"Privacy scholarship has shown how norms of appropriate information flow and information regulatory processes vary according to environment, which change as the environment changes, including through the introduction of new technologies. This paper describes findings from a qualitative research stud
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y that examines practices and perceptions of privacy in Cambodia as the population rapidly moves into an online environment (specifically Facebook, the most popular Internet tool in Cambodia today). We empirically demonstrate how the concept of privacy differs across cultures and show how the Facebook platform, as it becomes popular worldwide, catalyzes change in norms of information regulation. We discuss how the localization of transnational technology platforms provides a key site in which to investigate changing cultural ideas about privacy, and to discover misalignments between different expectations for information flow. Finally, we explore ways that insufficient localization effort by transnational technology companies puts some of the most marginalized users at disproportionate information disclosure risk when using new Internet tools, and offer some pragmatic suggestions for how such companies could improve privacy tools for users who are far -geographically or culturally - from where the tools are designed." (Abstract)
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"Make-IT started as a "laboratory" for new types of partnerships between development organisations, business, finance and entrepreneurs. After 2 years of implementation experience, we can proudly say that we have successfully combined the strengths of the public and private sectors to promote digita
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l innovation for sustainable and inclusive development. This impact report aims to highlight some of these results. GIZ implements Make-IT on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), together with more than 30 corporate and financing partners, social enterprises, hubs and networks. Meet them in chapter one! In its first two years, Make-IT focused on Kenya and Nigeria. In 2019, we expanded to Ghana and Tunisia, and Rwanda will follow. So far, Make-IT has supported tech entrepreneurs from 18 African countries. One of our first significant activities was the joint "Make-IT Accelerator" with business partners from the Make-IT Alliance. Building on this, we launched further programmes to improve the international visibility and credibility of African tech entrepreneurs, to catalyse partnerships with financing partners and to strengthen peer-to-peer learning and mentoring. These measures reached more than 400 tech entrepreneurs on the continent, 148 of whom have entered Make-IT’s highly selective start-up pipeline. Meet them in chapter two! Through our cooperation with national partners, we support African governments in establishing future-oriented institutional frameworks for digital entrepreneurship. Policy dialogues, better access to markets and finance, as well as capacity development for intermediaries in the ecosystems, such as hubs, mentors and public support organisations, help strengthen enabling environments for young entrepreneurs in the digital sector. You can find an overview in chapter three! We will continue to form partnerships and share methodologies for thriving tech entrepreneurship ecosystems in Africa. Find out how to collaborate with us in chapter four!" (Editorial)
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"Artificial intelligence (AI) is now receiving unprecedented global attention as it finds widespread practical application in multiple spheres of activity. But what are the human rights, social justice and development implications of AI when used in areas such as health, education and social service
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s, or in building “smart cities”? How does algorithmic decision making impact on marginalised people and the poor? This edition of Global Information Society Watch (GISWatch) provides a perspective from the global South on the application of AI to our everyday lives. It includes 40 country reports from countries as diverse as Benin, Argentina, India, Russia and Ukraine, as well as three regional reports. These are framed by eight thematic reports dealing with topics such as data governance, food sovereignty, AI in the workplace, and so-called “killer robots”. While pointing to the positive use of AI to enable rights in ways that were not easily possible before, this edition of GISWatch highlights the real threats that we need to pay attention to if we are going to build an AI-embedded future that enables human dignity." (Back cover)
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"Nearly 250 million people live in Indonesia. More than 80 percent of them have no access to the Internet. Access to broadband has the potential to transform individual lives, local communities, and entire nations. The last decade has seen exponential growth in Internet connectivity. Information and
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communication technologies, especially high-speed broadband Internet connections, have the potential to catalyze development in ways the world has never before seen. Getting broadband to urban centers and rural villages spread across tens of thousands of islands proved challenging because of multiple challenges including technology, funding, and existing policies. This spurred a partnership between the Government of Indonesia and USAID’s Global Broadband and Innovations (GBI) Alliance implementing partners NetHope and Integra Government Systems International LLC (Integra). The partnership addressed national policies that affected broadband rollout, tested ways to increase access in rural communities, and supported applications that could improve lives once reliable and affordable Internet connectivity was established." (Page 3)
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"While global youth is often referred to as a fairly homogeneous generation of digital natives, data drawn from a survey in Jordan, Moldova, and Uganda suggests that this is not the case. Based on an instrument for measuring digital and news literacy, this paper presents a typology of five personae:
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The MIL Novice, the MIL Intermediate, the MIL Veteran, the Digital Literacy Veteran and the News Literacy Veteran. The descriptions of these five types of media users can be employed as prototypes when developing Media and Information Literacy (MIL) programs and materials for 15 to 35-year-olds." (Executive summary)
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"Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, mit welchen Mitteln der ursprüngliche emanzipatorische Anspruch der erhofften neuen Freiräume mit Hilfe digitaler Instrumente eingelöst werden kann. Es werden digitale Plattformen für Projekte der Auswärtigen Kultur- und Bildungspolitik (AKBP) analysiert sowi
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e neueste noch in der Entwicklung befindliche dezentrale Technologien aufgezeigt, die für negative Entwicklungen des Netzes neue Lösungen anbieten." (Seite 6)
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"Kenya has experienced a cycle of political violence following a series of controversial elections that have centred on ethnic competition, leading to human rights abuses, deaths, destruction of property and a downward economic spiral. At the core of election violence, witnessed in 2007/8 and in 201
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7, is the positive and negative role of social media as used by both citizens and politicians. Political competition driven through ethnic belonging, ethno-political extremism and hate speech on social media platforms has taken centre stage. This paper concludes that while social media is being exploited in a way that contributes to violence, social media is also contributing to peacebuilding. The paper calls for a multistakeholder collaborative approach to education and sensitisation programmes on the positive use of social media for democratic consolidation." (Introduction)
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"This guide categorises data-driven campaigning methods to loosely reflect how value is created along the data pipeline, from acquisition (asset), to analysis (intelligence) to application (influence)." (Page 3)
"In chapters examining a broad range of issues - including sexuality, politics, education, race, gender relations, the environment and social protest movements - Digitized Lives argues that making sense of digitized culture means looking past the glossy surface of techno gear to ask deeper questions
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about how we can utilize technology to create a more socially, politically and economically just world. This second edition includes important updates on mobile and social media, examining how new platforms and devices have altered how we interact with digital technologies in an allegedly 'post-truth' era." (Publisher description)
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"The paper seeks to identify the factors that motivate a person who champions ICT4D initiatives. Given the important contributions of ICT4D champions to initiative success, better understanding of their motivations holds the potential to identify, develop and deploy such individuals more effectively
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, harnessing their potential positive contributions to ICT4D initiative success. A multiple case study strategy is used to explore the motivational factors of three successful ICT4D champions in the South African context. The Work Preference Inventory (WPI) of personal motivations was used to design in-depth interviews with the champions and semistructured interviews with 29 other stakeholders. It found ICT4D champions are motivated by the need for personal actualization, business success and to address social concerns – origins of these motives could be traced to various internal and environmental stimuli. Practical implications drawn from the research are that profiling of stakeholder motivations in an ICT4D initiative is feasible and that organizations can use such information to create a conducive environment for grooming and empower new and existing champions to function more effectively. This first investigation of ICT4D champion motivations shows its importance and the potential thereof towards improving initiative success and emphasizes the need for further research of this nature." (Abstract)
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"Before reaching a conclusive answer on the potential of blockchain for development purposes, we believe it is worthwhile to implement a number of proofs-of-concept and pilot projects for the most promising use cases. These will not only help us determine the practical benefits of distributed ledger
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technologies (DLT) and acquire much-needed implementation know-how, but also pave the way for successful scaling efforts. With this in mind, we developed this publication as guidance for practitioners from government, the private sector and actors from international cooperation and development. We are aware that no onesize-fits-all approach exists, and in many cases individual evaluations will be needed, taking into account both the specific context of application and the increasing convergence of blockchain with other technologies such as sensor networks, Artificial Intelligence, fintech applications and cloud computing.
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"Based on an analysis of the use of AI-driven tools in the light of Article 10 EHCR, this report highlights a number of points for attention and the need for further initiatives. In particular, we signal that:
- There is an important role for member States to ensure that access to innovative technol
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ogies, training data, digital skills and education in the use of new data-driven means of producing and distributing news is also open to smaller, local players. This is important also in the light of the growing competition with new media players, such as internet intermediaries, and the need to protect and promote diverse media markets.
- While the use of AI-driven tools in the media is in principle covered by Article 10 ECHR, the protection afforded under Article 10 ECHR also comes with specific duties and responsibilities for the media. In particular, we signal the need to and make concrete proposals for the development of professional algorithmic ethics regarding the question of how to promote the use of AI-driven tools in a way that is compatible with human rights and fundamental freedoms.
- In addition to the development of professional algorithmic ethics, the positive obligations of member States include the need to identify clear conditions for the responsibility and (editorial) oversight regarding automated processes, be that AI-driven recommendations in the media, media intermediaries or robot journalism, but also for creating fair conditions for the media to flourish in data-driven media markets." (Executive summary, page 3)
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"Längst hat der digitale Wandel auch die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und die Humanitäre Hilfe verändert. Das Internet bietet die Chance, die Lebensbedingungen vieler Menschen durch Zugang zu Wissen und zu neuen Möglichkeiten der politischen und ökonomischen Teilhabe zu verbessern. Auch Nichtregi
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erungsorganisationen (NRO) nutzen diese Chance bereits jetzt. Bildungs-, Ernährungs- oder Gesundheitsprojekte und viele andere Vorhaben profitieren vom Einsatz digitaler Technologien. Wie das geschieht, wollen wir mit dieser Publikation an Beispielen aus der Praxis zeigen. Nachahmung und Weiterentwicklung der hier vorgestellten Ansätze und Instrumente sind explizit erwünscht. Im Digitalisierungsdiskurs geht es aber um mehr als die rein technische Innovation. Unsere Aufgabe als Nichtregierungsorganisationen ist es deshalb auch, uns den zentralen politischen Herausforderungen einer gerechten Digitalisierung zu stellen. Denn wer bereits jetzt ökonomisch und politisch gut dasteht, hat die größten Chancen, die Digitalisierung für sich nutzen zu können. Die sogenannte digitale Kluft betrifft sehr häufig Frauen und ländliche Bevölkerungen, die einen deutlich schlechteren Zugang zu digitalen Dienstleistungen haben. Auch Gruppen, die aus ethnischen oder anderen Gründen benachteiligt werden, sind oft aufgrund fehlender oder schlechter Infrastruktur vom Zugang ausgeschlossen. Darüber hinaus begegnen uns in der Digitalwirtschaft Phänomene, die uns auch in anderen Bereichen zu schaffen machen: Monopolstellungen multinationaler Großkonzerne, ungenügende rechtliche Rahmensetzungen für Unternehmen und das Streben nach maximalen Gewinnen auf Kosten von Mensch und Umwelt. Hinzukommen Orwellsche Alpträume totaler Kontrolle und Überwachung. Neue Technologien können einen wichtigen Beitrag zu Erreichung entwicklungspolitischer Ziele leisten. Sie können Entwicklung aber auch behindern oder gar negative Folgen für die Menschen vor Ort haben. Genau deswegen ist die Auseinandersetzung mit dem digitalen Wandel und dessen Steuerung eine zunehmend bedeutende entwcklungspolitische Aufgabe für Nichtregierungsorganisationen." (Vorwort)
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"1. While gender gaps are observable in most aspects of ICT access, skills and leadership, the picture is complex. There are large regional variations: some countries are close to parity or have even reversed the gender gap on some indicators, while others still have persistent gaps. Individual coun
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tries can have both large and small gaps, depending on the indicator being measured. Interpreting the gaps requires careful and contextualised analysis.
2. Barriers to gender digital equality are generally related to one or more of the following: 1) availability of infrastructure; 2) financial constraints; 3) ICT ability and aptitude; 4) interest and perceived relevance of ICTs; 5) safety and security; and 6) socio-cultural and institutional contexts. Most of these barriers cut across issues of access, skills, and leadership, although they may manifest in slightly different ways. While research has documented these barriers, the evidence from different sources is sometimes contradictory, even within the same country contexts.
3. There is no one conclusive strategy for eliminating gender digital inequalities. Recommendations generally call either for targeting specific contributing factors of gender digital inequality (such as affordability or recruiting practices), or for reshaping deeply ingrained social norms and practices (such as gender stereotypes) that are at the root of gender inequalities. As with the evidence on barriers, research results are sometimes contradictory or nuanced.
4. The dominant approaches to gender equality in ICT access, skills, and leadership mostly frame issues in binary (male/female) terms, thereby masking the relevance of other pertinent identities. Insufficient research has been done on the implications of ICTs for intersectional identities. Data collection should move from binary sexdisaggregation towards finer degrees of status disaggregation in order to recognise multiple and interacting identities (such as sexuality, poverty, class, education, age, disability, and occupation).
5. To ensure privacy and safety as well as full participation in the digital economy, women should have equal opportunities to develop adequate basic and advanced digital skills. Cyberstalking, online harassment, image manipulation, privacy violations, geotracking, and surveillance can compromise women’s and girls’ safety both online and offline. In addition, some evidence suggests the digital transformation of labour may be widening gender wage gaps. These outcomes can be averted with the right types of training combined with social and institutional change.
6. Developments in digital technologies open new pathways to gender diversity and inclusion; however, lack of attention to gender dynamics and differences hampers the potential for true progress. For example, evidence suggests that most women’s work in the digital economy, particularly in the Global South, reinforces existing social divisions. Moreover, artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, designed largely by men, tend to ignore the negative gender implications of their designs. Research, government policy and design principles should include gender awareness and analysis, for example by building in data and privacy protections and avoiding gender stereotypes." (Key findings, page 19-20)
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"The big story in this year’s data is the accelerating growth in internet users. More than 360 million people came online for the first time during 2018, at an average rate of more than 1 million new users each day. 57 percent of the world’s population is now connected to the internet, with tren
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ds indicating that all of the original ‘Next Billion Users’ are now online. We’re spending significant amounts of time online, too. The average internet user now spends more than 6½ hours online each day, meaning that the world’s digital community will spend a combined total of more than 1.2 billion years using the internet in 2019. Social media continues to account for the greatest share of that time, and the average user spends more time on social today than they did this time last year. The number of social media users around the world has increased by more than 280 million since January 2018, but there have also been some user declines across some of the world’s top social platforms. To help you make sense of this changing social landscape, we’ve included detailed data by platform across all of our reports." (Page 3)
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"Johanna Rieß untersucht, wie sich Nutzer_innen aus drei verschiedenen Internetcafés in Nairobi/Kenia das Internet aneignen und welche Einsichten sich über dieses Medium ergeben. Erzählt wird außerdem eine ausführliche Digitalisierungsgeschichte Kenias. Dabei zeigt sich, dass gängige Annahmen
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bezüglich einer digitalen Kluft zwischen Ländern des globalen Nordens und des globalen Südens längst nicht mehr zutreffen." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"Part 1 approaches social media analytics from the point of view of media outlets’ most frequent needs. When you set out to analyze your social media activities, it can be hard to know where to start. The first part of the guide helps you to quickly find the answers you need, without having to go
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through the whole document. In part 2, we will look at some of the basics of social media analysis. We’ll explore what different social media metrics mean and which are the most important. Part 3 looks briefly at the resources you should have in place to effectively analyze your online communication. Part 4 is the main part of the guide. In this section, we are looking at Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and WhatsApp and will show you how to use free analytics tools to find out more about your communication and your audience [...] Part 5 introduces you to reporting, i.e. how you can best present your analyses to managers or advertisers. Part 6 provides guidance for trainers who want to use this guide in workshops or training. Last but not least, part 7 contains a comprehensive glossary that explains the most important technical terms related to social media analysis." (Introduction, page 6)
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