"The goal of this best practices guide is not to provide a template for trauma reporting, although the specific examples should be useful for journalists working on similar stories or faced with similar ethical dilemmas related to trauma reporting. The goal is to help journalists produce professiona
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l, insightful, informative, ethical and engaging stories about difficult subject matter by using other journalists’ successful ideas, insights and experiences as an inspirational guide. Of course, each journalist writing about trauma will find his or her own voice and perspective when crafting the story. But that voice and perspective may be informed by the voices and perspectives of those who have already engaged in the process effectively. The following section discusses narrative elements and other considerations that reporters should keep in mind when writing about violence and trauma. Some of these elements are presented as best practices examples. Other elements are more explicitly presented as suggestions or recommendations." (Page 4)
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"Iraq has proven to be a particularly hazardous posting for journalists. More media workers have been killed there than during the two-decades-long war in Vietnam. And 15 have died at the hands of American forces." (Introduction)
"La FIJ mène depuis de nombreuses années une campagne pour le renforcement de la sécurité et pour la défense des journalistes autochtones et des freelances, car ce sont eux qui sont exposés aux risques les plus importants et qui bénéficient du moins de protection. Les choses commencent à bo
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uger avec la création de l'International News Safety Institute (voir pages 103-105). Le présent ouvrage s'inscrit dans ce processus. Il collecte les expériences de ceux qui ont couvert et filmé les événements dans des environnements hostiles et tente d'en tirer les leçons afin de sauver des vies. Mais la sécurité, ce n'est pas seulement éviter les balles. C'est aussi créer une culture de conscientisation des risques sous tous les aspects du journalisme, qu'il soit de guerre, d'investigation ou de rue. Nous avons voulu mettre en exergue les besoins des journalistes locaux, mais une grande partie des informations disponibles provient de correspondants internationaux et des cours de formation conçus pour les géants des médias électroniques. La FIJ utilisera le présent ouvrage pour diffuser le message de la sécurité, mais aidera également ses bureaux régionaux à la production de versions locales. La richesse du savoir et de l'expérience des journalistes qui vivent et travaillent sur la ligne de front et qui ont appris survivre tout en faisant leur travail est incommensurable." (Préface, page iv)
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"This report presents the findings of the research into journalists’ attitudes towards and experiences of reporting conflict. It includes the results of two media monitoring exercises: the first, how the media has covered conflict; the second, how it performed in the immediate aftermath of the tsu
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nami. The report also contains case studies of conflict reporting that illustrate the role the media has played. This will help journalists and others learn important lessons from real situations about the impact of our reporting, showing us how it can be improved. These case studies have been woven through a discussion of the issues highlighted by the journalists’ research. Using this, we have provided a snapshot of the situation now and suggestions for how it can be improved. This handbook is intended as a practical reference for journalists and includes a series of questions after each section to promote good practice. These discussion points, together with the specific case studies, can help generate discussion within the newsroom or at a media meeting, or can simply be a focus for journalists to reflect on their work and the work of colleagues." (How to use this book, page 5)
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"[...] It is too early to assess the full impact of media development efforts undertaken since February 2002, given the short timeframe and the absence of reliable audience surveys. Nevertheless, OTI and Internews deserve credit for adopting an innovative, cost-effective approach to media assistance
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that helped open up civic life in towns and villages across the country, while planting the seeds for Afghanistan’s first commercial radio market. Emphasizing sustainability and quality programming, USAID’s Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) and Internews appear to have avoided pitfalls that have plagued projects in other postconflict settings. Internews carefully chose aid recipients, stipulated that the aid would be phased out, and organized training courses relating to core editorial and management skills. The main pillar of the assistance effort has been a loose network of community radio stations where journalists and business managers receive training, equipment, and a relatively modest level of funding. The network was launched February 2003 with a $327,897 grant from OTI. A subsequent grant was awarded to expand the network, which, by November 2004, had 25 community stations with a potential audience of 7.47 million Afghans, or 36 percent of the population. It is hoped that plans to add an AM component to the network will not prove too ambitious or burdensome for the stations. The community radio stations may sound amateurish at times, but they have helped raise community issues for public debate for the first time and held local authorities accountable. Other stations have provided an unprecedented arena for discussion of social concerns and formerly taboo women’s issues, including forced marriage and domestic violence." (Executive summary, pages ix-x)
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"The current war in Iraq saw an alliance between the media and the military, a process called embedded journalism. The aim of this study was to explore whether this process affected the journalists' vulnerability to psychological distress. Eighty-five of 100 journalists approached agreed to particip
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ate; 38 (44.7%) were embedded. There were no differences between embedded and unilateral (nonembedded) journalists on demographic measures or in their exposure to traumatic events. Similarly, the two groups did not differ on indices of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, psychological distress, and substance use. Based on General Health Questionnaire scores, one third of all journalists were psychologically distressed. There is no evidence from the recent war in Iraq suggesting that embedded journalists are at increased risk for psychological problems." (Abstract)
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"There is a huge disparity seen in the representation of men and women in the coverage of the twenty-year-old civil war in Sri Lanka. Most of the media coverage had been facilitated by the military during the period of the conflict. These, however, were not regular and only afforded a one-sided view
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of the conflict. The media visits organized by the military in the days of the war and the consequent visits or organized by peace-building forces were almost always represented by male journalists, while almost all individual assignments initiated by newspapers on the realted issue were also passed onto men. Less than a handful of women managed to conduct such coverage, and the few who went had to put up a regular fight for their assignments. The average ratio of female to male journalists would be one female journalist to 10 male journalists." (Introduction)
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"This study considers the conflicts in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka, primarily looking at restrictions, highlighting similarities and differences and drawing some general conclusions about the ways in which authorities and combatants restrict freedom of expression. It also sets out international stand
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ards pertaining to freedom of expression and information relevant to conflict situations." (Introduction)
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"¿Es la (in)seguridad ciudadana un invento mediático o una realidad? La respuesta está en este estudio del contenido de los diarios latinoamericanos sobre el tema de seguridad ciudadana desde una perspectiva cotidiana del delito. ¿Qué hace la noticia del delito? ¿Cuáles son los temas? ¿Cómo
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es el tratamiento? ¿Quiénes actúan la inseguridad? Una investigación realizada en 14 periódicos: Chile: El Mercurio; Argentina: El Clarín y La Nación; Brasil: La Folha de Sao Paulo; Colombia: El Tiempo y El Colombiano; Venezuela: El Nacional; México: El Universal; Perú: EL Comercio; Costa Rica: La Nación y La Prensa Libre; El Salvador: El diario de Hoy, El mundo y La prensa gráfica. 795 piezas periodísticas. Período analizado: Nov. 20 a Dic. 6, 2004." (Página 1)
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"This study analyzes media projects designed to contribute to the development of peace. Therefore, it examines post-Cold War mass communication projects developed in direct response to violent conflicts initiated by a party that is not involved in the conflict. The practical effort is named “peace
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media.”
The review of the literature from the fields of media effects, propaganda research, peace studies and communication for development offers a broad spectrum of studies pointing towards a common conclusion: mass media/communication indeed have the potential to affect populations in a variety of ways. The rhizomatic approach by Deleuze and Guattari was used as the theoretical foundation to the methods employed in the study. As a result, in-depth interviewing, text analysis and a quantitative effects assessment were used as the methods of inquiry. In order to fully understand the rhizomatic foundation of peace media, this study examined three kinds of data: interview transcripts, texts describing peace media projects and the quantitative data of audience effects conducted by practitioners.
Thirteen conflict sites in 18 countries generated a total of nearly forty peace media projects. The analysis begins with the description of the actors and practitioners responsible for peace media projects (who). It continues with an examination of media approaches to peace development (what), followed by a description of the beneficiaries of peace media (whom). The last two segments discuss the means of communication (channels) and examine the effects of peace media and the most effective utilization of such practices (effects). The study concludes that the impact of media is both substantial and limited. Because action or behavior is dependent on many outside variables and because these variables contribute to the end result as much as any form of communication initiative, only the true integration of media within peacebuilding strategies can insure a significant move toward a peaceful society. In order for this to happen, the following four components need to be integrated in the media plan for conflict transformation: journalism, entertainment, advertising and regulation. The final chapter of the dissertation presents a set of recommendations for the future practice." (Abstract)
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"Im Oktober 1935 marschierten italienische Truppen in Äthiopien ein, um das afrikanische Land brutal zu unterwerfen; Ende 1937 begingen Soldaten des mit Deutschland verbündeten Japan ein Massaker im chinesischen Nanking. Diese imperialen Exzesse waren für viele Afrikaner und Asiaten mehr als nur
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Vorboten eines grausamen, weltumspannenden Krieges. Nach dem deutschen Überfall auf Polen und dem Kriegsbeginn in Europa bezogen die Alliierten ihre Kolonien in den Zweiten Weltkrieg ein. Zu den Befreiern vom Faschismus zählten Kolonialsoldaten aus allen Teilen Afrikas, sowie Inder, Pazifikinsulaner, Araber, Mexikaner, Brasilianer, Aborigines und Maori. Nach dem Krieg geriet das Schicksal dieser Menschen in Vergessenheit. Dieses aufwendig recherchierte Buch, in dem zahlreiche Zeitzeugen und Veteranen aus allen Kontinenten zu Wort kommen, lenkt den Blick auf Aspekte und Auswirkungen des Zweiten Weltkriegs, die in der westlichen Geschichtsschreibung bislang meist nur eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen." (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung)
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