"The last 25 years have seen a small revolution in our approach to the understanding of new technology and information systems. It has become a founding assumption of computer-supported cooperative work and human–computer interaction that in the future, if not already, most computer applications w
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ill be socially embedded in the sense that they will become infrastructures (in some sense) for the development of the social practices which they are designed to support. Assuming that IT artifacts have to be understood in this sociotechnical way, traditional criteria for good design in computer science, such as performance, reliability, stability or usability, arguably need to be supplemented by methods and perspectives which illuminate the way in which technology and social practice are mutually elaborating. This book concerns the philosophy, conceptual apparatus, and methodological concerns which will inform the development of a systematic and long-term human-centered approach to the IT-product life cycle, addressing issues concerned with appropriation and infrastructuring. This entails an orientation to “practice-based computing.” The book contains a number of chapters which examine both the conceptual foundations of such an approach, and a number of empirical case studies that exemplify it." (Publisher description)
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"Im internationalen Kontext haben sich in den vergangenen Jahren zahlreiche Organisationen und Arbeitsgruppen mit dem Problem der Gütesicherung von algorithmischen Prozessen befasst. Da dieser Diskurs in Deutschland deutlich weniger entwickelt ist, bietet sich die Analyse einiger ausgewählter inte
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rnationaler Vorschläge an, um daraus Einsichten für die Erstellung eines deutschsprachigen Entwurfes abzuleiten. Für das vorliegende Papier wurden drei aktuelle Dokumente ausgewählt: das Statement on Algorithmic Transparency and Accountability des ACM US Public Policy Council, die Asilomar AI Principles des Future of Life Institute (AI: artificial intelligence) sowie die Principles for Accountable Algorithms und das Social Impact Statement for Algorithms des FAT/ML-Kollektivs. Im Folgenden werden diese drei Vorschläge für Gütekriterien beschrieben und analysiert. Dies geschieht mit Hinblick auf diese drei Dimensionen: Wer sind die Verfasser? Was sind der Entstehungshintergrund und die Ziele? (Beschreibung); Was ist der Inhalt? Was wird konkret gefordert? Wer sind die Adressaten? (Beschreibung) Was sind die Stärken des Kataloges, wo besteht Verbesserungsbedarf? (Analyse). Zuletzt werden aus den Ergebnissen übertragbare Stärken und auszugleichende Schwächen für die Erstellung eines deutschsprachigen Gütekriterienkataloges identifiziert." (Einleitung)
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"Digital Middle East sheds a critical light on continuing changes that are closely intertwined with the adoption of information and communication technologies in the MENA region. Drawing on case studies from throughout the Middle East, the contributors explore how these digital transformations are p
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laying out in the social, cultural, political, and economic spheres, exposing the various disjunctions and discordances that have marked the advent of the digital Middle East." (Publisher description)
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"The UNESCO YouthMobile Initiative leverages the widespread availability of mobile phones to empower youth through digital skills training. Young people are introduced to coding as both a resource to solve local issues and a tool to develop complex learning skills. Through YouthMobile training, stud
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ents are encouraged to develop, promote and sell their own mobile applications, as the key to ensure sustainable development. Since its launch in 2014 by the Knowledge Societies Division of UNESCO, the Initiative counts nearly 7,000 direct recipients of training in 27 countries, giving young people the skills to develop and distribute mobile apps for sustainable development."
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"In many countries, mobile operators have teamed up with social media platforms to offer free access to specific websites or internet services—including news websites. The most well-known of these offerings, Facebook’s Free Basics, has been explicitly pitched as a way to give citizens in develop
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ing countries greater access to news, but Facebook is not the only company touting these so-called “zero-rated” arrangements as a bridge across the digital divide. This report examines whether these arrangements are broadening access to diverse sources of news, as promised, and whether they might have broader consequences for the news market. Little evidence exists that zero-rating alone has been a successful strategy to grow audience reach. Technical hurdles jeopardize news media inclusion, especially for smaller outlets. Zero-rated news is a concern for fair markets and pluralism as it might strengthen the dominance of large internet platforms." (Key findings)
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"Jugendliche heute kennen kaum ein Leben ohne Social Media-Plattformen am Smartphone. Untersuchungen legen Zusammenhänge zwischen dieser Mediennutzung und psychischer Gesundheit in der Adoleszenz nahe. Es zeichnen sich positive und negative Effekte ab. Erkenntnisse aus US-amerikanischen und britisc
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hen Studien werden in diesem Beitrag mit Daten aus Deutschland angereichert und am Beispiel der Identitätskonstruktion auf der Plattform Instagram dargestellt. Diese bietet gute Möglichkeiten für kreativen Selbstausdruck, doch ihr Einfluss auf die psychosoziale Entwicklung in der Adoleszenz wird tendenziell negativ wahrgenommen. Der Beitrag schließt mit Beispielen zu kreativen Accounts, die gegenläufige Strategien der Narrativierung und Ästhetisierung anwenden." (Zusammenfassung)
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"This report maps the current landscape in respect of digital rights and online freedom of expression in East, West and Southern Africa. It looks at the trends regarding law and policy developments, as well as recent litigation, within these regions. The report focuses on 18 countries – 6 per regi
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on – and tracks the recent developments that have taken place in these countries. Part I of the report provides an overview of the litigation before the ACHPR and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court) in respect of freedom of expression. Parts II, III and IV of the report look at the trends generally in East, West and Southern Africa respectively, as well as some of the key legal and civil society actors working on digital rights and online freedom of expression, and include a snapshot of some of the notable developments – both positive and negative – that have occurred in the 18 countries under consideration in this report, as well as reflections on opportunities and challenges for vindicating digital rights within each of the countries. Lastly, Part V considers what the next possible opportunities will be for digital rights and online freedom of expression litigation in the region." (Pages 5-6)
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"An MDIF analysis of the impact of Facebook’s Q4 2017 “Explore” News Feed test showed a steep decrease in traffic for test market publishers versus traffic changes for publishers in nearby regional markets. This report will explore the impact of the Explore changes in emerging markets, discuss
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the implications for the global News Feed change announced by Facebook in Q1 2018 and provide an action plan to deal with expected traffic losses. In October 2017 Facebook announced a test in six emerging markets to create a separate feed (the Explore Feed) for public posts from media, businesses and public figures, removing these posts from the main News Feed. The experience from news media in the emerging market tests suggest that Facebook page impressions and interactions could decline by 60% or more." (Executive summary)
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"This Digital Nonprofit Skills (“DNS”) Assessment is the second white paper in a series of benchmarks established by NetHope’s Center for the Digital Nonprofit that provide insight into the opportunities and challenges for transforming the nonprofit sector. The first white paper, the Digital N
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onprofit Ability (“DNA”) Assessment, measured the general readiness of NGOs for digital transformation by surveying respondent organizations’ progress along two axes: their connectedness with beneficiary interests, and the automation of their operations. Respondents, as a whole, achieved DNA scores that clustered just below the digital threshold, indicating they were Tech-Enabled nonprofits and approaching the point at which they were ready to become Digital nonprofits. The DNA study noted that digital transformation requires investment in three areas: people, process, and technology; and that the journey toward digital transformation starts with people changing the way they work made possible by technology. The DNA identified that the people and process categories were, on average, hindering NGO digital transformation.
This second self-assessment takes the next step for participating NGOs by measuring certain details about the skills of people for future transformation efforts, focusing on six digitally-oriented aspects of how we work. To provide a broad assessment of skills, both across the sector and within organizations, the survey was taken by over 300 people from 49 nonprofits (37 of which are NetHope members) representing $20.6 billion of annual aid, covering seven job functions and six categories of humanitarian organizations, and representing every geographical region of the world except Australia. Respondents answered 18 questions in six categories which represent the structure of NetHope’s Digital Skills Framework that is based upon research into technology trends, existing frameworks, and digital skills needed for success. Respondents answered each question twice: once on behalf of their organization according to their beliefs about the organization as a whole (the organization score), and a second time answering strictly on their own behalf as they would rate themselves (the individual score).
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"A number of recent legislative initiatives on ‘hate speech’, including most prominently the 2017 German NetzDG law on social media, make reference to some forms of self-regulation. Voluntary mechanisms between digital companies and various public bodies addressing ‘hate speech’ and other is
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sues, such as the EU Code of Conduct on hate speech, also make reference to self-regulatory models. However, our analysis of these mechanisms demonstrates that they fail to comply with the requirements of international human rights law. They rely on vague and overbroad terms to identify unlawful content, they delegate censorship responsibilities to social media companies with no real consideration of the lawfulness of content, and they fail to provide due process guarantees. ARTICLE 19 therefore suggests exploring a new model of effective self-regulation for social media. This model could take the form of a dedicated “social media council” – inspired by the effective self-regulation models created to support and promote journalistic ethics and high standards in print media. We believe that effective selfregulation could offer an appropriate framework through which to address the current problems with content moderation by social media companies, including ‘hate speech’ on their platforms, providing it also meets certain conditions of independence, openness to civil society participation, accountability and effectiveness." (Executive summary)
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"Around the world diverse actors are working to develop technology that directly improves social conditions. This report refers to these types of technology as ‘social tech’. Examples of social tech include anti-corruption systems for citizens to report bribes; communications platforms for refug
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ees on the move; and systems that allow farmers to plan their next crop. The resulting report surveys how social tech is produced and used across sub-Saharan Africa, and what interventions might enrich and improve this ‘ecosystem’. Its primary focus is on information and communication technologies (ICT), though many of its lessons will apply more broadly. It also concentrates on accessible systems, in which the end user is the person who benefits, rather than on specialised systems for professionals. Commissioned by funders in the social tech sphere, the purpose of this report is to find where intervention might improve the ecosystem. We believe that addressing key weaknesses in the ecosystem can help new social tech initiatives – with powerful base-of-the-pyramid benefits – to succeed." (Executive summary)
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"While the State has been justifying network shutdowns as matters of “national interests”, it is interesting to note that the effect has been the total opposite. Interviewees in Kashmir and Darjeeling have stated that their mistrust in the Indian government has grown due to these actions. These
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sentiments must be taken seriously and addressed if the authorities’ intentions are truly to protect the autonomy of the country. Network shutdowns cannot be the knee-jerk reaction of administrations at the slightest sign of social unrest. The potential of social media and the Internet instead needs to be harnessed to address these problems. The State should define “national interest” in lucid terms so citizens and law enforcement officials are on the same page. There should be mechanisms in place to hold the State accountable when these definitions are crossed. Shutdowns exclude entire communities from fully participating in social, political, and economic self-determination. This has been especially true during the prolonged shutdown in Darjeeling in West Bengal. The shutdown left residents feeling even more isolated and excluded from the mainstream. Every step they take towards self-determination has been made more difficult, tedious, and expensive." (Conclusion, page 42)
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"1. Todos los niños uruguayos se conectaron alguna vez a internet [...] 2. El teléfono celular es el dispositivo más usado por los niños para conectarse a internet [...] 3. Los niños no son expertos en el uso de internet [...] 4. Los niños consideran que hay cosas buenas para ellos en internet
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y se imaginan a sí mismos utilizando la tecnología con diversos fines positivos en su futuro [...] 5. Los niños reconocen sus dificultades para regular el uso de internet, pero sobre todo señalan la dificultad que observan en sus padres para autorregular esa misma conducta, especialmente en ámbitos de interacción familiar [...] 6. Muchos niños son conscientes de los riesgos que existen en internet [...] 7. Algunas características de internet hacen necesario el desarrollo de estrategias novedosas para gestionar riesgos y evitar daños en los usuarios de menor edad [...] 8. El uso responsable de internet involucra a los referentes en la vida de los niños [...] 9. Solo la mitad de los niños que sufrieron episodios negativos en internet solicitaron ayuda o comentaron el hecho con otra persona [...] 10. Los padres tienen poco conocimiento sobre el contacto con desconocidos que sus hijos entablan en internet, tanto en el caso de contactos virtuales como presenciales [...] 11. A mayor acceso y uso de internet, mayores son los beneficios y mayores los riesgos." (Principales hallazgos, página 15-17)
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"The retrospection, which covers Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates, includes the following highlights: Internet penetration has increased in every country since 2013. The biggest increase occurred in Lebanon – from 58 percent to 91 percent in the la
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st five years; Smartphones are the ‘go-to’ device, connecting 97 percent of people to the internet as declining numbers of people (45 percent) rely on computers as their primary source of internet access; In terms of social media, fewer Arab national now use Facebook (74 percent) and Twitter (27 percent), while Instagram and Snapchat have risen to 40 percent and 29 percent respectively, due perhaps in part to the privacy these applications provide; Direct messaging is ubiquitous, with 97 percent of people using it; 47 percent of people send messages to group chats; Trust among Arab nationals in mass media is widespread, but figures have declined in several countries such as Tunisia (from 64 percent to 56 percent) and Qatar (from 69 percent to 64 percent); Most Gulf nationals say news media in their country is credible, but nationals elsewhere tend to disagree (Qataris are among the highest group in this respect with 62 percent saying their national media is credible, and Jordan among the lowest, at just 38 percent - down from 66 percent in 2013); At the same time, the belief that international news organizations are biased against the Arab World has grown. An average of 37 percent of Arab nationals thinks this." (https://www.qatar.northwestern.edu/news/articles/2018/05-mideast-media-retrospective.html)
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"Facebook commissioned BSR to undertake a human rights impact assessment (HRIA) of the company’s presence in Myanmar. BSR undertook this HRIA between May and September 2018, using a methodology based on the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). This assessment identifies and
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prioritizes actual and potential human rights impacts, reaches conclusions about those impacts, and makes recommendations for their mitigation and management. This HRIA was funded by Facebook, though BSR retained editorial control over its contents." (About this report, page 1)
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"Cyberwomen is a digital security curriculum with a holistic and gender perspective, geared towards both professional trainers and those who want to learn how to train others on their digital protection and include gender considerations as they do so. It is made up of training modules, interactive g
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ames and recommendations for evaluating the training, as well as audio-visual and graphic materials as instructional aids." (https://iwpr.net)
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"Se, num primeiro momento parecia suficiente a oferta do acesso à Internet, hoje sabe-se que o direito à comunicação não será exercido de maneira plena na rede se esta não se mantiver um ambiente diverso e que respeite direitos fundamentais como a liberdade de expressão e a privacidade dos u
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suários/as. Tampouco teremos cidadãos empoderados digitalmente sem políticas públicas e uma regulação da Internet que levem em consideração tais dimensões, ou que resumam os usuários da rede a mero consumidores. As transformações por quais passa a Internet, em vez de ameaçar e retirar direitos, devem, pelo contrário, fomentar o surgimento de usuários conscientes de seu direito à comunicação e a um uso pleno da rede. Cada ser humano tem habilidades, objetivos e gostos específicos. Logo, as formas de aprender e praticar conhecimentos são diferentes, o que vale para a forma como lidamos com o universo digital. Defender uma internet livre, aberta, plural e para todos/as mostra-se, assim, uma tarefa essencial de quem defende o direito à comunicação no mundo contemporâneo. Sem ela, tal direito seguirá sendo sistematicamente violado e seu exercício, também em ambiente digital, limitado por interesses políticos e econômicos dos Estados e das empresas." (Conclusão, página 12)
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