"Overall, it seems that few local media houses have really dedicated significant resources, time and capacity to exploring how best to both utilise and integrate online digital media and mitigate the threat of digitalisation. With regards to newspapers, NMH has probably been most active in seeking t
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o use digital platforms as well as trying to create a new revenue stream by implementing a pay-wall for its online offerings. Internationally there is some very recent evidence that subscription-based pay wall models can be a viable business strategy. However it is far from clear if Namibia’s small market and limited readership can sustain such a model, or if it will even prove popular [...] Besides the worries expressed regarding media houses’ revenue streams, a further significant issue is the threat to quality, independent journalism in Namibia. Again, there are indications that journalism is coming under increased pressure with regards to digitalisation and the overall financial health of local media businesses. A number of observers already state that ethical reporting standards have slipped, and that editorial independence is being undermined consistently by business and political interests among the majority of Namibian media houses." (Conclusion, page 35-36)
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"This publication has featured a great variety of investigative media, each of them with their unique history, spirit and organizational culture. And yet they have a lot in common: constantly being on their feet, exploring and trying out new ways to ensure their media stays viable; adhering to quali
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ty and ethical journalism, thereby building relationships of trust with their audiences; knowing who their audience is and building loyal communities; and integrating new digital technology and processes into their work where possible. This has led to another fundamental viability ingredient: a very strong brand that has made investigative journalism an integral part of their DNA. Analyze markets strategically: The The investigative media in this publication look at what their markets can offer, where the limitations are and how to deal with the biggest threats to their business-in terms of finances, legal threats and qualified staff. Integrate people dedicated to business: Rappler (Philippines), Atlatszo.hu (Hungary) and Tempo (Indonesia) are examples of media that all have staff who spend a large amount of their time, if not all of it, on ensuring their outlet stays financially afloat. Seek collaborations: Tempo has carried out joint investigations with other media in neighboring countries, Rappler has teamed up with a fact-checking agency, Agência Pública (Brazil) cooperates regularly with NGOs or international media and has a dedicated media relations officer. Cooperate with dedicated donors or sponsors that meet their standards: FrontPageAfrica (Liberia) managed to attract the biggest telecom operator in Liberia as an advertiser thanks to their quality reporting, Plaza Pública (Guatemala) is hosted by a university, Premium Times (Nigeria) has created a not-for-profit newsroom to attract funds from international donors. Invest in capacity building: Tempo, Rappler and Mada Masr (Egypt) are training their own staff in investigative reporting and journalism standards. Interact with their audience and experiment with new distribution channels: KRIK (Serbia) is using drawings instead of photos on their website, Mada Masr mixes their investigations with recipes, lifestyle pieces and sharp-tongued comics, and Agência Pública set up an interactive website to highlight the plight of those families that lost their home during the construction of the Olympic stadium in Rio de Janeiro. Make tech an integral part of their work: Whether this is about research techniques or distribution methods. Rappler has been investigating online trolling, Mada Masr continues to distribute their reports via Facebook and VPN despite being blocked by the authorities. Interact with their audience and build a community that helps to investigate by providing information, protests when the media gets threatened, pays for its products or contributes financially through crowdfunding, such as is the case at Atlatszo.hu." (Synopsis, page 68)
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"This report focuses on how digital-born news media navigate audience engagement in the context of both rapid developments in a digital, mobile, and platform-dominated media environment and significant political pressure, including the ‘weaponisation’ of social media to target and harass indepen
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dent news organisations and individual journalists, along with their audiences. It is based on analysis of data from Participatory Action Research, including fieldwork and interviews at three news organisations in the process of actively redefining audience engagement. They are Rappler (the Philippines), Daily Maverick (South Africa), and The Quint (India) – all commercial news organisations of the Global South, whose public interest journalism has been recognised with top international industry awards. We show how these outlets, two of which – Rappler and The Quint – relied heavily on social media for distribution and audience engagement at the outset, are now faced with the risks accompanying open and social journalism at-scale, including the ‘weaponisation’ of online communities by political actors, and the frequently changing priorities of the platforms. We find that, in response to political attacks, and the risks associated with various forms of what we’re calling platform capture’, these news organisations are evolving, and are increasingly focused on forging deeper, narrower, and stronger relationships with audiences, emphasising physical encounters, investment in niche audiences over empty reach, and moving communities to action." (Publisher description)
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"Presentamos aquí datos básicos de los 13 casos analizados, principalmente desde la perspectiva de sus responsables. La Diaria, fundado en 2006, es un periódico impreso [...] Portal 180 es un portal web informativo que opera con una lógica empresarial basada en la venta de espacios publicitarios
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[...] Sudestada es un portal web que busca focalizarse en «la investigación periodística, el periodismo de datos y las coberturas de contexto» [...] Canal U es una señal de televisión que se emite en sistemas para abonados («cables») nacionales y regionales [...] Giro TV fue un proyecto empresarial que se conformó entre La Diaria y un conjunto de realizadores audiovisuales para presentarse al llamado a televisión digital terrestre comercial en 2013 [...] Mi Canal, un proyecto de la central de trabajadores PIT-CNT, también se presentó y obtuvo una frecuencia en el llamado de televisión digital terrestre de 2013 [...] Parking Films es una productora audiovisual de cine y televisión, proyecto unipersonal reciente (2014) de un realizador con trayectoria previa en otras productoras [...] Coral Films-Efecto Cine es una empresa dedicada a la realización de películas con potencialidad de difusión masiva (Coral) y a la proyección itinerante en pantalla inflable en espacios públicos de filmes propios y de otros realizadores uruguayos (Efecto Cine) [...] Tiranos Temblad difundía semanal o quincenalmente en YouTube acontecimientos uruguayos seleccionados de los videos subidos a esa red por los usuarios [...] El responsable del semanario impreso San José Hoy transitó una experiencia anterior, el periódico cooperativo Hechos de San José, que en sus tres años de existencia en los 80 empataba las cuentas [...] La Asociación de Radios del Interior (RAMI) reúne a 140 emisoras distribuidas en todo el interior del país [...] Las radios comunitarias uruguayas surgieron en la década de los 90 y se mantuvieron en la ilegalidad hasta la aprobación de una ley que inició un proceso de regularización que ha amparado hasta ahora a 165 [...] Televisión Nacional de Uruguay (TNU), el canal estatal fundado en 1965, cubre casi todo el territorio nacional gracias a una red de repetidoras locales." (Página 11-13)
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"The main aim of the present study is to assess the status quo and the influencing factors of media viability in developing countries and economies in transition. Accordingly, three general research questions have been formulated: 1. Which factors determine the viability of alternative online news m
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edia organizations in developing countries and economies in transition? 2. What are the transnational similarities and differences for media viability of alternative news media organizations? 3. How are financial sustainability, editorial independence, and journalistic quality interrelated in the context of media viability of alternative online news media organizations?" (Page 21)
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"Three years after writing the report Publishing for Peanuts, in which we surveyed 35 media startups mostly from the Global South, we decided to go back and see how the outlets had fared. Our area of interest in 2015 was small-to-medium size independent media outlets with a track record of consisten
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tly producing credible content independently of state and mainstream media in the countries in which they were operating. ‘Startup’ describes their work practices but, in fact, some of those we interviewed had been in operation for many years but may have undergone a relaunch or adapted to new circumstances following a political event. Those “Global Muckraker” outlets remained our focus in 2018. As questions about media viability remain unanswered we wanted to understand the experiences of journalists in the Global South. Returning to the 35 outlets, we found three had failed, and six had been seriously reconfigured or renamed [...] Our key findings: Financial survival is the biggest worry for the media outlets we profiled, followed by political risk and physical safety. The outlets remain dependent on donors. Advertising is hard to come by and raising funding from audiences has proven difficult. Donors need to accept this reality and be willing to commit to long-term support for outlets creating a public good. The grim political climate, rise of right-wing demagogues and attacks on the media have made the outlets feel appreciated in many countries. They recounted tales of support and encouragement from their audiences. But this sentiment does not translate into sustainable forms of funding. The outlets have professionalized in the sense that many now have accounting software, bookkeepers and full-time staff working on grant writing. But many still rely on unpaid contributors and some use office space that was provided for free or rented at a discount. There is a strong correlation between employing a full-time marketing staffer and generating revenue ..." (Executive summary)
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"Media viability challenges will not be solved at the individual outlet level. Rather, it is necessary to bring different stakeholders together to look at the bigger picture and assess the health of a country or a region’s media ecosystem. Then, partners can strategically plan projects that contri
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bute to creating an enabling environment for the media, one in which outlets have a chance to survive—or even thrive. Networks can go far in boosting viability, acting as bulwark against political influence as well as helping outlets share resources and scale their potential to access all sorts of revenue sources Finally, what is important to foster media viability at the level of individual media outlets? The most important step is to broaden the perspective beyond the isolated search for new sources of income. A viable strategy finds a balance between the different aspects of Media Viability—economy, politics, technology, content, and community—to set community radio stations, digital start-ups, and local newspapers on a more viable path." (Pages 8-9)
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"Robert G. Picard describes the evolvement of UNESCO's media development indicators. The chapter describes a growing focus on economic, financial and managerial dimensions, since, it argues, they pave the fundament to any sustainable, commercial or non-commercial journalistic venture. What Picard cr
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itically argues is that there is no universal quick fix for sustainable journalism. Any normative effort to define and measure media development or sustainable journalism also needs to take into account the local contingencies, where sustainability may look quite different depending on its temporal, geographic, economic and cultural context." (Page xxxi)
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"This edited volume, which elaborates on the idea and concept of sustainable journalism, is the result of a perceived lack of integral research approaches to journalism and sustainable development. Thirty years ago, in 1987, the Brundtland Report pointed out economic growth, social equality and envi
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ronmental protection as the three main pillars of a sustainable development. These pillars are intertwined, interdependent, and need to be reconciled. However, usually, scholars interested in the business crisis of the media industry tend to leave the social and environmental dimensions of journalism aside, and vice versa. What Is Sustainable Journalism? is the first book that discusses and examines the economic, social and environmental challenges of professional journalism simultaneously. This unique book and fresh contribution to the discussion of the future of journalism assembles international expertise in all three fields, arguing for the necessity of integral research perspectives and for sustainable journalism as the key to long-term survival of professional journalism." (Publisher description)
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"Myanmar’s local media outlets face a variety of internal and external obstacles hampering their prospects for sustainability. Key among these today, and the focus of this report, are the business realities that every media outlet must tackle." (Introduction)
"Media in small emerging democracies face multiple obstacles caused by “smallness” and the state of “late democratization.” “Smallness” raises the question of how to develop financial independence in these countries. “Late democratization” gives rise to the challenge of maintaining p
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olitical independence. In general, small emerging democracies lack an environment that can enable a culture of independent media. This study selected two Eastern European countries–Slovenia and Macedonia, with a population of about 2 million each, and two Asian countries–Bhutan and Timor-Leste, with populations of around 740,000 and 1.2 million respectively. They all emerged in the “Third Wave” of democratization and were characterized by features of underdeveloped political institutions, insufficient public discourse, and financial vulnerability according to the previous scholarly work. Based on literature review, the researcher found that smallness, along with confounding factors of national identity and economic context, shapes the way media policy is envisioned and developed [...] Using a mixed methodology of interview and documentary research, the researcher found that the reaction of small emerging democracies to the sudden social and political changes tended to have patterns, although they differed in the paths to democratization. Furthermore, the role of media as a watchdog is undermined by the financial dependence on the government of the day. With respect to media governance, the four countries are all marked by the hierarchical mode of governing. This casts light on the fact that media policy should be constructed with input from private sectors and civil societies. A conceptual framework provided by this study can work as an analytical tool for researchers who are interested in studying similar-sized countries." (Abstract)
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"Sustainability is a serious threat to independent media in the developing world. Consumers of independent media in developing countries are generally reluctant to pay for access. The main findings with regard to business models for independent media models are: The sales model of revenue generation
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is in peril across the world. There are a few examples of independent media outlets which generate revenue from memberships, subscriptions and sponsorships in Latin America and the Middle East; The advertising model is generally in decline and there is no consensus regarding the viability of this model for independent media in developing countries; The Quint and The Scroll are examples of successful independent media start-ups in India which earn revenue from advertising. In addition there are a few examples of independent news websites in developing countries which earn revenue from native advertising, banner ads and affiliate marketing; Mixed revenue models or cross-subsidising of media businesses with complimentary forprofit business activities is growing in developing countries; Crowdfunding has been used by a few media outlets in Europe and Latin America; Donations have a poor record for raising revenue in developing countries; Not for profit media are growing in developing countries, such as The Wire and Khabar Laharyia in India. However, limited case study evidence indicates that they have not yet found a sustainable business model." (Summary, page 3)
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"The volume digs beneath the standardised and universalised veneer of professionalism to unpack routine practices and normative trends shaped by local factors, including the structural conditions of deprivation, entrenched political instability (and interference), pervasive neo-patrimonial governanc
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e systems, and the influences of technological developments. These varied and complex circumstances are shown to profoundly shape the foundations of journalism in Africa, resulting in routine practices that are both normatively distinct and equally in tune with (imported) Western journalistic cultures. The book thus broadly points to the dialectical nature of news production and the inconsistent and contradictory relationships that characterise news production cultures in Africa." (Publisher description)
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"This document reports on the construction and operationalisation of a proposed annual Media Sustainability Barometer (MSB). The MSB is a quantitative index offered as a tool to both measure and monitor the media ecosystem, in terms of its sustainability across key contributing forces - and much mor
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e. This tool has the power to model how changes in the ecosystem impact on media sustainability in specific countries or blocs, and also to estimate how the media environment impacts on other spheres of society, including those identified in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As such, it addresses the gap in existing initiatives, by bringing together mixed-source media viability indices proposed by UNESCO, Deutsche Welle Akademie and others, into one objectively derived quantitative index. In doing so, it offers the opportunity to analyse and understand the complex dynamics amongst spheres of society that shape, and are shaped by, a sustainable, pluralistic and diverse media sector." (Executive summary)
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"This report explores the recent trajectory of South African news with a specific focus on the economic sustainability of news media. Digital news consumption on mobile phone, and especially via Social Media on Smart Phones (SMSP) is fracturing audiences and reducing traditional sources of revenue.
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Printed newspapers in particular are starting to close and will be closing, this report suggests, at an accelerated rate, and while the past two or three years have seen a revival in important national-level political reporting, local and community media is increasingly losing the struggle to survive. Dozens of community papers have closed in 2015-2017, some after many decades of publishing. The Times in Johannesburg closed in January 2018. Many others will follow. In addition, as this report explores, much of the best current journalism produced in South Africa is currently financed by grants and donations from international foundations. The disruption of the news industry by digital technology has, in South Africa, been exacerbated by political manipulation of news media, including, as this report explores, a multi-pronged attack on media coordinated by what the report describes as the Zuma-centred power elite (after the 2017 PARI report “How South Africa is being Stolen”)." (Executive summary)
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"Entrepreneurship and innovation are currently high on the media industry agenda, but focus has so far been mostly on the economic sustainability of new ventures. Considering the repressive political climate in Egypt, Naomi Sakr explores the tension between economic growth and the ethical, democrati
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c practices of Egyptian startups. The study highlights, among other things, the temporal dimensions of sustainability, where focus on social sustainability can be seen as investment in stakeholder relationships that create long term economic returns." (Page xxxii)
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"[The authors] introduce a conceptual model for organizations and other stakeholders wishing to monitor and evaluate sustainable journalism. Their chapter provides a theoretical foundation for the argument that journalistic media competes for a wide range of resources that determine their success an
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d sustainability. By carefully identifying and monitoring the distribution of these resources, which include, for instance, advertising revenue, audience attention, government resources, investor capital and skilled labor, we will better understand the nuances and dynamics of media ecologies, and possibly respond to the processes by which some organizations evolve while others fade away." (Page xxxi)
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"This study critically examines how the private press in Zimbabwe survived during periods of economic and political crises. In year 2010, the Zimbabwe media fraternity saw the re-opening of Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe (ANZ) after closure in 2003 and the emergence of the NewsDay, published by t
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he Alpha Media Holdings (AMH). The study examines how these publishers survive the economic challenges in Zimbabwe, especially during the prolonged period of the Zimbabwe Crisis from 2010 to 2018. It critically investigates how these two publications have remained operational despite the limited advertising revenue – owing to company closures – and the adversarial relations with the government – a critical source of huge advertising revenue. Given that copy sales of newspapers hardly sustain business entities, this article explores the alternative sources of income and the impact of vested interests on alternative revenue for privately owned newspapers. It is a qualitative research based on findings from thirteen semi-structured in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of ANZ and AMH officials and journalists. Publishers have relied on two main survival strategies, namely, internal cost-cutting strategies and building good business relations with the ruling political elites. Internal cost-cutting strategies have included newsroom convergences, retrenchments, salary reductions and freezes, reduction of newspaper pages and shutting down national newspaper bureaus. External survival methods, on the other hand, have been seeking donor funding, attracting political investments and embracing the new political order for government protection in the event of failure to pay statutory obligations such as taxes and pensions." (Abstract)
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"Over the past years, a range of different databases have been constructed, and research efforts have been made to find the key to making digital news ventures successful. Many of them have searched for best practices, or a secret recipe for a business model that would make the news business economi
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cally sustainable in a digital era. James Breiner has taken on the tedious task of analyzing 20 media startup databases in search of patterns and major lessons learned." (Page xxxii)
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