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Assessing the Effectiveness of Online Facebook Campaigns Targeting Potential Irregular Migrants: A Pilot Study in Three West African Countries

Esther Haarman, Jasper Tjaden, Gustavo López

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020), 41 pp.

"Studies have shown that many irregular migrants embark on journeys without accurate or complete information about migration. In response, IOM and other organizations run information campaigns intended to inform potential migrants of the dangers associated with irregular migration and to facilitate ... informed decisions. The use of online and social media platforms for these campaigns has become increasingly popular in recent years, due to their potential for quickly reaching millions of people at low cost. While the evidence base for offline information campaigns has been gradually improving, it remains unclear how online communication campaigns affect potential migrants, and methodologies to do this remain underdeveloped. This report therefore presents results from a pilot impact assessment of an online campaign based on Facebook posts in Guinea, Nigeria and Senegal during September 2019 and February 2020 [.] Conclusion: Facebook ad campaigns can reach many people quickly. However, large audience sizes and relatively cheap costs come with a trade-off. The impact of an information campaign on potential migrants’ perceptions, attitudes, knowledge and behaviour remains largely unknown because many Facebook users that engage with the campaign do not fit the intended target group. The advantage of offline over online campaigns is that implementers have more control and information about who attends activities or who is exposed to campaign content. The engagement of users with campaign posts varies largely by audience and post characteristics. Campaign and social media teams are well advised to conduct pilot tests before scaling up activities. Pilot tests can inform a customized approach for each online activity on Facebook, and thereby maximize impact. In addition to A/B tests, lift tests may offer a useful opportunity to test the impact of Facebook posts. Compared to impact assessments of offline information campaigns, measuring the impact of Facebook ads on potential migrants presents several unique challenges, including: Many potential migrants are not on Facebook or do not use ad content to seek information about migration. Internet connectivity is also limited in many West African countries. While Facebook allows users to narrow down target groups, it is not clear whether those Facebook users that are exposed to the content fit the profile of potential migrants. Whether the intended target group is reached can be affirmed only through surveys, which have a low response rate; It is not possible to interview the same Facebook users several times to track changes in their perceptions. Engagement metrics like post reactions, link clicks or video plays can be useful indicators. However, these low-engagement metrics do not offer clear evidence of the short- or long-term effects on Facebook users." (Executive summary) more

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IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit
Key Guidance

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020), 86 pp.

"IOM seeks to provide practical guidance on designing, delivering and evaluating effective communication campaigns relating to migration. The guidance covers different approaches, themes, programme areas and methods to improve relevance, audience participation and results. The aim is to identify and ... more

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Strategies and (survival) Tactics: The Case of Syrian Oppositional Media in Turkey

Yazan Badran

Journal of Alternative and Community Media, volume 5, issue 1 (2020), pp. 69-85

"This article aims to investigate the regulatory, financial and political environment negotiated by oppositional Syrian media operating in exile in Turkey, as well as to identify the main tactics used by them in negotiating between these constraints to ensure their survival in an increasingly diffic ... more

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Koloniales Denken weit verbreitet: "Afrika" in den deutschen Medien

Marcel Kolvenbach

Forum Weltkirche, volume 139, issue 4 (2020), pp. 12-17

"Ein Blick in die Archive zeigt: die Berichterstattung in deutschen Medien über das südliche Afrika während der Apartheid wurde fast zwei Jahrzehnte lang von der südafrikanischen Propaganda gesteuert. Das verstärkte ein koloniales Afrikabild und hat Folgen bis heute." (Seite 12)

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Reporting Migration: A Handbook on Migration Reporting for Journalists
Key Guidance

Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) (2020), 193 pp.

"As you have seen in this handbook, the media can have a huge influence on the overall image of migrants and on migration itself, contributing strongly to the formation of a public discourse and opinion-making on this topic and highlighting the most pressing migration challenges or the various benef ... more

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Internationalizing the Communication Curriculum in an Age of Globalization

Paaige K. Turner, Soumia Bardhan, Tracey Quigley Holden, Eddah M. Mutua (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), 316 pp.

"This book provides exemplars of how the Communication discipline and curriculum are responding to the demands of globalization and contributing to the internationalization of higher education. Communication as a discipline provides a strong theoretical and methodological framework for exploring the ... more

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The Huawei Model: The Rise of China's Technology Giant

Yun Wen

Urbana; Chicago; Springfield: University of Illinois Press (2020), x, 239 pp.

"In 2019, the United States' trade war with China expanded to blacklist the Chinese tech titan Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. The resulting attention showed the information and communications technology (ICT) firm entwined with China's political-economic transformation. But the question remained: why ... more

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Media Imperialism: Continuity and Change

Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Tanner Mirrlees (eds.)

Lanham et al.: Rowman & Littlefield (2020), v, 338 pp.

"Media Imperialism: Continuity and Change advances applied theoretical research on 21st century media imperialism. The volume includes established and emerging researchers in international communications who examine the geopolitical, economic, technological and cultural dimensions of 21st century me ... more

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Digital Neo-Colonialism: The Chinese Model of Internet Sovereignty in Africa

Willem Gravett

African Human Rights Law Journal, volume 20, issue 1 (2020), pp. 125-146

"China is making a sustained effort to become a ‘cyber superpower’. An integral part of this effort is the propagation by Beijing of the notion of ‘internet sovereignty’ – China’s supreme right to govern the internet within its borders and keep it under rigid control. Chinese companies w ... more

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Moving Images: Mediating Migration as Crisis

Krista Geneviève Lynes, Tyler Morgenstern, Ian Alan Paul (eds.)

Bielefeld: transcript (2020), 317 pp.

"The mediation of migration as a crisis has worked to shore up various forms of militarized surveillance, humanitarian response, legislative action, and affective investment. Bridging academic inquiry and artistic and activist practice, the essays, documents, and artworks gathered in Moving Images i ... more

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Visualität und Weltpolitik: Praktiken des Zeigens und Sehens in den Internationalen Beziehungen

Gabi Schlag, Axel Heck (eds.)

Wiesbaden: Springer VS (2020), xii, 347 pp.

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Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State (2020), 76 pp.

"Russia has operationalized the concept of perpetual adversarial competition in the information environment by encouraging the development of a disinformation and propaganda ecosystem that allows for varied and overlapping approaches that reinforce each other even when individual messages within the ... system appear contradictory. This ecosystem reflects both the sources of disinformation and propaganda—official government statements, state-funded media outlets, proxy websites, bots, false social media personas, cyber-enabled disinformation operations, etc.—and the different tactics that these channels use. Russia’s willingness to employ this approach provides it with three perceived advantages. First, it allows for the introduction of numerous variations of the same false narratives. This allows for the different pillars of the ecosystem to fine tune their disinformation narratives to suit different target audiences because there is no need for consistency, as there would be with attributed government communications. Second, it provides plausible deniability for Kremlin officials when proxy sites peddle blatant and dangerous disinformation, allowing them to deflect criticism while still introducing pernicious information. Third, it creates a media multiplier effect among the different pillars of the ecosystem that boost their reach and resonance. The media multiplier effect can, at times, create disinformation storms with potentially dangerous effects for those Russia perceives as adversaries at the international, national, and local level. In the past, Russia has leveraged this dynamic to shield itself from criticism for its involvement in malign activity. This approach also allows Russia to be opportunistic, such as with COVID-19, where it has used the global pandemic as a hook to push longstanding disinformation and propaganda narratives [...] This report provides a visual representation of the ecosystem described above, as well as an example of the media multiplier effect it enables. This serves to demonstrate how the different pillars of the ecosystem play distinct roles and feed off of and bolster each other. The report also includes brief profiles of select proxy sites and organizations that occupy an intermediate role between the pillars of the ecosystem with clear links to Russia and those that are meant to be fully deniable." (Pages 5-7) more

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Russian Dominance on Moldovan Media Market Prevails

Hendrik Sittig, Darija Fabijanic

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2020), 3 pp.

"Due to its Soviet past, the Russian influence in the Republic of Moldova is still very significant. The country is divided between European integration and Russian convergence. After the government of the pro-European coalition ACUM leaded by Maia Sandu and the pro-Russian Party of Socialists (PSRM ... more

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TikTok and WeChat: Curating and Controlling Global Information Flows

Fergus Ryan, Audrey Fritz, Daria Impiombato

Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2020), 68 pp.

"The Chinese state has demonstrated a propensity for controlling and shaping the information environment of the Chinese diaspora—including via WeChat. The meteoric growth of TikTok has now put the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in a position from which it can shape the information environment on a ... more

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The Impact of Chinese Tech Provision on Civil Liberties in Africa

Iginio Gagliardone

Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) (2020), 19 pp.

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The China Story: Reshaping the World's Media
Top Insights

International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2020), 8 pp.

"Beijing is running an extensive and sophisticated long-term outreach campaign which cuts across the developed and developing world, focusing on both legacy and digital media. This is a strategic, long-term effort to reshape the global news landscape with a China-friendly global narrative. Through f ... more

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Migration Coverage in Europe’s Media: A Comparative Analysis of Coverage in 17 Countries

Susanne Fengler, Marcus Kreutler

Frankfurt am Main: Otto Brenner Stiftung (2020), 56 pp.

"Our analysis shows that the mediated debates about migration in Western and Eastern Europe are more differentiated, and less stereotypical, as often assumed. Indeed, coverage in media outlets in Western Europe feature more positive aspects and speakers compared to the outlets in Central and Eastern ... more

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Visualität und Zugehörigkeit: Deutsche Selbst- und Fremdbilder in der Berichterstattung über Migration, Flucht und Integration

Sebastian Lemme

Bielefeld: transcript (2020), 300 pp.

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Behind the News: Inside China Global Television Network

Merriden Varrall

Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy (2020), 24 pp.

"China’s efforts to use state media as a means to increase its soft power around the world have raised concerns in many quarters. With much fanfare in late 2016, China relaunched its global television network, formerly known as China Central Television, as a new global media brand, the China Globa ... more

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Das ist keine Propaganda: Wie unsere Wirklichkeit zertrümmert wird

Peter Pomerantsev

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2020), 295 pp.

"Auf der ganzen Welt nutzen unterschiedlichste Akteure die Wirkungsmechanismen der digitalen Medien aus, um durch gezielte Desinformationskampagnen die öffentliche Meinung zu beeinflussen. Dies, so lautet die zentrale These von Peter Pomerantsev, bedrohe Demokratien und Demokratisierungsprozesse. W ... more

IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit Key Guidance

Reporting Migration: A Handbook on Migration Reporting for Journalists Key Guidance

The China Story: Reshaping the World's Media Top Insights

IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit
Key Guidance

Reporting Migration: A Handbook on Migration Reporting for Journalists
Key Guidance

The China Story: Reshaping the World's Media
Top Insights