Filter
245
Featured
Free Access
124
Inspiring Practice
5
Key Guidance
5
Quick Overview
1
Top Insights
21
Topics
Genocides
20
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
19
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
17
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
17
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
16
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
16
Media Law & Regulation
16
Conflicts and Media
15
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
11
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
11
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
9
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
9
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
9
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
9
Journalism Education & Training
9
Dealing With the Past
8
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
8
Radio-Télévision Libre des Milles Collines (RTLM)
8
Mobile Phone Use
7
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
7
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
7
War Reporting
7
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
6
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
6
Collective Memory & Media, Media Representation of History
6
Journalistic Quality
6
Press
6
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
5
Book Trade & Distribution
5
Children's Books & Literature
5
Community Radios
5
Holocaust
5
Reconciliation Work
5
Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
5
Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
5
Facebook
5
Female Journalists & Media Workers
5
United Nations (UN)
5
Transitional Justice
5
Politics and Media
5
Magazines
5
Radio
5
Radio Dramas, Radio Soap Operas, Radio Fiction
5
Book Aid, Book Publishing Assistance, Book Donations
4
Book Markets & Industries
4
Book Publishing Houses
4
Catholic Church
4
Censorship
4
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
4
Perpetrators
4
Digital Inclusion
4
International Humanitarian Crisis Reporting, Foreign Disaster Reporting
4
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
4
Libraries
4
Journalism
4
Associations & Networks of Journalists
4
Media Assistance
4
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
4
Media Management
4
Propaganda
4
Newspapers
4
Telecommunication Infrastructure
4
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
3
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Agricultural Information & Extension
3
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
3
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
3
Media Use, Media Consumption
3
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
3
War & Political Violence in Cinema
3
Freedom of Expression
3
International Organizations: Communication Strategies & Practices
3
Traditional Communication
3
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
3
Theatre for Development
3
Democracy Assistance
3
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
3
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
3
Behaviour Change Communication
3
Edutainment Campaigns: Effects & Effectiveness
3
Edutainment Radio Programmes
3
Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
3
ICT Policies
3
ICT Regulation
3
Racism in Communication & Media
3
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
3
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
3
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
3
COVID-19 Communication
3
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
3
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
3
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
3
Journalists
3
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
3
Election Reporting
3
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Civil Society
3
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
3
Television
3
Visual Communication
3
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
2
Agriculture & ICTs, e-Agriculture
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Internet & Social Media Use: Women
2
Mobile Phone Use: Youth
2
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
2
Radio Maria (Catholic Radio Network)
2
Pax Christi
2
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
2
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
2
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
2
Self-Censorship
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
Oral Cultures & Traditions, Oral History, Oral Testimonies
2
Conflicts
2
Religion and Conflicts, Religious Conflicts, Religious Violence
2
Civil Wars
2
Humanitarian Interventions
2
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
2
Crime & Violence Reporting
2
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
2
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
2
Media Assistance: Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation
2
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
2
Memes
2
Literature
2
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
2
Communicating Development Projects, Media in Development Programmes
2
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
2
Edutainment Campaigns: Experiences
2
Edutainment Health Programmes
2
Visual Aids for Development
2
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
2
Twitter & Microblogs
2
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
2
Online Learning, E-Learning
2
Gender and ICTs / Internet
2
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
2
ICT Industries & Markets
2
ICT Indicators
2
Media Markets
2
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
2
Educational Radio Programmes
2
Illiteracy, Non-Literate Persons
2
Journalism Ethics
2
Self-Regulation of Media
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
2
History (General)
2
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
2
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
2
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Democracy Assistance: Human Rights Assistance
2
Human Rights
2
Regulatory Bodies
2
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
2
Refugees / Displaced People
2
Politics
2
Peace, Peacekeeping, Peace Building, Peace Movements
2
Democracy Assistance: Electoral Assistance
2
Democracy / Democratization and Media
2
Media Effects
2
Persuasive Communication
2
Interreligious Dialogue
2
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
2
Society
2
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Minorities
2
Mobile Phone Apps
2
Illustrations, Pictures, Images
2
Access to Media & Information
1
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Open Data
1
Radio Advertising
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
1
Empowerment
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Agricultural Development & Policies
1
Peasants / Farmers & Communication
1
Audiences & Users
1
Audience Research
1
Community Radio Audiences & Use
1
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
1
Reading Habits: Children
1
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
1
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
1
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
1
Book Fairs
1
Book Policies (National & International)
1
Book Publishing
1
Gender and Book Publishing
1
Indigenous Language Book Publishing
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Films
1
Catholic Press
1
Catholic Websites
1
Diocesan Catholic Communication Work
1
Divine Word Missionaries (SVD)
1
Missionaries of Africa (White Fathers)
1
Catholic Theology
1
Church History
1
Dioceses
1
Animated Cartoons, Animated Films
1
Child Abuse Reporting
1
Child Soldiers
1
Children & Childhood
1
Sesame Street (Children's Television Programme)
1
Christian Churches & Denominations
1
Protestantism (Mainline)
1
Christian Press
1
Christian Press: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christianity (General)
1
Church Public Relations
1
Missionary Communication, Media & Evangelisation
1
Aesthetics in Film & Visual Communication
1
African Cinema
1
Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
1
Violence in the Media: Film
1
Film Industries
1
Foreign / Developing Countries: Film Representation
1
History of Film & Cinema
1
Media Assistance: Film Funding
1
National Cinemas, National Film Production
1
Communication Rights
1
Intellectual Property
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
1
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
1
Communication Strategies
1
Government Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Radio Policies
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Reporters, Media Volunteers
1
Graffiti, Wall Paintings, Street Art
1
Participatory Communication
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Storytelling
1
Ethnic Conflicts
1
International Conflicts
1
Terrorism
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Cyberwarfare, Cyber Operations: Attacking Enemy Computers, Software, and Control Systems
1
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
1
Transitional Justice Reporting
1
Violence in the Media
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
1
Anthropology of Media & Communication
1
Theatre
1
Poetry
1
Radio Culture
1
Popular Cultures
1
Reading Promotion
1
Religion and Culture
1
Development Assistance
1
Church Development Cooperation
1
Development Planning
1
Gender Projects (Development Cooperation)
1
Free Basics (Facebook Internet Access Programme)
1
Behaviour Change Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Communication for Social Change
1
Development and Media
1
Development Communication Tools & Methods
1
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Governance Support Communication
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Poverty Reduction: Role of Media
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Digital Communication, Digital Media
1
Data Governance, Data Justice, Data Sovereignty
1
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
Digital Research Methods
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
1
Social Media in Political Communication
1
Digital Media Markets
1
Open Access Publishing
1
Social Media
1
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
1
YouTube
1
WhatsApp
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
Digitalization, Environment & Sustainable Development
1
Ecological Footprint & Sustainability of Digitalization, E-Waste & Recycling
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
ICT Development Assistance
1
Mobile Phone Markets
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
1
Disaster Relief & Humanitarian Aid Reporting
1
Famines: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Infectious Diseases' Outbreak Communication
1
Media Assistance: Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
1
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
1
Media Literacy: Disinformation, Fake News, Hate Speech
1
Archives
1
Digital & Online Archives
1
Documenting Human Rights Violations
1
School Libraries
1
Economics of Media
1
Digital Economies & Markets
1
Economy
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Mobile Money Cash Transfer Programmes
1
Economic Policies
1
Audiovisual Media in Education
1
Educational Broadcasting
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
1
Secondary Education
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Television Dramas
1
Environmental Communication
1
Climate, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
1
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
1
Evaluation
1
Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
1
Forced Marriage
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Rural Women & Communication
1
Health Communication
1
Health: Media Representation (Factual & Fictional)
1
Mental Health (General)
1
Religion in Health Communication
1
Therapeutical Use of Communication & Media
1
History of Media & Communication
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History of Media: Colonial Period
1
History of Media: 19th Century
1
History of Television
1
Nazism
1
Slavery, Slaves
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Adaptation of Media Products to Other Countries / Cultural Contexts
1
China: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
Foreign News, International News
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
1
Journalism Education Curricula
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Radio Journalism Education
1
Exiled Journalists
1
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
1
Legal Status of Journalists
1
Radio News
1
Television News
1
News Agencies
1
Business & Economics Journalism
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Political Reporting
1
Sexual Abuse Reporting, Sexual Violence Reporting
1
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
1
French Language
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
France: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
BBC Media Action
1
Media Assistance: Radio
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Media Assistance: Training Institutions
1
Sweden: Media Assistance
1
Communication Networks
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Ushahidi (Crowdsourcing Mapping Software)
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Media, Mass Media
1
Organizational Communication, Institutional Communication
1
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
1
Media & Communication Policies
1
Deregulation & Liberalisation of Media
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Media & Information Literacy
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Press Landscapes
1
Civil Rights
1
Economic / Social / Cultural Rights
1
Frequency Allocation, Radio Frequency & Spectrum Management
1
Human Rights Violations
1
Law Enforcement, Litigations, Legal Practice, Case Law, Jurisdiction
1
Personal Identification (ID) Systems
1
Radio Law & Regulation
1
Truth & Reconciliation Commissions
1
Administration
1
Change & Process Management
1
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
1
Fundraising
1
Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas & Media
1
Diasporas
1
Digital Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Popular Music
1
Photography
1
Documentary Photography
1
Government
1
Military
1
Political Change
1
Political Parties
1
Democracy
1
Democratization
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Agenda Setting
1
Framing
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Perceptions & Attitudes Towards Politics
1
Political Communication
1
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
1
Political Transition and Media
1
Public Spheres
1
Radio Production Skills
1
Logical Frameworks, Logframes
1
Project Impact, Project Effects, Project Effectiveness, Project Efficiency
1
Stakeholders, Stakeholder Analysis, Stakeholder Participation
1
Public Media, State Media
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Public & State Radios
1
Youth Radio Programmes, Youth Radio Stations, School Radios
1
Radio Stations
1
Everyday Life
1
Attitudes, Attitude Formation & Change
1
Manipulation
1
Therapeutical Writing, Memory Books
1
Religion and Communication
1
Buddhism
1
COVID-19 Pandemic & Religion
1
Islam
1
Yazidism, Yazidis, Yezidis
1
Communication & Media Research Centres
1
Participatory Research
1
Participatory Research Methods
1
Internet & ICTs in Rural Areas
1
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
1
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
1
Human Security
1
Violence
1
Domestic Violence
1
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
1
State Violence
1
Coalition Building
1
Ethnocentrism
1
Reality & Communication, Truth & Media
1
Radio Broadcasting Equipment & Technologies
1
Radio Sets, Radio Receivers
1
Robots, Robotics
1
Satellite Communication & Information Services
1
Telecommunications
1
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
1
SMS
1
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
1
Non-Western Communication Approaches
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Drawing, Drawings
1
Youth, Adolescents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Genozid in Ruanda
Message, issue 4 (2014), pp. 36-45
"Bei der Aufarbeitung des Völkermords in Ruanda liefern die Medien kaum Neues. Ihre zugespitzten und vereinfachende Berichte werden dem komplexen Ereignis oft nicht gerecht. Im Interview kritisiert Stefan Brüne überholte Gut-Böse-Narrative und fordert, im Angesicht aktueller Krisen den Fokus der
...
Promouvoir des médias professionnels et responsables contribuant aux processus démocratiques dans les Grands Lacs: Projet de la Coopération suisse. Étude de faisabilité
Panos Grands Lacs;Association Burundaise des Radiodiffuseurs (ABR);Panos Europe (2014), 298 pp.
"Premier jalon de ce programme, cette étude, réalisée pour le compte de l’IPGL et de l’ABR par une équipe de 6 consultants locaux et internationaux, dresse un état des lieux du paysage médiatique des trois zones concernées. Il met en évidence des différences majeures entre les trois esp
...
Media Laws: Training Curriculum
London: Institute for War & Peace Reporting (IWPR) (2014), 70 pp.
"The aim of this handbook is to equip the reader with an understanding of Rwanda’s new media laws, both in terms of the rights and obligations introduced, as well as in terms of the regulatory and institutional structure they have established. The handbook is presented in seven modules, which comp
...
Transitional Justice, Culture, and Society: Beyond Outreach
New York: Social Science Research Council (SSRC);International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) (2014), 560 pp.
Enjoying books together: A guide for teachers on the use of books in the classroom
Save the Children (2014), 35 pp.
Theatre for Peace: CPS Work in Cameroon, DR Congo, Nepal, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Uganda
Bafoussam; Berlin: Brot für die Welt;Civil Peace Service (CPS) (2014), 143 pp.
"This manual is an opportunity for the Civil Peace Service (CPS) networks to share the experiences of some of the people and organisations who use theatre as a tool for communication, change and peace. You will find theoretical bases, concrete examples related to the contents and some techniques and
...
Assessing Impact, Evaluating Adaptability: A Decade of Radio La Benevolencija in Rwanda, Burundi, and the DRC
Annenberg School for Communication, Center for Global Communication Studies (CGCS);Altai Consulting (2014), 38 pp.
"RLB’s interventions in Rwanda, Burundi, and the DRC have achieved significant knowledge, attitude, and behavior changes. Among the most notable of these: With respect to gains in knowledge, members of RLB’s audience have gained better understandings of the cycle of violence and methods used by
...
Hate Radio: Materialien, Dokumente, Theorie
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) (2014), 255 pp.
Freedom on the Net 2014. Tightening the Net: Governments Expand Online Controls
Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2014), 986 pp.
"Internet freedom around the world has declined for the fourth consecutive year, with a growing number of countries introducing online censorship and monitoring practices that are simultaneously more aggressive and more sophisticated in their targeting of individual users. In a departure from the pa
...
Global Information Society Watch 2014: Communications Surveillance in the Digital Age
Association for Progressive Communications (APC);Hivos (2014), 283 pp.
"This Global Information Society Watch tracks the state of communications surveillance in 57 countries across the world – countries as diverse as Hungary, India, Argentina, The Gambia, Lebanon and the United Kingdom. Each country report approaches the issue from a different perspective. Some analy
...
Framing Africa: Portrayals of a Continent in Contemporary Mainstream Cinema
New York: Berghahn (2013), vi, 183 pp.
"The first decade of the 21st century has seen a proliferation of North American and European films that focus on African politics and society. While once the continent was the setting for narratives of heroic ascendancy over self (The African Queen, 1951; The Snows of Kilimanjaro, 1952), military o
...
Spider Stories 2012
Kista; Stockholm: Spider – The Swedish Program for ICT in Developing Regions;Stockholm University (2013), 99 pp.
"In Spider Stories 2012 you will get an overview of results from Spider projects initiated in 2011-2012 in collaboration with project partners in Cambodia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. In partnership with local organizations, we have supported innovative projects in democracy, education, and
...
Freedom on the Net 2013: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media
Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2013), 881 pp.
"Freedom House has conducted a comprehensive study of internet freedom in 60 countries around the world. This report is the fourth in a series and focuses on developments that occurred between May 2012 and April 2013. The previous edition, covering 47 countries, was published in September 2012. 'Fre
...
Global Information Society Watch 2013: Women's Rights, Gender and ICTs
Association for Progressive Communications (APC);Hivos (2013), 240 pp.
"GISWatch 2013 shows that gains in women’s rights made online are not always certain or stable. While access to the internet for women has increased their participation in the social, economic and governance spheres, there is another side to these opportunities: online harassment, cyberstalking, a
...
The Global Information Technology Report 2013: Growth and Jobs in a Hyperconnected World
Geneva: World Economic Forum;INSEAD (2013), 413 pp.
"Through the methodological framework of the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), the report measures the extent to which 144 economies, from both the developed and developing worlds, take advantage of ICTs and other new technologies to increase their growth and well-being. The NRI identifies the most r
...
Media Sustainability Index 2012: Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Africa
Washington, DC: IREX (2013), xix, 455 pp.
Priming Effects of a Reconciliation Radio Drama on Historical Perspective-Taking in the Aftermath of Mass Violence in Rwanda
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, volume 49, issue 1 (2013), pp. 144-151
"A field experiment in Rwanda investigated the impact of a radio drama designed to increase perspective-taking with regard to the history of intergroup conflict. An audio-based priming technique was used to assess the causal impact of the radio drama. Rwandan participants (N=842) listened to an audi
...
Upstairs Downstairs: Communication Contradictions Around Two African Refugee Camps
Journal of African Media Studies, volume 5, issue 1 (2013), pp. 35-51
"This article describes and analyses the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) communication policy in the current world environment where a variety of well-doers attempt to pursue attention. The analysis is reflected against the results of focus group interviews with Congolese women
...
"SMART" Photovoice Agricultural Consultation: Increasing Rwandan Women Farmers' Active Participation in Development
Development in Practice, volume 23, issue 4 (2013), pp. 496-510
"Through two case studies, this paper evaluates the value of the feminist visual methodology Photovoice as an interactive consultation tool with rural Rwandan women working in agriculture. This exploratory study suggests that it is possible, through an adapted Photovoice process, to engage and empow
...
