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Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
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Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
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Media Development Indicators
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Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
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China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
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Election Reporting
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Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
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Media & Communication Policies
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Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
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Television Policies
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
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Television Landscapes
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Licensing of Media
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Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
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Financing Media, Financial Media Management
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Fragile / Post-Conflict States
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Mirror (Newspaper, Zimbabwe)
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Public Media, State Media
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"This report focuses on six types of media outlets based outside mainland China that together reach news consumers in dozens of countries: major international media; local outlets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America; mainstream media in Hong Kong and Taiwan; exile Chinese outlets providing uncensored ... more

Buying Compliance: Governmental Advertising and Soft Censorship in Mexico

Paris: World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) (2013), 47 pp.
"This report demonstrates the soft censorship and corrupting influence that unconstrained official advertising exerts on Mexico’s media. These practices negatively impact media quality, limit freedom of expression, violate the right to public information, and stifle public debate that is essential ... more
"Das Fernsehen ist für die Menschen in Russland die wichtigste politische Informationsquelle. Nach einer kurzen Periode der Freiheit Anfang der 1990er Jahre ist es erneut zum zentralen Pfeiler geworden, auf den die Staatsorgane ihre Macht stützen. Die drei größten Kanäle Perwyj Kanal, Rossija u ... more

Soft Censorship: Strangling Serbia’s Media

Paris: World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) (2013), 29 pp.
"The mechanisms of state media funding in Serbia are used as indirect, and usually not easily visible, “soft censorship.” Soft censorship is used to promote positive coverage of - and to punish media outlets that criticize - officials or their actions. State funding of media is unregulated, unmo ... more

Capturing Them Softly: Soft Censorship and State Capture in Hungarian Media

Paris: World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) (2013), 51 pp.
"State capture is slowly but surely enveloping Hungarian media, principally through the “soft censorship” of financial incentives and influence that affect media otlets’ editorial content and economic viability. Allocation of state advertising spending is opaque and unfair; it is based on the ... more

Calling the Shots: How Ownership Structures Affect the Independence of News Media

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2012), 35 pp.
"At an international level, the media development community should advocate for standards governing media cross-ownership limitations, best practices in media licensing, and the licensing of the broadcast spectrum. States should adopt net neutrality and support increased uncensored access to social ... more
"China’s television sector has undergone rapid transformation since the country’s reform and opening-up in the late 1970s. This article presents the main results of a recently completed PhD project, aiming to understand the role of the Chinese party-state in this transformation. The project supp ... more
"En este trabajo han sido señalados aspectos puntuales que muestran el deterioro de la posición de los medios de comunicación frente a las esferas de decisión política ligadas al oficialismo [gubernamental]. La posibilidad de informar pluralmente es viable cuando las condiciones económicas, ju ... more