"[...] MiCT conducted a comparative content analysis on coverage of two issues of national concern on eight different Iraqi TV channels in August 2019: (1) the shelling of a PMF-held position near the Balad Air Base in Salahuddin and (2) the lifting of parliamentary immunity of select Members of Par
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liament (MPs), namely Talal al-Zobaie, the former head of the Integrity Committee. The purpose of this research is to understand the differences between how local TV channels select and frame political events and the news time they dedicate to these events. The channels included in the sample were selected from the North, Center and South of the country, representing different political, regional and sectarian strands across Iraq. The study recorded, transcribed and compared the content of main news bulletins from eight Iraqi TV channels over four days during the third week of August 2019 (19-23 August 2019). The shelling revealed polarisation between al-Ahed, owned by Asa’ib Ahl al-Haq (AAH) (the Iran-controlled wing of the Popular Mobilization Forces) and the public channel al-Iraqiya, known to be controlled by the government. The analysis found that the two antagonists used ‘their’ channels to promote opposing narratives on this event. The polarisation is however not between the Sunni and Shia camp, but rather highlights the inner-Shia conflict between certain factions within the PMF and the government. Countering this polarisation, the content analysis of the shelling also revealed a major midfield of discourse in which no significant differences between Sunni- and Shia-backed channels were found. Iraqi channels engage in broad and pluralistic debate, producing and circulating an array of frames across regional and sectarian borders. These channels’ scope of coverage, wealth of opinions and critical analyses position them as evidence of media pluralism at work. From this angle, as salient as it may be, polarisation appears to be a remnant from the time of ethno-sectarian politics, which still work inside the system but are slowly fading." (Executive summary, page 4)
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"Utilising results of an unprecedented global study, this volume explores the ways in which young adults in seven different countries engage with digital and social media in religiously significant ways. Presenting and analysing the findings of the international research project Young Adults and Rel
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igion in a Global Perspective (YARG), an international panel of contributors shed new light on the impact of digital media and its associated technologies on young people's religiosities, worldviews, and values. Case studies from China, Finland, Ghana, Israel, Peru, Poland, and Turkey are used to demonstrate how these developments are progressing, not just in the West, but across the world." (Publisher description)
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"Viele Filme aus Ländern in Afrika, Asien und Lateinamerika befassen sich phantasievoll mit gesellschaftlichen Fragen. Unter welchen Bedingungen arbeiten Regisseurinnen in Algerien, Marokko und Tunesien? Warum sind afrikanische Religionen und Riten ein Thema im jungen nigerianischen Kino? Und wie g
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eht ein indonesischer Regisseur mit Drohungen religiöser Fanatiker um?" (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"This study examines the ways in which Arab citizens, as media users, could be enabled to influence news media conduct and thus enhance media practicioners’ commitment toward ethical journalistic practices and standards, particularly accuracy, balance and fairness. It aims to explore the possibili
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ties of making pan-Arab news media accountable to their publics, refocusing their attention on citizens rather than sponsors and governments. The first section provides an overview of the current state of accountability of the pan-Arab news media with a focus on state-funded broadcasters. Section two looks at the current and emerging media practices and internet-based forms of professional and public accountability in Arab countries. Section three investigates the role of critical media literacy in bolstering the value and effect of current forms of public accountability. Arab media are facing new forms of professional and public accountability and, although in its infancy, critical media literacy is a central factor in fostering and shaping this." (Abstract)
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"Said AlDailami untersucht die tiefen Konfliktlinien entlang von konfessionellen, regionalen und tribalen Zugehörigkeiten sowie wirtschaftlichen Interessen, um auszuloten, wie und wann Frieden möglich werden könnte. Zahlreiche äußere Mächte – wie Saudi-Arabien, die Vereinigten Arabischen Emi
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rate, der Iran und westliche Länder – sind direkt oder indirekt an dem Konflikt beteiligt und tragen massiv zur Intensität und Weiterführung der Kämpfe bei. Gründe dafür sind nicht zuletzt Hegemonialinteressen, die geostrategisch bedeutsame Lage des Jemen und auch sein kultureller Reichtum. Luftangriffe der arabischen Koalition haben inzwischen zahlreiche antike und islamische Bauten und Kulturobjekte irreversibel beschädigt oder gar vollständig zerstört. Mit ihnen drohen auch die Identität, die Geschichte und das kulturelle Gedächtnis der Menschen verloren zu gehen." (Klappentext)
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"This book, part of the BEA Electronic Media Research Series, brings together top scholars researching media literacy and lays out the current state of the field in areas such as propaganda, news, participatory culture, representation, education, social/environmental justice, and civic engagement. T
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he field of media literacy continues to undergo changes and challenges as audiences are reconceptualized and reconfigured, media industries are transformed and replaced, and the production of media texts is available to anyone with a smartphone. The book provides an overview of these. It offers readers specific examples and recommendations to help others as they develop their own teaching and research agendas." (Publisher description)
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"Investigating the root causes of the Syrian uprising of 2011, New Media and Revolution shows how acts of online resistance prepared the ground for better-organised street mobilisation. The book interprets the uprising not as the start of Syria’s social mobilisation but as a shift from online to o
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ffline contestation, and from localised and hidden practices of digital dissent to tangible mass street protests. Brownlee goes beyond the common dichotomy that frames new media as either a deus ex machina or a means of expression to demonstrate that, in Syria, media was a nontraditional institution that enabled resistance to digitally manifest and gestate below, within, and parallel to formal institutions of power. To refute the idea that the population of Syria was largely apathetic and apolitical prior to the uprising, Brownlee explains that social media and technology created camouflaged geographies and spaces where individuals could protest without being detected." (Publisher description)
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"An increasing number of governments around the world are forcing internet service providers to slow their services during critical sociopolitical junctures—a practice known as throttling—infringing on citizens’ right to information and freedom of expression. Despite its deleterious impact on
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media development and foundational rights, throttling remains an often-neglected topic and risks becoming a pervasive, yet hidden, threat to press freedoms, democracy, and human rights. Throttling refers to the intentional slowing of an internet service by an internet service provider. It stifles the free flow of information during critical moments and prevents journalists from providing vital information to citizens abroad and at home. Due to its difficulty to detect, throttling shields authorities from public scrutiny. Businesses have a duty to be transparent about how and when governments force them to disrupt their services, yet often remain silent on the issue." (Key findings)
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"By not adhering to rigid standards of professionalism, journalists can unwittingly become part of the problem, causing further trauma to survivors and allowing perpetrators to evade prosecution [...] This handbook was developed to help journalists report on gender-based violence (GBV) with greater
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ease and awareness. It provides essential information on the definition and root causes of GBV, in addition to a simple set of guidelines and best practices that facilitate the process and help journalists deliver stronger, more impactful stories on this essential topic." (Introduction)
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"This paper examines online discourse about the White Helmets, a volunteer rescue group that operates in rebel (anti-regime) areas of Syria. The White Helmet’s humanitarian activities, their efforts to document the targeting of civilians through video evidence, and their non-sectarian nature (that
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disrupted regime-preferred narratives of rebels as Islamic terrorists) put the group at odds with the Syrian government and their allies, including Russia. Consequently, they became a target of a persistent effort to undermine them. Disinformation can be defined as information that is deliberately false or misleading. Its purpose is not always to convince, but to create doubt. Bittman (1985) describes one tactic of disinformation as “public relations … in reverse” meant to damage an adversary’s image and undermine their objectives. We argue that disinformation is best understood as a campaign—an assemblage of information actions—employed to mislead for a strategic, political purpose. Prior research and investigative reporting have characterized the campaign against the White Helmets as disinformation, due to its connection to Russia’s influence apparatus, its use of false and misleading narratives to delegitimize the group, and its function to create doubt about their evidence documenting atrocities perpetrated by the Syrian regime and their Russian allies. This research examines “both sides” of the White Helmets discourse—exploring how the White Helmets promote their work and foster solidarity with online audiences through their own social media activity and through episodic attention from mainstream media, and examining how the campaign against the White Helmets attempts to counter and delegitimize their work through strategic use of alternative and social media. We do not make any claims about the veracity of specific pieces of content or specific narratives shared by accounts on either side of this conversation. However, we do highlight how the campaign against the White Helmets reflects emerging understandings of disinformation in this context." (Page 2)
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"This report is the eighth in an annual series of publications, dating back to 2012, designed to share the latest stories, trends and research in social media usage from across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Using a wide variety of academic, industry and media sources, this White Paper ide
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ntifies important insights from social media’s development over the previous year. Of particular note in 2019 is the continued, growing, importance of social media in the lives of Arab Youth, outside of Saudi Arabia and Turkey the declining usage of Twitter (once the poster child social network for the Arab Spring,) as well as greater scrutiny of social media usage by platform owners and governments alike. Last year’s report highlighted the increasing weaponization of social networks, a trend which continued in 2019. Facebook, Twitter and Telegram each closed hundreds of accounts due to inappropriate use by state sponsored actors and terrorist groups. Social networks were also the target of governments across MENA, in the midst of protests in many countries throughout the region. Meanwhile, the importance of social video and visually-led social networks, continued to grow. Snapchat introduced new advertising formats to the region and other exclusive functionality, Google highlighted the importance of YouTube in supporting parents and parenting, and in major markets such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the UAE, Twitter has emerged as a leading platform for online video consumption." (Introduction)
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"The main purpose of this White Paper is to highlight major findings from the two studies conducted within the scope of the USAID Jordan Media Assessment (JMA), specifically, the Media Landscape Analysis and the Digital Media Sector Assessment, and to respond to several additional questions grouped
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around three distinct topics: 1) Impediments on Professional Journalism; 2) Media Education; and 3) Media and Information Literacy (MIL). The introductory notes aim at framing the topics by providing a brief overview of relevant regional developments." (Introduction, page 2)
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"The Media Landscape Analysis is Component I of the Jordan Media Assessment, a comprehensive review of the media sector in Jordan. Based on a thorough desk review of existing research on Jordan’s media scene, it focuses on the legal framework, political will and economic context that affect the wo
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rk of media and journalists; provides an overview of the media landscape; and an overview of the journalism educational system. It also includes a summary review of previous, existing and planned media assistance/development programs (2009 onwards) implemented by international and national media development actors." (Page 3)
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"As a component of the USAID Jordan Media Assessment (JMA), this White Paper aims to assess the Government of Jordan’s (GOJ) and the media’s response to the current COVID-19 crisis starting in mid-February 2020 through May 1, 2020. This includes the methods used for disseminating messages to the
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public through traditional and digital tools, as well as the means of combating misinformation. In addition, the paper provides an overview of the role of traditional media outlets in shaping public opinion, influencing public behavior, combating rumors and spreading information and facts. Within this short period, independent research, social media discourse, and commentaries by activists and academics indicate that the GOJ’s proactive communications efforts on the COVID-19 crisis are contributing to rebuilding a level of trust between the State and society at large, while increasing transparency." (Page 2)
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"To attain gender equality as a long-term objective, a multi-layered strategy and action is required. In that process, media are a part of the problem, as well as they are a part of the solution. While it has been well established that media organizations can play an influential role in contributing
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to transformation and change in society, they also reflect the forms and patterns of prevailing societal values. In brief, by supporting media, USAID can further the implementation of gender-specific objectives through a dual-track approach that focuses on (1) improving the enabling environment for female journalists; and (2) facilitating production and dissemination of gender-sensitive content implemented through “media for development” and/or “media development” program strategies." (Recommendation, page 19)
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"Implemented between January-March 2020, the Jordan Media Assessment (JMA) aims to provide an overview of the media landscape in Jordan, with a specific focus on how digital media impact Jordan’s democratic development. The findings will assist USAID/Jordan to determine the broader needs of the me
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dia sector and make recommendations on possible areas of interventions for potential USAID engagement that advance USAID’s new Country Development Cooperation Strategy (CDCS). The JMA includes three distinct reports: (1) Media Landscape Analysis, which provides a comprehensive review of the media sector, legal framework, political will and economic context that affect the work of media, a review of media assistance/development programs (2009-onwards), as well as an overview of the journalism educational ecosystem; (2) Digital Media Sector Assessment, which provides an in-depth overview of the extent of civic engagement through digital media a summary of challenges to media viability, as well as the capacity and institutional needs required to enhance and sustain traditional and alternative media in this digital landscape; and (3) Online Youth Survey, which was implemented to capture insights into how Jordanian youth (aged 18-29) access and engage with digital media, as well as better understand their consumption habits, levels of trust and media literacy, the impact of social media influencers and youth-related issues. The major findings of these three reports are consolidated in this Executive Summary followed by relevant recommendations with illustrative interventions responding to the challenges and opportunities facing the media sector in Jordan." (Page 1)
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