Economics, Markets & Viability of Media
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432
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Topics
Media Concentration
79
Media Ownership
67
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
65
Media Markets
49
Creative & Cultural Industries
47
Political Economy of Media
38
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
37
Economics of Media
36
Media Industries
36
Advertising Markets & Industries
35
Television Markets
31
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
28
Economic Contribution of the Media Industries to GDP
27
Media Law & Regulation
26
Press Markets
24
Film Markets
20
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
20
Film Industries
19
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
19
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
15
Radio Markets
15
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
15
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
14
Media & Communication Policies
14
Newspapers
12
Financing Digital / Online Media
11
Music Industries & Markets
11
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
11
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
11
Media Use, Media Consumption
10
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
10
Entertainment Media Industries & Markets
10
Government Advertising, State Advertising
9
Digital Media Markets
9
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
9
Television Industries
8
Globalisation of Media
8
Financing Press & Print Media
8
Politics and Media
8
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
7
Media Management
7
Advertising
6
Audiences & Users
6
National Cinemas, National Film Production
6
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
6
Freedom of Expression
6
State Influence on the Media
6
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
6
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
6
Nonprofit Journalism, Nonprofit Media
6
Television Economics
6
Media Assistance
6
Television Law & Regulation
6
Democracy / Democratization and Media
6
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
5
African Cinema
5
Television Programme & Format Trade
5
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
5
Alternative Communication & Media
5
Culture and Development
5
Digital Media Startups
5
Digital Media Management, Online Media Management
5
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
5
Music Markets
5
COVID-19 Communication
5
Journalism
5
Financing Journalism
5
Local Communication & Media
5
Public Media, State Media
5
Film Audiences, Film Consumption
4
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
4
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Film Distribution
4
Film Production Companies
4
Latin American Cinema
4
Cultural Policies
4
Convergence of Media
4
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
4
Video Markets
4
Media Marketing, Branding & Promotion
4
Election Reporting
4
Media Development Indicators
4
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
4
Television Landscapes
4
Radio Law & Regulation
4
Financing Not-For-Profit & Community Media
4
Public & State Television
4
Radio
4
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
3
Advertising Agencies
3
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
3
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
3
Book Markets & Industries
3
Community Media Financing & Sustainability
3
Cultural Cooperation (Development Aid)
3
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
3
ICT Industries & Markets
3
Digital Economies & Markets
3
Media Clusters
3
Press Industries
3
Media Market Transparency
3
Transnational Media Markets, International Media Markets
3
Neoliberalism
3
Gaming, Video Games
3
Television Entertainment, Television Entertainment Programmes
3
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
3
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
3
History of Media: 20th Century
3
Journalistic Quality
3
Local Journalism
3
News Agencies
3
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Financing Media: Philanthropic Support
3
Media Assistance: Aims, Priorities, Funding Policies
3
Media Assistance: Cooperation Among Stakeholders, Power Relations, Ownership
3
Media, Mass Media
3
Financing Media: Customer Payments, Subscription Models, User-Based Financing
3
Crowdfunding
3
Media Companies, Media Corporations, Media Enterprises
3
Political Transition and Media
3
Newspaper Economics
3
Public Service Broadcasting
3
Theories of Change
3
Television
3
Commercial Television
3
Television Channels
3
Digital Advertising, Online Advertising
2
Television Advertising
2
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
2
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
2
Audience Research
2
Media Use: Entertainment
2
Print Media Use, Press Readers
2
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
2
Election Campaigns
2
Asian Cinema
2
Feature Films
2
Nollywood
2
Film Production
2
History of Film & Cinema
2
Editorial Independence
2
Intellectual Property
2
Plagiarism
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
2
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
2
Community Radios
2
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
2
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
2
Communication for Local Development
2
Development and Media
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
2
Podcasts
2
Streaming Media
2
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
2
Software Industries
2
Media Conglomerates
2
Media Competition
2
Press Distribution
2
Printing Industries
2
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
2
Financing Radio
2
Financing Television
2
Video on Demand
2
Small Enterprises, Micro Businesses, Small & Medium Enterprises (SME)
2
Foreign Investments
2
Sports Reporting
2
Television Dramas
2
History of Media & Communication
2
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
2
Foreign Television Programmes
2
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
2
Journalism Education & Training
2
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
2
Business & Economics Journalism
2
Local Press
2
Media Assistance Donors: Foundations & Private Donors
2
Press Landscapes
2
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Licensing of Media
2
Corporate Strategies
2
Financing Public Service Media
2
Broadcasting Companies
2
Print Media Management
2
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
2
Press
2
El Comercio (Newspaper, Peru)
2
Research in Media & Communication
2
Communication & Media Indicators
2
Television Production Companies
2
Print Media Advertising
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
1
Lobbying
1
Agriculture
1
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
1
Social Media Analytics, Web Metrics, User Data Analytics
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Book Publishing
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Transnational Book Trade, International Book Trade
1
Animated Cartoons, Animated Films
1
Christian Radios: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christian Television
1
Pentecostal Churches & Communication
1
Cinema
1
Aesthetics in Film & Visual Communication
1
Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
1
Film Associations, Film Organizations
1
Film Festivals
1
Film Financing
1
Film Budgeting & Production Costs
1
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
1
Film Marketing
1
Media Assistance: Film Funding
1
Transnational Film Co-Productions
1
Videos
1
Communication Rights
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Economic Factors
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Self-Censorship
1
Social Media Marketing & Digital Public Relations
1
Press Releases & Press Conferences
1
Transnational Public Relations Agencies & Consortia
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Media
1
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
1
Media Assistance: Community Radios
1
Violence in the Media
1
War Reporting
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Quality
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
1
Cultural Diversity
1
Cultural Goods
1
Cultural Identity
1
Cultural Projects (Development Cooperation)
1
Museums
1
National Character
1
Development Communication Theories
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Digital Communication, Digital Media
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Media Initiatives (Case Studies)
1
Media Assistance: Digital Journalism & Social Media
1
Multimedia Products & Production
1
Electronic Commerce
1
Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
1
Online Media & Internet Economics
1
Digital Market Concentration
1
Online News
1
Facebook
1
Influencers (Social Media)
1
TikTok
1
WhatsApp
1
Information Society
1
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
1
Hispanic Americans, Hispanic Media
1
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
1
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
1
Documentation Systems
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Film Economics
1
Media Commercialisation
1
Radio Industries
1
Competition, Competition Analysis
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Cross-Media Ownership
1
Radio Economics
1
Economic Conditions
1
Big Enterprises
1
Small-Scale Industries
1
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
1
Trade, International Trade, Trade Policies, Trade Agreements, Tariffs
1
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
1
Sustainable Development
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Journalism Ethics
1
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
1
Associations
1
Events
1
Good Practice Examples
1
History of Media: 19th Century
1
History of Radio
1
History of Television
1
History of the Press
1
International Communication
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
International Media
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
World Information and Communication Order
1
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
1
Regional (Transnational) Integration & Communication
1
Transnational Communication
1
Transnational Television Co-Productions, International Television Co-Productions
1
Mercosur
1
World Trade Orgaization (WTO)
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
1
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
1
Television News
1
Political Reporting
1
Poverty & Impoverished People: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Spanish Language
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
Local Television
1
Media Assistance: Business & Economics Journalism
1
Media Assistance: Citizen Participation & Civil Society
1
Media Assistance: Dependency of Recipients
1
Media Assistance: Donor Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Local Journalism & Media
1
Media Assistance: Press
1
Media Assistance: Radio
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
1
Deregulation & Liberalisation of Media
1
Media Privatization
1
Television Policies
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Radio Landscapes
1
Media Governance
1
Media Regulation Practices
1
Budgeting, Cost Calculation, Financial Planning
1
Human Resources Development, Personnel Management
1
Knowledge Sharing & Transfer
1
Low-Cost Solutions, Low Budget Calculation
1
Newspaper Management
1
Nonprofit Media Management
1
Radio Management
1
Starting Media Outlets, Creation of Digital Businesses
1
Television Management
1
Far Eastern Economic Review
1
PRISA (Spain)
1
Music
1
Capitalism
1
Democracy
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Democratization
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Public Opinion
1
Public Spheres
1
Magazines
1
Yellow Press
1
Television Production
1
Sustainability
1
Institutional Sustainability
1
Project Sustainability
1
Commercial Radios
1
B92 (Radio Station, Belgrade)
1
Media Effects
1
Manipulation
1
Social Functions & Effects of the Media
1
Muslim Television Broadcasting
1
Religious Television Programmes
1
Research Methods
1
Data Analysis & Interpretation
1
Data Collection, Data Collection Methods
1
Apartheid
1
Social Classes
1
Society & Media, Media Sociology
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Digital Television
1
Printing, Print Production, Print Technologies
1
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
1
Television Engineering & Technologies
1
Cable Television
1
Pay TV, Pay Television
1
Rede Globo (Television Network, Brazil)
1
Televisa (Television Channel, Mexico)
1
Television Networks
1
Television Programmes & Genres
1
Television Programming, Programme Structures & Programme Policies
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"This report aims to progress the media development sector’s work towards the financial sustainability of independent news media. It proposes a new ecosystem-level framework for categorising media outlets, measuring their performance and making them more resilient to their obstacles in reaching an ... more
"There is a growing market for factual, independent, reliable, and affordable news delivered in diverse languages in southern Zimbabwe. The local revenue sources to fund those efforts are not apparent. In an area of deep poverty, which has only been amplified by natural disasters and pandemic, large ... more

Sustainability: Going Beyond the Buzzword

Forum Medien und Entwicklung (fome);MEDAS21 (2021), 31 pp.
"This paper aims to trace the social construct of sustainability in the context of media development and define what is to be sustained, at the level of the intervention (the process of change) or its outcome (the impact on the medium itself). It is intended for all those who are concerned, closely ... more

Independent Media in Lebanon: An Economic Outlook

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2021), 10 pp.
"Alternative media platforms in Lebanon vary in size and expenditures. Annual turnovers range between USD 15,000 to almost USD 1.1 million. Editorial costs make up the bulk of all alternative media platforms. Namely the salaries of core team members and journalists, as well as the fees paid to freel ... more

Media Viability in East Africa: Kenya

Aga Khan University;Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), vii, 30 pp.

Media Viability in East Africa: Uganda

Aga Khan University;Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), vii, 31 pp.

Media Viability in East Africa: Tanzania

Aga Khan University;Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), vii, 33 pp.
"The road to creating a successful corporate culture in the new hybrid work era is lined with landmines, but it is also loaded with new opportunities for more diverse, more motivated, and more talented workforces. Financial sustainability was already a dicey challenge pre-Covid. Companies producing ... more

Who Owns the Media in Bangladesh?

Dhaka: Center for Governance Studies (CGS) (2021), 57 pp.
"This report documents a snapshot of media ownership in Bangladesh in late 2020 and identifies its major patterns. By no means is this report exhaustive nor does it cover all aspects of ownership of media in Bangladesh. In the absence of baseline data, our primary objective was to build one with the ... more

Estudios sobre la industria de contenidos audiovisuales y pluralismo informativo en Colombia

Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones (CRCOM) (2021), 33 pp.
"Fruto de la convergencia tecnológica la industria de Contenidos audiovisuales ha cambiado en Colombia. Si bien, la audiencia continúa accediendo a los contenidos a través de TV (sea por señal abierta o por TV por suscripción), el fenómeno de acceso a contenidos difundidos por internet a trav ... more

UNESCO Media Viability Indicators: Research Study Jamaica

Media Institute of the Caribbean;UNESCO (2021), 86 pp.

Financial Transparency of Media 2020

Media Development Foundation (MDF) (2021), 40 pp.
"The following report on the financial transparency of media represents data of 2020. In order to illustrate the extent to which budgetary funding influences the editorial policy of the media or to observe the types of editorial policies the concerned media outlets pursue, it also discusses some exa ... more

Media Economy in the Pandemic: A European Perspective

San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute;Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) (2021), 25 pp.
"The biggest detriments to news media viability in Lebanon include: The political partisanship of the media; A lack of sustainable business models for the media; An oversaturated and hypercompetitive media market resulting in lowered quality of content; Too little competition in the advertisement ma ... more
"For the first time, a complete mapping of the film and audiovisual industry in 54 States of the African continent is available, including quantitative and qualitative data and an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses at the continental and regional levels. The report proposes strategic recomme ... more
"COVID-19 has taken a heavy toll on freedom of expression, access to information, and media freedom. Amidst an ongoing global decline in democratic freedoms, the pandemic has severely affected the work of media outlets and independent journalists. Functioning media are, however, a precondition for r ... more

Impact of Covid-19 on Media Sustainability

MISA-Zimbabwe (2021), 47 pp.
"Pervasive media censorship in China is often seen as a strictly political issue. Although in past years reporters have had leeway to report on economic issues, the Chinese Party/state has moved to tamp down economic journalism, even arresting those who report on bad economic news. This shift brings ... more

Local Radio Stations in Africa: Sustainability or Pragmatic Viability?

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2020), 28 pp.
"Radio stations across Africa are facing unprecedented threats to their sustainability due to weak media markets, limited advertising revenue and intense competition. A more pragmatic understanding of viability and more flexible donor strategies can help these outlets stay on air and maintain their ... more