Authoritarian Regimes
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Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
69
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
61
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
47
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
33
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
21
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
18
Media / Communication Control
14
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
13
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
12
Censorship
11
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
10
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
10
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
10
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
10
Clandestine Radios
8
Government Propaganda
8
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
8
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
8
Democracy / Democratization and Media
8
Political Communication
8
Propaganda
8
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
7
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
7
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
7
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
7
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
7
Politics and Media
7
Political Transition and Media
7
Samizdat
6
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
6
Taliban
6
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
5
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
5
Self-Censorship
5
Social Media
5
Journalism
5
Socialist Media Systems
5
Human Rights Violations
5
Media Use, Media Consumption
4
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
4
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
4
Telegram
4
Twitter & Microblogs
4
YouTube
4
COVID-19 Communication
4
Foreign Correspondents
4
Journalism Education & Training
4
Media & Communication Policies
4
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
4
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
4
Public & State Press
4
Public Media, State Media
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
3
Media & ICT Use in Authoritarian Regimes / Dictatorships
3
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Alternative Communication & Media
3
Alternative Press
3
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
3
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
3
Digital Media Landscapes
3
Internet Shutdowns
3
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
3
Social Media in Political Communication
3
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
3
Facebook
3
VK (Russian Social Network)
3
Digital Economies & Markets
3
Female Journalists & Media Workers
3
History of Media & Communication
3
Nazism
3
Journalists
3
Exiled Journalists
3
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
3
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
3
Communism, Marxism
3
Political Resistance
3
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
3
Civil Society
3
China Global Television Network, CGTN (formerly China Central Television, CCTV)
3
Access to Media & Information
2
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
2
Posters
2
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
2
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
2
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
2
Election Campaigns
2
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
2
Freedom of Expression
2
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
2
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
2
State Influence on the Media
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
Civil Wars
2
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
Literature
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
2
Financing Digital / Online Media
2
Bots
2
Weibo (Microblogging Website, China)
2
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
2
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
2
Political Economy of Media
2
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
2
China: Foreign Policy, Foreign Investments, Development Assistance
2
Investigative Journalism
2
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
2
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
2
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
European Union: Media Assistance
2
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
2
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
2
Television Landscapes
2
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Media Law & Regulation
2
Human Rights Protection
2
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
2
Media Law & Regulation: Transitional Countries
2
Diasporas
2
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
2
Political Parties
2
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
2
Public Opinion
2
Ideologies
2
Islamist Communications & Media
2
Apartheid
2
Youth & Digital Media
2
Advocacy & Empowerment: Chronically ill People
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Experiences
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Planning & Implementation
1
Advocacy & Political Films
1
Film & Video Advocacy / Activism
1
Audiences & Users
1
Book Reading Habits, Book Readers, Book Consumption
1
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
1
Internet & Social Media Use: Women
1
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
1
Media Use: Foreign / International Media
1
Media Use: Political Information
1
Media Use: Public Service & State Media
1
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
1
Media Use: Youth
1
Mobile Phone Use
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Authoritarian Discourse
1
Cinema in Authoritarian Regimes
1
Book Markets & Industries
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Book Publishing Houses
1
Gender and Book Publishing
1
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
1
Animated Cartoons, Animated Films
1
Political Cartoons & Comics
1
Celebrities, Idols, Stars
1
Female Film Actors, Directors & Producers
1
Science Fiction Films
1
Film Markets
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Communication Rights
1
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Secret Services, Intelligence Services
1
Foreign Government Communication Interventions
1
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Telecommunication Networks
1
Graffiti, Wall Paintings, Street Art
1
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
1
Cyberwarfare, Cyber Operations: Attacking Enemy Computers, Software, and Control Systems
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
War Reporting
1
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
1
Alternative Cultures, Protest Cultures
1
Musicals & Operas
1
Theatre
1
Cultural Resistance
1
Fans, Fandom, Fan Cultures
1
Democracy Assistance
1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
1
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
1
Development Theories
1
Algorithms & Big Data
1
Convergence of Media
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Research Methods
1
Google
1
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
1
Online Communication
1
Political Blogging
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Digital Industrial Policies
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
ICT Enterprises
1
LGBT & Communication / Media
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Uyghurs, Uighurs
1
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
1
Government-Sponsored Disinformation
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Documenting Human Rights Violations
1
Libraries
1
Economics of Media
1
Media Markets
1
Television Markets
1
Education (General)
1
Primary Education
1
Universidad Nacional de La Plata (La Plata, Argentina)
1
Gaming, Video Games
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Political Parody and Satire
1
Television Dramas
1
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
1
Journalistic (In)Dependence
1
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Gender Norms & Roles
1
Men, Male Identity, Masculinity
1
Innovations
1
Colonial Legacies
1
History (General)
1
History of Journalism
1
History of the Press
1
Foreign ICT & Telecommunication Investments & Ownership
1
Foreign News, International News
1
Globalisation of Media
1
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
1
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
1
Satellite Television
1
Transnational Television Co-Productions, International Television Co-Productions
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
Mobile Journalism, Video Journalism
1
News Agencies
1
Agencia Noticiosa Fides (ANF) (News Agency, Bolivia)
1
Xinhua (News Agency, China)
1
Radio Journalism
1
Media Assistance: Dependency of Recipients
1
Media Assistance: Exile Media
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Television Policies
1
Press Landscapes
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Nationalisation of Media
1
Change & Process Management
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Folk Songs
1
Khashoggi, Jamal (1958-2018)
1
Walsh, Rodolfo
1
Politics
1
Arab Spring (2010-2012)
1
Coup d'Etat
1
Military
1
Polarization, Political Polarization
1
Fascism
1
Hindu Nationalism
1
Socialism
1
Totalitarianism
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Democratization
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Political Role & Influence of Radio, Radio & Democratization
1
Public Opinion Manipulation
1
Public Spheres
1
The Daily News (Newspaper, Zimbabwe)
1
Public & State Radios
1
Public & State Television
1
Radio
1
Radio Stations
1
B92 (Radio Station, Belgrade)
1
Emotions in the Media, Emotional Functions & Messages of Media
1
Persuasive Communication
1
Manipulation
1
Islamism
1
Muslim Media
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Religion and Politics
1
Religious Populism
1
Religious Press
1
Comparative Approaches & Methods in Communication Research
1
Political Indicators
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
1
Revolutions
1
Mobile & Wireless Communications Technologies
1
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
State Influence on ICT & Telecommunication Markets
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
RT (Russian International Broadcaster, formerly Russia Today)
1
TeleSur (Television Channel)
1
Reality Television Programmes & Daily Talks
1
Non-Western Communication Approaches
1
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type

The Unfreedom Monitor: Turkey Country Report

Amsterdam: Global Voices Advox (2022), 27 pp.
"Since its ascent to power twenty years ago, the ruling AKP has tightened the screws on all forms of freedom of expression, both online and offline. It has introduced draconian laws, imposed internet restrictions, blocked content, and has arrested and intimidated critics on an unprecedented level. I ... more

The Unfreedom Monitor: Sudan Country Report

Amsterdam: Global Voices Advox (2022), 25 pp.
"There is a clear digital divide in Sudan as the number of internet users is a very low part of the population. Despite the high contribution of the telecommunication field to the GDP, the Sudanese authorities are not using this contribution to enhance and develop the ICT field to fill the gap of di ... more

Understanding the Laws Relating to "Fake News" in Russia

Thomson Reuters Foundation;Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2022), 16 pp.
"This guide is intended to provide user-friendly, practical guidance for journalists and newsrooms seeking to understand the Russian “fake news” laws, and how they’ve been applied to local and international press." (Page 1)

The Unfreedom Monitor: Zimbabwe Country Report

Amsterdam: Global Voices Advox (2022), 28 pp.
"The government of Zimbabwe and the ruling ZANU PF party are bent on ensuring that the status quo is preserved at all costs. As evidenced by findings in the Civic Media Observatory, the digital sphere has been identified as a threat to the country’s national security, insofar as deposing the curre ... more
"This report provides a framework for understanding China's discourse-power ambitions [...], the strategy China has developed to achieve them, and an initial assessment of the successes and limitations of these efforts to date. The report begins by tracing the evolution of China's conception of disc ... more
"Disinformation and misinformation have been amplified in the digital age. In order to combat their increasing presence in our everyday lives, we have to first educate ourselves on what disinformation is. In this post, Jakub Ferencik looks at this question in some detail, primarily by analyzing Vlad ... more
"Against the background of the media commercialization reform since the 1990s in China and drawing on the case of »X-Change« (2006-2019), Wei Dong investigates the entanglements between emotion and subjectivity, ideology, identity and hegemonic power in the multimodal text of the program. The focu ... more

Belarus Media Landscape Guide

CDAC Network (2022), 21 pp.
"This Media Landscape Guide was produced in January 2022. It provides a snapshot of the media at this time in Belarus. It provides an analysis of the recent shocks to the media landscape and an overview of the different types of media and information sources available for Belarusians: digital media ... more
"This paper is the summary of the results of a research project lasting over six months, covering domestic and foreign hidden malign influence activities pursued through the so-called "grey zone" media in three countries - the Czech Republic, Serbia and Hungary -, during a period of heightened inter ... more
"Existing literature recognizes growing threats to press freedom around the world and documents changes in the tools used to stifle the independent press. However, few studies investigate how independent media respond to state pressure in an autocracy, documenting the impact of tactics that stop sho ... more
"Nowhere is the effort to control the flow of digital information more extensive and sustained than it is in China. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) uses a wide range of tools and strategies to achieve two related, but distinct, goals of digital information control: to shape public knowledge and to ... more
"The findings described in this memo strongly suggest that "softer" strategies of media cooptation are more effective than harsher, more coercive approaches to media control. In Russia, where the Kremlin has-until very recently-used a combination of commercial pressure and political influence to pus ... more
"This paper examines the practices, performance, and perceptions of the messaging platform Telegram as an actor in the 2020 Belarus protests, using publicly available data from Telegram’s public statements, protest-related Telegram groups, and media coverage. Developing a novel conceptualization o ... more
"Combating illegal parking and drinking in public is the raison d’être of Russia’s best-known law-and-order youth initiatives, StopKham and Lev Protiv. These initiatives enforce and promote neotraditional morals amongst young people by challenging alleged offenders on camera and uploading the e ... more
"Die überwiegende Mehrheit der Beiträge in russischen staatlichen Medien über Impfkampagnen im Westen haben eine negative Konnotation. Die Übertreibung der negativen Folgen einer Impfung mit Präparaten von BionTech/Pfizer und Moderna sowie die Überzeichnung der angeblich massenhaften Unzufried ... more

The Revolution Will be Televised in Arabic: Iran’s Media Infrastructure Abroad

Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy (2022), 19 pp.
"The media space is increasingly becoming yet another battlefield for the Islamic Republic to consolidate its hegemony throughout the Middle East. Iran’s media outreach, particularly in Arabic, is only likely to increase, especially online. Supreme Leader Khamenei is keen to see more activities do ... more
"The movement that mobilized to oppose Alyaksandr Lukashenka in August 2020 was notable for its ability to bridge divisions of social class, geography, age, and identity. Almost uniquely among post-Soviet revolutionary movements, the Belarusians who rose up were not divided from those who did not al ... more

Media Assistance in Burma’s Reform Decade

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 35 pp.
"Using the coup as a vantage point, interviewees for this report were asked to reflect on three main questions: What have we learned about past media reform efforts? With hindsight, what are the legacies, best practices, and lessons learned? With a view to the future, what does the media’s respons ... more
"This study explores how news channels from the Global South challenge western narratives by co-producing TV programmes. It focuses on Telesur (Venezuela) and its collaborations with RT (Russia), Al-Mayadeen (Lebanon) and CCTV/CGTN (China). By combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this pap ... more
"On the basis of an online survey conducted among young Chinese adults, this study examines how the association between media usage and political trust can be explained by three factors: the mediating roles of the perceived credibility of traditional and social media; the moderating roles of trust i ... more