"The Iraqi media sector is polarized, with news content often representing political positions. In a postconflict environment such as Iraq, this polarized content can become inflammatory, potentially inciting violence and diminishing the chances for Iraq to move forward in its transition to a peacef
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ul democratic society. The U.S. Institute of Peace (USIP) and the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania engaged three key parts of the media sector—Iraqi civil society media monitors, regulatory bodies, and news media—to jointly discuss and decide how best to minimize inflammatory language, while still respecting press and expression freedoms. The collaborative effort included a media content analysis that identified, defined, and measured the prevalence of inflammatory terms appearing on the newscasts of the top five Iraqi satellite stations before Iraq’s national elections in 2010. The research findings were shared with Iraqi media, civil society media monitors, and regulatory bodies to assist them in preventing inflammatory reporting. Using a set of guidelines developed by Iraqi media stakeholders and USIP, a pilot group of influential news directors, media regulators, and civil society media monitors created a style guide for conflict reporting, which provides both a reference for media to minimize the use of inflammatory terms and a starting place for Iraqis to address the issues noted in the content analysis and improve media regulation and monitoring. Building on the self-regulatory tools developed, USIP is seeking to create a network of civic organizations across Iraq that can monitor media content on a range of potential conflict issues, from elections to oil to ethnic relations." (Summary)
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"Electronic Iran introduces the concept of the Iranian Internet, a framework that captures interlinked, transnational networks of virtual and offline spaces. Taking her cues from early Internet ethnographies that stress the importance of treating the Internet as both a site and product of cultural p
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roduction, accounts in media studies that highlight the continuities between old and new media, and a range of works that have made critical interventions in the field of Iranian studies, Niki Akhavan traces key developments and confronts conventional wisdom about digital media in general, and contemporary Iranian culture and politics in particular. Akhavan focuses largely on the years between 1998 and 2012 to reveal a diverse and combative virtual landscape where both geographically and ideologically dispersed individuals and groups deployed Internet technologies to variously construct, defend, and challenge narratives of Iranian national identity, society, and politics." (Publisher website)
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"This dissertation examines the United States’s elite news media’s hegemony in a global media landscape, and how it can come to stand for the entire American nation in the imagination of outsiders. In this transnational, instantaneous digital media arena, what is created for an American audience
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can fairly easily be accessed, interpreted and relayed to another. How, then, is U.S. international news, which is traditionally ethnocentric and security-focused, absorbed in Afghanistan and Pakistan, two countries where the United States has acute foreign policy interests? [...] There is a widespread, long-standing perception in Afghanistan and Pakistan that American journalists stain the reputation of their nations as failed states. Just as the U.S. exercises global hegemony in a material sense, the U.S. media is powerful in shaping how American and international publics see the world. Yet, while American foreign correspondents are U.S.-centric in their reportage on the Afghan, American and Pakistani entanglement, so too are Afghan journalists Afghan-centric and Pakistani journalists Pakistani-centric. Nationalism is how journalists organize chaos and complexity. While their news stories can represent an entire nation, they are more likely to harden national identities than to broker understanding between nations." (Abstract)
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"El kit se conforma de varios recursos para facilitar la tarea de los y las radialistas, tanto para la producción periodística previa a cada programa, como para el desarrollo del programa en sí. Se contempla como un eje de fundamental importancia la participación de la audiencia, y en ese sentid
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o, se incorpora varias sugerencias para lograr dicho objetivo. Los temas desarrollados en este kit, son de gran relevancia para la discusión con la ciudadanía en el marco del proceso electoral, tales como: proceso electoral abril 2013; democracia; política y participación política; participación política de las mujeres en Paraguay; políticas públicas; derechos humanos: los derechos económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales (DESC); el derecho a la comunicación; la tierra en Paraguay. La estructura de cada tema se compone básicamente de un breve desarrollo teórico, una guía para el uso antes y durante los programas radiales, los microprogramas sobre cada tema, y un apartado en donde se explica en qué consiste cada una de las técnicas y formatos sugeridos para promover la participación de la audiencia, invitados e invitadas al programa. La información utilizada en el breve desarrollo teórico de los temas es una recopilación y posterior selección de publicaciones de diferentes organizaciones y autores, principalmente de la organización Decidamos, Campaña por la Expresión Ciudadana. En el apartado de fuentes y bibliografía de este kit se menciona detalladamente. Es importante mencionar que este Kit conto con el valioso aporte de validación en una jornada taller con las y los representantes de las 16 radios comunitarias involucradas, generando sugerencias, nuevos aportes y recomendaciones que garantizan una mayor adecuación del material, al uso de las y los radialistas desde su realidad comunitaria y práctica radiofónica." (Presentación del material, página 9)
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"Les pays en quête de démocratie ont traversé de grands bouleversements. C’est ce dont témoignent les mouvements sociaux sur Internet, acteur incontournable des soulèvements populaires. Leurs contours, les lieux où ils évoluent ainsi que les volontés qui s’y expriment constituent un terr
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ain d’investigation fondamental. En effet, les enjeux qui leur sont associés pèsent sur le quotidien de sociétés en pleine mutation. Ainsi, le présent ouvrage ambitionne d’explorer ces enjeux. Pour ce faire, les contributions sont issues d’expériences sociales, culturelles et académiques différentes. L’objectif est de faire apparaître aussi bien les incertitudes et les impasses que les espoirs qui accompagnent les « processus de transition démocratique » que traversent ces sociétés du Moyen-Orient à l’Europe de l’Est et du Maghreb à l’Amérique latine, au prisme de ces nouveaux acteurs du net. Enfin, l’étude des mouvements sociaux en ligne s’impose à tout le champ des sciences sociales. De fait, il a le mérite d’agiter des questions plus ou moins classiques en les revisitant à partir d’une nouvelle « historicité ». Il en est ainsi de la démocratie, la perception de l’événement historique, des frontières des territoires individuel et collectif, du temps social ou encore des institutions politiques traditionnelles." (https://irmcmaghreb.org)
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"Characterized by socio-political changes, instability and conflict since 1990, Nepal is a nation in political transition. The media play a significant role in influencing this transition. Since 1990, various global and local factors have contributed to an unprecedented growth in the mass media in N
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epal. This article analyses the expansion in the media against indicators of media pluralism to ask whether this expansion, within a difficult political transition, translates to media pluralism. The article draws upon qualitative research to assess the media market, the resources available for the media, diversity in media ownership and products, competition and ethics and policy and regulatory provisions within a struggling economy and an environment of poor law and order." (Abstract)
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"This paper reveals that Cambodian newspapers have tendency towards being biased to their political affiliations. According to the findings of this study, Cambodian newspapers have three inclinations: pro-government, opposition, and neutrality. The pro-government and opposition newspapers are the ma
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jority in circulation. Most news articles published by these newspapers favor their own party‘s endeavors and concerns rather than the common public interest. There are also a small number of newspapers that claim to be neutral and independent from any political attachments. In contrast, the independent newspapers‘ contents serve public interest and are more in-depth. The case study on media coverage on the detention of 13 Beoung Kak activists, which is on the latter part of this study, proves this assertion. While it has been found that there are a few Khmer language newspapers that publish articles on this incident regularly, results of the content analysis suggests that English language newspapers more regularly and actively observe the developing story of the dispute ranging from less to most important events. Majority of the news focus on accidents, crime and land issues. This research has also observed that newspapers give more attention to recent events and issues rather than prioritizing on ongoing social problems. Opinion-based articles, news analysis of social issues and editorial are rarely published. Although editorials are appear in some newspapers, they are used to attack their enemy instead of providing solutions on the problems. When compared to English language newspapers, news reporting in some Khmer language newspapers lacks professionalism and ethical practice. In terms of news coverage, both Khmer and English newspapers are more focused on their reporting on events in Phnom Penh and undermine the news from provincial areas of Cambodia. Respondents agreed that media has an important role in building peace in Cambodia and that the local print media has yet to fulfill this crucial role due to economic, professional, and self-imposed ethical limitations. There is an immense need to educate and re-educate many Cambodian journalists to their responsibility to the public and their power to effect positive change, which includes sustainable peace." (Executive summary)
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"This book discusses the extent to which the theoretical relevance and analytical rigor of the concept of the public sphere is affected (or undermined) by current processes of transnationalization. The contributions address fundamental questions concerning the viability of a socially and politically
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effective public sphere in a post-Westphalian world. To what degree are the theoretical presuppositions regarding the critical function and democratic quality of public deliberation still valid in contemporary societies that adhere decreasingly to the Westphalian logic of closed national political communities and modes of communication? Under what conditions is the critical impetus of the public sphere still applicable in a world that, in Europe and beyond, is increasingly responding to processes of trans-border interaction and communication?" (Publisher description)
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"Myanmar durchläuft derzeit einen rasanten gesellschaftlichen Öffnungsprozess. Nicht zuletzt wachsen die Freiräume für politische Aktivisten, Journalisten und Filmemacher. Welche Wirkungen aber haben Filme auf politische Reformen in Myanmar, dessen Medienzensur zu den striktesten Zensursystemen
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der Welt gehörte? Dabei ist es sinnvoll zwischen Film per se, der sicherlich wenig zur Demokratisierung und Verbesserung der Menschenrechtslage beiträgt und politischem Film zu unterscheiden. Der politische Film in Form von Videoaktivismus und Dokumentationen hingegen beeinflusst durch Aufklärung, Anregung zu Diskussionen und Mobilisierung gesellschaftliche Öffnungsprozesse in Myanmar." (Abstract)
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"The article aims to provide a more historically grounded approach to the relationship between communication and participation, by distinguishing different waves of media democratization. The article first discusses the concept of participation and some of its complexities, and then sketches a serie
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s of intense moments of participation in and through the media in (mainly the second half) the 20th and the 21st century. At the same time, care is taken not to organize a linear-historical narrative, keeping in mind that the history of the democratization of Western societies and their media spheres is characterized by a series of continuities and discontinuities, dead ends and sedimented practices. Despite these ever-present fluctuations, the article argues that we can still see that structures, cultural resources and subjective dispositions have over time been geared more towards participation and equality, also within the media sphere." (Abstract)
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