"This report aims to progress the media development sector’s work towards the financial sustainability of independent news media. It proposes a new ecosystem-level framework for categorising media outlets, measuring their performance and making them more resilient to their obstacles in reaching an
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d generating income from audiences and businesses. The proposed framework is intended for use by media development implementers (such as Internews), media outlets, donors, technologists and research partners." (Publisher description)
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"There is a growing market for factual, independent, reliable, and affordable news delivered in diverse languages in southern Zimbabwe. The local revenue sources to fund those efforts are not apparent. In an area of deep poverty, which has only been amplified by natural disasters and pandemic, large
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parts of the population live in the informal economy and at subsistence levels. Consumer-generated revenue, at a level equal to supporting newsgathering, is unlikely to materialize in the near-term. National advertising revenue appears to be captured by close-to-government news media and does not flow to the community level; there are few sources of paid local advertising. The government has used prolific tools in its efforts to suppress reporting, including force, legislation, intimidation, imprisonment, and — perhaps the most ubiquitous — increasing credentialing and licensing fees to unaffordable levels. While the absolute cost of those fees might seem modest, in the context of pervasive poverty, they are often punitive. Broadcast licenses remain beyond the reach of local news organizations in smaller urban or rural areas. Yet there are ways to strengthen journalists and journalism. Journalists have demonstrated spirited innovation in their adoption of low-cost, no-cost platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook. Their use of podcasts, populated with audio bites captured from chatgroups enables them to reach audiences (literate or illiterate) in vernacular languages. Audiences’ increased use of diverse news sources, including online ones, during the pandemic reflects their hunger for credible information. Investments in capacity building, along with support in the form of computers, phones, and data, will help meet those needs. Topline audience data from GeoPoll suggests that deeper dives into audience analytics, particularly those related to youth and women audiences, could help uncover rich veins of content that would connect in substantive ways with those audiences." (Conclusion)
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"This paper aims to trace the social construct of sustainability in the context of media development and define what is to be sustained, at the level of the intervention (the process of change) or its outcome (the impact on the medium itself). It is intended for all those who are concerned, closely
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or remotely, with ‘media action’ – and this expression is used here to mean any intervention (inside or outside a given media system) that promotes either communication for social change (the use of media for development purposes) or media development (the targeted development of independent outlets). This literature review focuses on the evolution of the concept of sustainability and the way it has been endorsed by the media, media action implementers and donors over time, as funds dedicated to media assistance have increased and the digital revolution has questioned most of the foundations of the media industry, with regard to production, distribution and information usage." (Abstract)
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"Alternative media platforms in Lebanon vary in size and expenditures. Annual turnovers range between USD 15,000 to almost USD 1.1 million. Editorial costs make up the bulk of all alternative media platforms. Namely the salaries of core team members and journalists, as well as the fees paid to freel
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ancers, correspondents, and outside consultants/writers. Secondary costs include production equipment, rent, operation, equipment, legal fees, and technical feels. All interviewed independent platforms are non-profit. Almost all members of independent platforms are motivated primarily by their love of the job. Most independent platforms have relied on volunteering, either totally or partially, from their conception to their current stage. None of the platforms interviewed have a devoted person or team in charge of marketing and sales in the traditional sense of buying ads or working on partnerships. Partnerships are usually rare, approached informally, by word-of-mouth and networks, and decided up by editorial teams. All platforms have one person (full-timer or part-timer) in charge of marketing the platform’s own content on social media, but not advertising other brands on their own platforms, except The961. Almost all the platforms are unsatisfied with the current promotion model on social media. Most concerns are related to the clash between the platform’s values and the ethics and politics of social media platforms. Complaints also touched upon the fact that independent media have to invest time and money to create content, and then they have to pay social media to host it, rather than get paid by social media. Some platforms, such as Khateera, have adopted a pragmatic mindset from the start. “Our only objective is to get our message across to as wide an audience as possible,” they said. All media have agreed that good journalism costs money and generates very little, therefore other revenue streams are required to sustain it. All independent media interviewed have relied mostly on grants, except The961. Grants provide core funding and project-based funding. Both Daraj and Megaphone have also relied on volunteers but have shifted away from it. Sentiments towards grants vary. Most platforms in Lebanon have chosen donors that are not related to national, local or foreign authorities; donors that preserve their editorial integrity: i.e., no interference in editorial decisions and alignment with values and ethics. They all have a good relationship with their donors." (Findings, page 3)
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"The road to creating a successful corporate culture in the new hybrid work era is lined with landmines, but it is also loaded with new opportunities for more diverse, more motivated, and more talented workforces. Financial sustainability was already a dicey challenge pre-Covid. Companies producing
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undifferentiated content for unengaged audiences on the back of display advertising were doomed in the long run. That long run was shortened to a matter of months. The companies that were already diversified were able to adapt and diversify further, bolstering streams that were working (subscription-driven newsletters), pivoting on streams that had to change (live events to virtual events), and adding new or enhancing existing streams that fit the moment (e-learning, clubs, and ecommerce). Publishers who were already creating unique content found readers willing and eager to pay for it. Readers reacted positively to long-form journalism, while also finding utility in quick-hit, information-packed short-form pieces and graphic-only content. Video in all its glories - searchable, animation, personalised, live, interactive, social media (TikTok), etc. - flourished. Some print publishers, while taking the expected hit from newsstand shut-downs, pivoted to a strategy of increasing quality and price while decreasing frequency, and they found ready, hungry, and growing audiences. Other print publishers leveraged the print media's reputation as a trusted source of information to drive subscriptions and sales of one-off topical publications. In a world awash in misinformation, readers have shown a willingness to pay for information they know they can trust. Audiences also began to reward media companies who engaged in and promoted their sustainable activities by voting with their subscription payments and donations for corporate environmental responsibility." (Executive summary, page 4)
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"This report documents a snapshot of media ownership in Bangladesh in late 2020 and identifies its major patterns. By no means is this report exhaustive nor does it cover all aspects of ownership of media in Bangladesh. In the absence of baseline data, our primary objective was to build one with the
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possibility of further addition and exploration. The information provided in the report should allow researchers to examine these media and others which remained outside the ambit of this report. Drawing on data about selected 32 business entities and associated 48 print and electronic media outlets, this report has shown that family ties, political affiliation and business interests largely shape the ownership patterns in the mediascape. The fact that large business groups are dominating the Bangladeshi mediascape is not a unique phenomenon. But a combination of these three factors points to an alarming picture and raises concern. These do not augur well when the legal and extralegal measures are used rampantly to curtail freedom of speech and when the democratic space is shrinking fast. The overall political environment has created a situation where the pattern of media ownership facilitates ongoing democratic backsliding. The current pattern of ownership also warrants exploration of media content. It is necessary to examine whether the extent of the monopoly of the few groups over the industry and the incumbent government's politics impact media content." (Concluding remarks, page 26)
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"Fruto de la convergencia tecnológica la industria de Contenidos audiovisuales ha cambiado en Colombia. Si bien, la audiencia continúa accediendo a los contenidos a través de TV (sea por señal abierta o por TV por suscripción), el fenómeno de acceso a contenidos difundidos por internet a trav
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s de plataformas OTT es cada vez más común. Del lado de la TV se observan dos comportamientos en materia de las principales fuentes de ingresos. De una parte, entre 2014 y 2020 la pauta publicitaria para la TV nacional y TV regional y local ha acumulado una reducción de 48,7% y 39,2%, a pesar de mantener un share de pantalla entre el 61% y 55%. Del lado de los proveedores de televisión abierta privada, aunque han realizado esfuerzos por diversificar sus ingresos, a través de la venta de producciones ya realizadas y exhibidas en Colombia, como de guiones para su posterior adaptación en otros países y contextos, esta diversificación no revierte el comportamiento de la pauta publicitaria y los ingresos totales aun presentan una tendencia decreciente. Del lado de la financiación para la TV pública, los recursos han crecido en términos constantes un 33,7% en el mismo periodo. En materia de TV por suscripción, en los últimos 10 años ha acumulado un crecimiento de 68% en el número de suscriptores y de 24% entre 2014 y 2019 en los ingresos. Sin embargo, en el último periodo las tasas de crecimiento en suscriptores se moderaron y en el caso de los ingresos por suscriptor tuvieron una variación negativa derivada de la competencia en precios." (Conclusiones, página 31)
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"The following report on the financial transparency of media represents data of 2020. In order to illustrate the extent to which budgetary funding influences the editorial policy of the media or to observe the types of editorial policies the concerned media outlets pursue, it also discusses some exa
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mples of media coverage. Released by the Media Development Foundation (MDF) annually, the report explores, on the one hand, declared revenues of broadcast media and, on the other, the practice of allocating budgetary funds for advertising and dissemination of information in media outlets." (Introduction)
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"The biggest detriments to news media viability in Lebanon include: The political partisanship of the media; A lack of sustainable business models for the media; An oversaturated and hypercompetitive media market resulting in lowered quality of content; Too little competition in the advertisement ma
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rket, which is dominated by one advertising agency and big digital companies such as Google; Non-transparent media ownership and funding (including foreign direct funding); Problematic audience behaviours including the creation of “ideological bubbles” based on political or religious interests. The results lead to the conclusion that news media viability in Lebanon can best be improved by working towards a less overcrowded media market, reducing foreign direct funding, establishing sustainable business models and more independent and free conditions for the production of quality news content." (Executive summary, page 6)
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"For the first time, a complete mapping of the film and audiovisual industry in 54 States of the African continent is available, including quantitative and qualitative data and an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses at the continental and regional levels. The report proposes strategic recomme
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ndations for the development of the film and audiovisual sectors in Africa and invites policymakers, professional organizations, firms, filmmakers and artists to implement them in a concerted manner. The film and audiovisual industry in Africa has the potential to create over 20 million jobs and generate US$20 billion in revenues per year." (Short summary, page 2)
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"COVID-19 has taken a heavy toll on freedom of expression, access to information, and media freedom. Amidst an ongoing global decline in democratic freedoms, the pandemic has severely affected the work of media outlets and independent journalists. Functioning media are, however, a precondition for r
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eliable information, government accountability — and for an inclusive recovery from the repercussions of the global health crisis. What are the most pressing challenges the media have faced during the pandemic? And how can these challenges be addressed? What can governments, donors and civil society organizations do? This discussion paper highlights some of the most relevant problems and recommendations on how to tackle them." (Page 1)
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"Pervasive media censorship in China is often seen as a strictly political issue. Although in past years reporters have had leeway to report on economic issues, the Chinese Party/state has moved to tamp down economic journalism, even arresting those who report on bad economic news. This shift brings
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to the fore an issue long ignored by social scientists – economic censorship. Economic censorship takes place when state-owned enterprises (SOEs) or large private companies pressure the state to censor negative reports or directly pay off media companies to quash such reports in favor of more positive ones. Such economic censorship distorts markets and shifts investor money away from new market entrants and towards large, well-resourced and well-connected SOEs. Using a database of Chinese newspaper articles from 2004 to 2006 and a separate database of newspaper articles, blog posts and micro-blog posts from 2010, and supplemented by secondary sources, this paper examines how media coverage is distorted by censorship and corruption to the benefit of China’s entrenched interests. In particular, I find that private and provincially owned companies receive much more press coverage than do their central government (SASAC) owned equivalents, controlling for a number of factors." (Abstract)
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"Radio stations across Africa are facing unprecedented threats to their sustainability due to weak media markets, limited advertising revenue and intense competition. A more pragmatic understanding of viability and more flexible donor strategies can help these outlets stay on air and maintain their
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independence. Station managers must continually balance editorial independence, financial sustainability, and their mission to serve the public. Addressing these three challenges is not always compatible, and trade-offs are often inevitable. Successful stations are able to harness viable funding modalities without selling out and capitalize on management and operations techniques to expand reach without compromising quality content. Marginal improvements in the flexibility of media donors and the media assistance community can foster greater viability and independence for small outlets in challenging context." (Key findings)
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