"In a general climate where facts and misinformation blur, and are intentionally blurred, this book asks what determines whether people accept and share (mis)information, and what can be done to counter misinformation? All three of these aspects need to be understood in the context of online social
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networks, which have fundamentally changed the way information is produced, consumed, and transmitted. The contributions within this volume summarize the most up-to-date empirical findings, theories, and applications and discuss cutting-edge ideas and future directions of interventions to counter fake news." (Publisher description)
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"Eine Auswahl der Test-Ergebnisse im Überblick:
1) Unterschiede zwischen Desinformation, Information, Werbung und Meinung wer den zum Teil nur schwer erkannt [...]
2) Ob eine Quelle vertrauenswürdig ist, wird oft richtig eingeschätzt. Interessens konflikte werden seltener erkannt [...]
3) Kennzei
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chnungsstrategien von Social-Media-Plattformen zu Desinformationen bisher kaum wirksam [...]
4) Menschen zweifeln an Unabhängigkeit des Journalismus von der Politik [...]
5) Knapp die Hälfte besteht den Test, nur 22 % der Befragten erreichen insgesamt hohe Kompetenzwerte [...]
6) Jüngere Generationen kompetenter als Ältere – allerdings abhängig vom Bildungsabschluss [...]
7) Digitale Nachrichtenkompetenz hängt auch mit demokratischer Grundhaltung zusammen [...]
8) Besonders bei AfD-Anhänger:innen digitale Nachrichtenkompetenz niedrig [...]
Zusammenfassung: Die Gesamtauswertung der Daten zeigt: Internetnutzer:innen verfügen bereits über einige Grundkenntnisse, um nachrichtenkompetent durch ein für viele Menschen vergleichsweise neues Medienumfeld zu navigieren. So konnte beispielsweise mehr als die Hälfte der Befragten erkennen, wenn eine Quelle nicht neutral oder nicht ver trauenswürdig ist. Und den Meisten war klar, dass man ein unbekanntes Video nicht ungesehen weiterleiten sollte. Überhaupt zeigten die Test-Teilnehmer:innen ein gro ßes Interesse daran, akkurate Informationen zu teilen bzw. Falschnachrichten nicht selbst zu verbreiten. Doch all das sollte nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass die Befragten insgesamt in fast allen Kompetenz-Bereichen überwiegend mittelmäßig bis schlecht abgeschnit ten haben und es oft an ganz konkreten Kenntnissen und Fähigkeiten fehlt. Insofern sind die Ergebnisse dieser Erhebung auch kritisch, weil sie zeigen, dass Bürger:in nen viel zu lange damit allein gelassen wurden, sich in immer komplexeren Medien umgebungen selbst zurecht zu finden." ((Executive Summary, Seiten 4-7)
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"The pandemic marks a new technological milestone in audiences’ media usage and habits, one that has thus far been both positive – through the interconnectedness and agency – and negative – because of a lack of access for some – for cultural diversity and intercultural relations. The adopt
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ion of mobile internet skyrocketed in the region, and some countries, particularly Egypt and Saudi Arabia, have ranked among the countries with the highest penetration rates globally for platforms such as Facebook and YouTube." (Page 1)
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"Digital technologies have enabled the spread of all kinds of information, displacing traditional formats of usually more carefully curated information such as encyclopaedias and newspapers. The massive information flow of the digital era demands that readers be able to distinguish between fact and
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opinion. Readers must learn strategies to detect biased information and malicious content like fake news and phishing emails. What the PISA 21st-Century readers report reveals is that students’ access to digital technologies and training on how to use them greatly vary between countries and students’ socio-economic profiles. This report explores how 15-year-old students are developing reading skills to navigate the technology-rich 21st century. It sheds light on potential ways to strengthen students’ capacity to navigate the new world of information. It highlights how countries need to redouble their efforts to combat emerging digital divides. It also explores what teachers can do to help students navigate ambiguity and manage complexity." (Publisher description)
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"Digitale Technologien sind wichtige Hebel zur Erreichung der Globalen Ziele für nachhal tige Entwicklung. Die Digitali sierung betrifft die drei Dimen sionen Soziales, Umwelt und Wirtschaft der Agenda 2030 gleichermaßen. Österreichs Freiwilliger Nationaler Bericht zur Umsetzung der Nachhalti gen
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Entwicklungsziele be handelt daher Digitalisierung als Schwerpunktthema. Im Sinn des Ansatzes Leaving No One Behind gilt es, die digi tale Kluft zu überwinden – geografisch sowie zwischen den Geschlechtern und Gene rationen. Österreich fördert etwa die Erschließung des Potenzials der digitalen Wirt schaft für Afrika, zum Beispiel über die African-Austrian SME Investment Facility, die Investi tionen in Afrika unterstützt." (Digitalisierung im Brennpunkt, Seite 8)
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"Jeder von uns hinterlässt Datenspuren, beim Surfen, Onlineshopping und in den Social Media. Es sind der Staat, die Wirtschaft, aber auch Kriminelle, die Zugang zu diesen Daten haben oder sich zu verschaffen wissen. Dieser Sachverhalt hat große Bedeutung für den Einzelnen, aber auch für die demo
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kratische Gesellschaft, die es zu verstehen gilt. Barbara Wiesner stellt Aspekte der Verarbeitung von privaten Daten vor, die Laien selten bekannt sind. Dabei orientiert sie sich an Zitaten von Persönlichkeiten aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik und regt dazu an, sich eine eigene Meinung zu bilden. So wird das Thema Privatheit vor dem Hintergrund vielfältiger digitaler Datenkanäle ausgeleuchtet." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is intended to teach all users of development data how to handle data effectively, efficiently, and ethically. An empirical revolution has changed the face of development research over the last decade. Increasingly, researchers are
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working not just with complex data, but with original data—data sets collected by the research team itself or acquired through a unique agreement with a project partner. Research teams must carefully document how original data are created, handled, and analyzed. These tasks now contribute as much weight to the quality of the evidence as the research design and the statistical approaches do. At the same time, empirical research projects are expanding in scope and scale: more people are working on the same data over longer time frames. For that reason, the central premise of this book is that data work is a “social process,” which means that the many people on a team need to have the same ideas about what is to be done, when, where, and by whom so that they can collaborate effectively on a large, long-term research project." (Introduction)
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"This guide is for teams or managers involved in considering or building “civic technology”, i.e., technology that helps people engage government more effectively. It is the distillation of my four years spent building Grassroot, a civic tech platform in South Africa. The guide is focused on the
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practical. I have chosen the topics by reflecting on what people have asked for advice on over the years; on what I wish I knew when I started, or on what early advice to me was most valuable; and on some of the things that went wrong along the way. Since software provides in itself no guardrails against building what should not be built, an organization or leadership team needs to develop its own precautions. But that is very hard when all around you people are pretending to build cool new apps and one article after another is talking breathlessly about supposed “technology for good”. As proof of these forces, we can observe that for half a decade one research report after another has pointed to the limited effect (if any) of well-intentioned but insufficiently rigorous technology projects (“let’s build an app”). And despite all of that research, the apps keep being built. That brings you to my motivation for writing this guide. I believe that technology can help ordinary people build power and make the state more accountable and responsive. I believe that, when targeted at the right problem at the right time, it can make an enormous difference. I’ve also seen close-up how the forces of contemporary thought, funding and status will push you towards building what should not be built, with teams who don’t know how to build it. You’ll notice the tone isn’t typical of academic how-to guides—my approach is to describe the process honestly and realistically, with hopes that it will give people a better sense of what “building an app” entails, and how they can do it well, or (better yet) not do it in the first place." (Preface)
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"This report provides an overview of trends and developments in information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, access and use in the ITU Arab States region, which includes 21 Member States plus the State of Palestine under Resolution 99 (Rev. Dubai, 2018), and is home to a population
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of 423 million people. The report highlights changes in ICT adoption since the last World Telecommunication Development Conference in 2017 (WTDC-17) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, tracks the evolution of regulation and reviews progress and challenges in implementing the ITU regional initiatives for the Arab States. Its objective is to serve as a reference for the ITU membership in reviewing progress and identifying ICT development priorities in the Arab States region." (Abstract)
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"Of the eight countries surveyed here, only four have comprehensive data protection privacy acts in place: Kenya, South Africa, Togo and Uganda. But as these research reports suggest, this is not necessarily a strong indicator of whether a country is committed to privacy rights, or of the efficacy o
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f a country’s legislative environment in ensuring the right to privacy and data protection. Instead, reading across the reports, what can be described as an asymmetry between legislation and practice is evident at different levels. This asymmetry can be political – for example, Togo, an effective constitutional dictatorship marked by fierce government crackdowns on opposition and recent reports of surveillance of religious and political leaders, enacted a data protection law in 2019, and is one of the few countries in Africa to have ratified the African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (Malabo Convention). Yet, as the country author suggests, “This interest [by policy makers in digital rights] is not necessarily to protect the citizens but rather out of concern to adapt state policies to the global digital situation.” This asymmetry also concerns the regulatory framework for the implementation of a data protection act. Amongst the countries surveyed here, South Africa was the first to pass a protection of personal information act (in 2013), but still has not implemented the necessary regulations to give practical force to the law. In contrast, while Nigeria’s privacy law is still in draft form, it already has what the country author describes as “watershed” privacy regulations." (Introduction, page 5)
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"This report provides an overview of trends and developments in ICT infrastructure, access and use in Africa, which includes 44 member states and is home to a population of 1.04 billion people. The report highlights changes in ICT adoption since the last World Telecommunication Development Conferenc
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e in 2017 (WTDC-17) and during the COVID-19 pandemic, tracks the evolution of regulation, and reviews progress and challenges in implementing the ITU regional initiatives for Africa. Its objective is to serve as a reference for the ITU membership in reviewing progress and identifying ICT development priorities in Africa." (Abstract)
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"This report outlines the relevance of gender norms to cybersecurity. It draws on existing research, supplemented by stakeholder and expert interviews, to assess gender-based differences in the social roles and interaction of women, men and non-binary people of all ages reflected in the distribution
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of power (e.g. influence over policy decisions and corporate governance), access to resources (e.g. equitable access to education, wages or privacy protections), and construction of gender norms and roles (e.g. assumptions regarding victims and perpetrators of cyber-facilitated violence)." (Executive summary)
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"The module aims to: 1. Clarify the concept of information security, privacy and related concepts; 2. Describe threats to information security and how they can be addressed; 3. Discuss the requirements for the establishment and implementation of policy on information security, as well as the life cy
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cle of information security policy; and 4. Provide an overview of standards of information security and privacy protection that are used by some countries and international information security organizations." (Module objectives, page iv)
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"Although internet penetration rate in Israel stands at 88%, internet infrastructure, and notably the roll-out of fiber-optics, was not properly regulated until December 2020. Therefore, among other things, Israel’s internet speed was in decline in comparison to OECD countries, although it is expe
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cted to rise in mid-2021. Moreover, frequencies for 5G network deployment have been allocated only as late as August 2020, in significant delay compared to technologically progressed countries. Following global trends, Israelis draw on different technological means to use the internet, and especially to consume media. While fixed telephony demand is in decline, smartphones took over the market with 88% of smartphone ownership. Israel records a specific digital divide among marginalized groups like the Arab population and ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) Jews. Together with the 65+ age group, these three main sectors are susceptible to be affected by digital illiteracy.
The international technology conglomerates that control the Israeli market are Facebook (with its daughter company WhatsApp) in the field of messaging applications and social media, and Google Chrome browser, while the operating system (OS) market is dominated by Microsoft (on desktop) and Google (Android on mobile). The four main Israeli groups operating in the communications market are: Bezeq, HOT, Cellcom and Partner. They are all active in five telecom segments and market them in bundle packages for relatively low prices: cellular, fixed (telephony and internet) infrastructure, internet providing, international calls and multichannel TV. This highly saturated and competitive market has damaged the revenues and future incentives of these companies to invest in cutting-edge infrastructure.
Israelis get most of their political information from online news sites. Some 76% of the public in Israel consume news content on social media at least once a day (40% of Jews and 66% of Arabs). The leading social media platforms are YouTube, Facebook and Twitter; they make a central source for the dissemination of politics, and have significant power in shaping public opinion. Nevertheless, “fake news” is also circulating fast and efficiently on these platforms, making disinformation a troubling phenomenon for Israeli society. Few journalistic initiatives took upon themselves the responsibility for public fact-checking. Traditional media struggles with fragile financial sustainability and business models. Given the populist effect that fake news has on consumers and, consequentially, on revenues, it is risky to rely on traditional media solely, in this matter." (Page 4)
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"YouTube is the second-most visited website in the world, and its algorithm drives 70% of watch time on the platform—an estimated 700 million hours every single day. For years, that recommendation algorithm has helped spread health misinformation, political disinformation, hateful diatribes, and o
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ther regrettable content to people around the globe. YouTube’s enormous influence means these films reach a huge audience, having a deep impact on countless lives, from radicalization to polarization [...] 37,380 YouTube users stepped up as YouTube watch dogs, volunteering data about the regrettable experiences they have on YouTube for Mozilla researchers to carefully analyze. As a result, Mozilla gained insight into a pool of YouTube's tightly-held data in the largest-ever crowdsourced investigation into YouTube's algorithm. Collectively, these volunteers flagged 3,362 regrettable videos, coming from 91 countries, between July 2020 and May 2021. This report highlights what we learned from our RegretsReporter research. Specifically, we uncovered three main findings: 1. YouTube Regrets are disparate and disturbing. Our volunteers reported everything from Covid fear-mongering to political misinformation to wildly inappropriate "children's" cartoons. The most frequent Regret categories are misinformation, violent or graphic content, hate speech, and spam/scams. 2. The algorithm is the problem. 71% of all Regret reports came from videos recommended to our volunteers by YouTube's automatic recommendation system. Further, recommended videos were 40% more likely to be reported by our volunteers than videos that they searched for. And in several cases, YouTube recommended videos that actually violate their own Community Guidelines and/or were unrelated to previous videos watched. 3. Non-English speakers are hit the hardest. The rate of YouTube Regrets is 60% higher in countries that do not have English as a primary language (with Brazil, Germany and France being particularly high), and pandemic-related Regrets were especially prevalent in non-English languages." (Executive summary)
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"Beim so genannten „Scoring“ wird einer Person mithilfe algorithmischer Verfahren ein Zahlenwert zugeordnet, um ihr Verhalten zu bewerten und zu beeinflussen. „Super-Scoring“-Praktiken gehen noch weiter und führen Punktesysteme und Skalen aus unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen zusammen, wie
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etwa Bonität, Gesundheitsverhalten oder Lernleistungen. Diese Ver-fahren könnten sich zu einem neuen und übergreifenden Governance-Prinzip in der digitalen Gesellschaft entwickeln. Ein besonders prominentes Beispiel ist das Social Credit System in China. Aber auch in westlichen Gesellschaften gewinnen Scoring-Praktiken und digitale Soziometrien an Bedeutung. Dieser Open Access Band stellt aktuelle Beispiele von datengetriebenen sozialen Steuerungs-prozessen aus verschiedenen Ländern vor, diskutiert ihre normativen Grundlagen und gesell-schaftspolitischen Auswirkungen und gibt erste bildungspolitische Empfehlungen. Wie ist der aktuelle Stand einschlägiger Praktiken in China und in westlichen Gesellschaften? Wie sind die individuellen und sozialen Folgen zu bewerten? Wie wandelt sich das Bild vom Menschen und wie sollte bereits heute die politische und aufklärerische Bildung darauf reagieren?" (Buchrückseite)
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"Wer ein Wiki erforschen will, muss sich ein passendes Forschungsdesign aufbauen. Wer den Umgang mit Wikis unterrichten will, braucht ein Curriculum mit den einzelnen Arbeitsschritten. Wer ein Wiki unterstützen oder im Unternehmen einsetzen will, erstellt einen Arbeitsplan mit geeigneten Förderma
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nahmen. Für diese Tätigkeiten braucht man nicht nur die Kenntnis, wie man forscht, unterrichtet oder fördert, sondern auch eine theoretische Grundlage zu Wikis als Ausgangspunkt für eigene Überlegungen. Im Gespräch mit vielen verschiedenen Menschen, die mit Wikis umgehen, aber auch für mich selbst habe ich festgestellt, dass diese Grundlage noch ausbaufähig ist. Das vorliegende Buch versucht daher eine Synthese oder zumindest eine Synopse, also eine Zusammenschau, als Beitrag zu einem Forschungsgebiet Wikis und die Wikipedia. Wichtige Leitfragen auf diesem Weg lauten: Welches sind die Eigengesetzlichkeiten, die Stärken und Schwächen von Wikis? Wie ist Zusammenarbeit möglich, ohne dass Blockaden entstehen? Wer stellt die Regeln auf, wer handhabt sie? Wie wird die Qualität des Inhaltes gesteigert? Gibt es Inhalte, die sich für ein Wiki mehr eignen als andere? Wann kann man von einem konkreten Wiki sagen, dass es erfolgreich sei? (Für wen und wozu dieses Buch? Seiten 10-11)
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