue 3 (2015), pp. 382-399
"This article examines German public service broadcasting and its message for African female audiences. It situates the activities of Deutsche Welle (DW) within public diplomacy theory and analyses the content of DW's Learning by Ear series, which is geared towards young African women. The article i ... more
 Download  (0)
 Add to my commbox

Bases para el Desarrollo Regulatorio de la Comunicación Indígena en México

Erick Huerta Velazquez
México, DF: Redes por la Diversidad, Equidad y Sustentabilidad (2015), 10 pp.
 Download  (1)
 Add to my commbox

Making Waves Behind Bars: The Story of the Prison Radio Association

Charlotte Bedford
Bristol: University of Adelaide, Doctoral Thesis (2015), 318 pp.
"Prison radio is a particularly valuable contribution to the investigation of opportunities for social activism and the potential of radio for social change, able to support prisoners through their sentences and contribute to reducing re-offending. This study is the first to document the growth of U ... more
 Download  (1)
 Add to my commbox

Flucht, Migration und Asyl im Film: Arbeitshilfe mit Filmbeispielen, didaktischen Tipps, Lehrplanbezügen und theoretischen Anregungen zum Thema

Matthias Ganter et al.
Köln: Medienzentrale des Erzbistums Köln (2015), 58 pp.
 External Link  (9)
 Google Scholar  (10)
 WorldCat  (8)
 Add to my commbox

The Poverty of Television: The Mediation of Suffering in Class-Divided Philippines

Jonathan Corpus Ong
London: Anthem Press (2015), 226 pp.
"Based on an extensive ethnographic study of television and audiences in class-divided Philippines, this is the first book to take a bottom-up approach in considering how people respond to images and narratives of suffering and poverty on television. Arguing for an anthropological ethics of media, t ... more
 Download  (1)
 Add to my commbox

Monitoreo de la información de pueblos indígenas

Ciudad de Guatemala: Centro de Reportes Informativos sobre Guatemala (CERIGUA) (2015), 158 pp.
"El número total de notas publicadas en cinco medios escritos fue de 572, cantidad poco relevante si se considera que fueron 51 ejes monitoreados en 11 meses [...] El conteo final reporta que el eje de sucesos fue el que más publicaciones tuvo, con 100. Esto deja claro, como ha sido común en moni ... more
 External Link  (13)
 Google Scholar  (11)
 WorldCat  (12)
 Add to my commbox

Disasters and Information Source Repertoires: Information Seeking and Information Sufficiency in Postearthquake Haiti

Erich Sommerfeldt
Journal of Applied Communication Research, volume 43, issue 1 (2015), pp. 1-22
"This study examines how Haitians used “information source repertoires” to meet information insufficiencies following the 2010 earthquake. Using survey data gained in Haiti, the study explores which demographic and structural factors predicted the number of sources used and combinations of infor ... more
 External Link  (12)
 Google Scholar  (10)
 WorldCat  (10)
 Add to my commbox

Reappraising Indigenous African Communication Systems in the Twenty-First Century: New Uses for Ancient Media

nnaEmeka Meribe
Journal of African Media Studies, volume 7, issue 2 (2015), pp. 203-216
"In Africa, rural people rarely have access to mainstream communication systems and their exposure to them is highly limited by several issues. However, they tend to attach much significance to their indigenous communication systems, indicating that the systems are still relevant today and are, ther ... more
 External Link  (16)
 Google Scholar  (15)
 WorldCat  (13)
 Add to my commbox

Media, Anthropology and Public Engagement

Sarah Pink, Simone Abram (eds.)
New York: Berghahn (2015), vi, 228 pp.
"Contemporary anthropology is done in a world where social and digital media are playing an increasingly significant role, where anthropological and arts practices are often intertwined in museum and public intervention contexts, and where anthropologists are encouraged to engage with mass media. Be ... more
 External Link  (12)
 Google Scholar  (12)
 WorldCat  (12)
 Add to my commbox

The Making of the Pentecostal Melodrama: Religion, Media and Gender in Kinshasa

Katrien Pype
New York: Berghahn, paperback ed. (2015), xvii, 331 pp.
"How religion, gender, and urban sociality are expressed in and mediated via television drama in Kinshasa is the focus of this ethnographic study. Influenced by Nigerian films and intimately related to the emergence of a charismatic Christian scene, these teleserials integrate melodrama, conversion ... more
 External Link  (8)
 Google Scholar  (7)
 WorldCat  (7)
 Add to my commbox

Between Legitimacy and Political Efficacy: Feminist Counter-Publics and the Internet in China

Iam-Chong Ip, Oi-Wan Lam
In: The Routledge Companion to Media and Gender
Cynthia Carter; Linda Steiner; Lisa McLaughlin (eds.)
London; New York: Routledge (2015), pp. 245-256