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The Invisible Hand of Media Censorship in the Balkans: A Closer Look at Media Ownership in the Balkans and the European Media Freedom Act

Balkan Free Media Initiative (BFMI) (2024), 80 pp.

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Afectaciones al derecho a la libertad de expresión por medidas estatales de censura en las Américas: Audiencia regional
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Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights;Media Defence;Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (Abraji);Article 19;Asocación de Periodistas de El Salvador (APES);Asociação de Jornalismo Digital (AJOR);Centro Prodh;Coalização em defesa do Jornalismo;Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ);CIMAC;El Veinte (2024), 68 pp.

"El presente informe detalla la información aportada durante la audiencia regional temática "Afectaciones al derecho a la libertad de expresión por medidas estatales de censura en las Américas" liderada por 25 organizaciones de la sociedad civil durante el 190° Período Ordinario de Sesiones de ... more

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Media Capture and Journalism as Emotional Labor: How Do Media Professionals Manage Bureaucratic Violence in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq?

Jiyan Faris, Pieter Maeseele, Yazan Badran, Kevin Smets

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 876-895

"This paper focuses on the (in)direct tools of governmental bureaucracy used to control journalistic work in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). It calls for understanding media capture not only through structural-level consequences, but also through the methods used to create an environment of inst ... more

Turkey's Changing Media Landscape

Andrew O'Donohue, Max Hoffman, Alan Makovsky

Washington, DC: Center for American Progress (2020), 24 pp.

"This report highlights numerous troubling developments in Turkey’s media landscape. Distrust in the media has reached crisis proportions, with fully 70 percent of Turks viewing the media as dishonest. These doubts have formed the backdrop for rapid shifts in how Turks access political news and in ... more

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Censorship, the Media, and the Market in China

Jonathan Hassid

Journal of Chinese Political Science, volume 25 (2020), pp. 285–309

"Pervasive media censorship in China is often seen as a strictly political issue. Although in past years reporters have had leeway to report on economic issues, the Chinese Party/state has moved to tamp down economic journalism, even arresting those who report on bad economic news. This shift brings ... more

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Newspapers That Never Arrive

Reporters Without Borders (2019), 45 pp.

"A newspaper’s printers, transporters, distributors and retailers are rarely named in its masthead or credits, but they are all essential links in the long and complex press distribution chain. Without them, readers would not be able to access news each day, week or month and they would be denied ... access to diverse sources of information, essential nourishment needed to feed minds in a democratic society. Press freedom is based not only on the ability of journalists and their news organizations to work without constraint or fear, but also on the freedom to circulate the product of their work. A publisher’s financial health must be preserved, printers must be free to print whatever newspapers they want, and finally, whether state-owned, privately-owned or cooperative, distributors must distribute all print media, regardless of their nature, with the same diligence and impartiality throughout the country. Any interference or any impediment in to this process limits the public’s access to information. According to a survey by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) in more than 90 countries, 68% of cases of obstruction in the circulation of newspapers are attributable to governments and state authorities, while 41% of cases of newspaper censorship take place at the point of sale. Until it reaches the hands of its readers, a newspaper continues to be vulnerable, and the predators of press freedom are infinitely imaginative. Entire newspaper issues are confiscated as they come off the press or are bought up from newsstands, content is surreptitiously substituted, crippling import duties are introduced and orchestrated shortages in essential raw material such as newsprint all take place. Using these methods, if the individual, group or government hasn’t prevented a journalistic investigation or silenced the journalist, they still have many ways to block information during the dissemination process. The methods of censorship range from the most obvious and brutal – for example, killing a newspaper seller who is shouting out a headline – to the most insidious. It sometimes takes time, but the control that an oligarch or government exercises over the print or distribution sector may allow them to get rid of an unwanted publication discreetly and definitively. In an increasingly digital world where the print media is in continual decline — it lost an average of 10% of its readers and advertising income in 2017-2018 — newspaper printing and distribution sectors are more and more vulnerable to pressure. Because of this, it is imperative to expose and make public the practices that threaten our fundamental freedom to be informed." (Foreword) more

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On media censorship, freedom of expression and the risks of journalism in Mexico

Fidel Gonzalez-Quinones, Juan D. Machin-Mastromatteo

Information Development, volume 35, issue 4 (2019), pp. 666-670

"We present a classification of the types of censorship of media to frame the various issues that journalism and freedom of expression face in Mexico, which mainly include the role of the State in preventing or enforcing censorship, the monopoly of a few corporate groups that control most of the mas ... more

An Illiberal Model of Media Markets: Soft Censorship 2017

Budapest: Mérték Media Monitor (2018), 57 pp.

"The main goal of the 2017 Soft Censorship report is to show how massively uneven the playing field has become for the various players. What remains at this point is only seemingly a market, in reality the enterprises with ties to the government operate in a whole different framework and logic than ... more

Curbing Media, Crippling Debate: Soft Censorship in Bulgaria

Paris; Vienna: World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA);South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) (2016), 27 pp.

"The independence and pluralism of Bulgaria’s media has eroded steadily over the past decade. The downward spiral in media freedom that threatens to drown public debate on important policy issues is unrestrained since 2006, when the country was ranked 35th on the Reporters Without Borders Index. N ... more

Wie Strukturen Medienfreiheit einschränken: Eine Untersuchung zur Medienfreiheit in Uganda während der Präsidentschafts- und Parlamentswahlen am 18.2.2016

Kerem Schamberger

München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Master Thesis (2016), 116 pp.

"Ugandische Eliten erwarten von Journalisten zu Wahlzeiten eine positive Berichterstattung. Kritik und Hinterfragung von Standpunkten werden nicht gerne gesehen. Die übermächtigen Ressourcen der Herrschenden werden dazu eingesetzt, diese Erwartungen zu erfüllen. Dementsprechend können Journalist ... more

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Silencing Turkey’s Media: The Government’s Deepening Assault on Critical Journalism

Human Rights Watch (2016), 74 pp.

"Following the abortive July coup in Turkey, the government has accelerated and intensified a crackdown on independent media which had already been underway for more than a year. Under the state of emergency declared in the aftermath of the coup attempt, the government has closed down independent me ... more

Eroding Freedoms: Media and Soft Censorship in Montenegro

Ana Vujosevic, Vladimir Vuckovic

Paris; Washington, DC: WAN-IFRA;Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2015), 23 pp.

"Montenegro’s government should support openness and informed debate in making and implementing public policy decisions. Instead, information concerning matters of public interest is often withheld or distorted by government and by pliant media outlets favoured with official assistance. State fund ... more

Bad Practices, Bad Faith: Soft Censorship in Macedonia

Vienna; Washington, DC; Paris: South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO);Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA);WAN-IFRA (2015), 26 pp.

"A principal challenge to independent journalism is the symbiotic relationship between the ruling party and many media outlets and their owners. Examples on both the national and local level are described in this report. Government-friendly outlets are bolstered by various means, particularly non-tr ... more

Media Reform Stalled in the Slow Lane: Soft Censorship in Serbia

Thomas R. Lansner (ed.)

Paris: WAN-IFRA, updated ed. (2015), 17 pp.

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Control remoto: De cómo el gobierno de Evo Morales creó una red de medios paraestatales y un plan para acosar a la prensa independiente

Raúl Peñaranda

[author], 6ta ed. (2014), 196 pp.

Soft Censorship, Hard Impact: A Global Review

Thomas R. Lansner (ed.)

Paris; Washington, DC: World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA);Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2014), 29 pp.

"Official “soft censorship” (or “indirect government censorship”) describes an array of official actions intended to influence media output short of legal or extra-legal bans, direct censorship of specific content, or physical attacks on media outlets or media practitioners [...] A crucial f ... more

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The Long Shadow of Chinese Censorship: How the Communist Party’s Media Restrictions Affect News Outlets Around the World

Sarah Cook

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2013), 67 pp.

"This report focuses on six types of media outlets based outside mainland China that together reach news consumers in dozens of countries: major international media; local outlets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; mainstream media in Hong Kong and Taiwan; exile Chinese outlets providing uncensored ... more

Kontrolle durch Aufkauf

José Gama

Afrika Süd, issue 2 (2013), pp. 22-25

"Angolas Medien werden weitgehend von der Regierung kontrolliert. Mit dubiosen Firmen, die aus dem Nichts entstehen, ermächtigt sich die regierende MPLA kritischer Privatmedien und bringt sie auf Linie. Ausnahme ist allein die Zeitung Folha 8, die ihre Unabhängigkeit wahren konnte." (Seite 22)