"Die Presseförderung in den EU-Ländern sowie in Norwegen und der Schweiz zeichnet sich durch umfangreiche, durchaus auch unterschiedliche Systeme aus, wobei Formen der direkten und der indirekten Förderung jeweils zu unterscheiden sind. Steuererleichterungen für die Presse sind im Bereich der in
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direkten Förderung der Regelfall. Auch Tarifreduktionen und Unterstützungsleistungen bei anderen Produktionsmitteln lassen sich finden. Anders als in Deutschland sind in einer Vielzahl von Staaten Direktsubventionen von Presseunternehmen anzutreffen. Die besondere Zurückhaltung Deutschlands in dieser Hinsicht ist auf traditionelle und historische Ursachen zurückzuführen. In Ländern, in denen sich ein besonders ausgeprägtes System der Presseförderung etabliert hat (Frankreich, Italien, Portugal, Luxemburg) hat dies aber auch zu einer wirtschaftlichen Abhängigkeit der Printmedien von dieser Förderung geführt. Ukrow/Cole (2019) kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Modelle wie das der Niederlande, in denen Direktsubventionen auch für Presseunternehmen in Notlagen vorgesehen sind, deren vorübergehender Charakter allerdings bereits per Gesetz festgeschrieben ist, vor diesem Hintergrund vorzugswürdiger seien." (Seite 31)
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"Since 2004 and for the first time in the history of broadcasting in the region, a dozen Latin American countries have acknowledged community radio and television stations as legal providers of audiovisual communication services. In Argentina, a law passed in 2009 not only awarded legal recognition
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to the sector, it also provided a promotion mechanism for community media. In this respect, it was one of the most ambitious ones in the region. The driving question is: How relevant are public policies for the sustainability of community media in Argentina? The argument is: even though the sector of community media has developed and persisted for decades in illegal conditions imposed by the state, the legalization and promotion policies carried outby the state from the perspective of human rights in a context of extreme media ownership concentration have been critical to the growth and sustainability of nonprofit media." (Abstract)
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"Freedom of expression has a history. It is neither coeval with Christianity, as Catholic apologists sometimes assume, nor inherently valuable, as commentators in the United States often contend. On the contrary, it emerged in its modern form only in the seventeenth century as a byproduct of generat
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ions of horrific warfare between Catholics and Protestants. For John Locke, freedom of expression took the form of an appeal for religious toleration; in the Enlightenment, this appeal would become transmogrified into a principled defense of pluralism as a civic ideal. Innovations in the means of communications have often been disruptive. Yet the challenge posed by digital media is unusually stark. A new age calls for a new vision. The value of free expression is enhanced, and not diminished, if it is localized in time and space. Liberty is the ally, and not the antagonist, of political regulation and social control. What the sacred cause of liberty demands is not more free expression, but better free expression, and in the pursuit of this elusive yet essential goal, there is much to be done." (Conclusion)
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"The Guide shows how support for the principle of public access to information and the practical implementation of access to information (ATI) laws reinforce the EU’s work around the world in promoting participatory democracy, good governance, freedom of expression and other fundamental rights, an
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d human development overall. Among other things, it notes regional agreements and instruments relevant to the practical application of access to information principles which are invaluable references, both for the policy guidance they provide to EU Delegations and as potential models for such regulations and systems in other regions where the EU supports progress in this area. There is much to be done – and much that EU Delegations can do to help. These are some of the practical, effective steps that EUDs have already taken to improve public access to information in developing countries: training journalists in the use of access to information laws; providing technical IT aid to state agencies running online ATI systems; supporting public information campaigns about citizens’ ‘right to know’; aiding in the drafting of ATI laws, with expert advisers in the field; sponsoring cross-border consultations of ATI systems specialists; collaborating in legal training programmes for judges and prosecutors; assisting countries in measuring local ATI progress in accord with the commitments of SDG16-10, in conjunction with media and civil society. This Practical Guide overall provides tools and hands-on examples for EU Delegations to study and perhaps to emulate, including a review of the EU’s own policy guidance and recent history in this area." (Purpose of this guide, page 6)
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"Spotlight report on the state of public access to information in Canada, Indonesia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Serbia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Ukraine prepared for the 2019 cycle of the Voluntary National Reviews and the 2019 UN High Level Political Forum." (Subtitle)
"O presente manual de formação destina-se a funcionários públicos Africanos que têm a tarefa de implementar uma lei DAI, e particularmente àqueles que estão envolvidos na recepção, no tratamento e na resposta dos pedidos ao abrigo do DAI. Embora os parâmetros específicos variem significat
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ivamente de país para país, este manual define uma norma para uniformizar estas responsabilidades, em conformidade com as normas internacionais de direitos humanos. Na implementação de uma lei de DAI, os funcionários públicos devem ter em conta que estão a dar corpo a um direito humano fundamental, e devem realizar o processo com a atenção, o cuidado e a diligência que isto implica. O manual serve também de: instrumento de consulta e informação para a formação de funcionários em África sobre o direito à informação; instrumento para formação de formadores sobre o direito à informação; guia para sobre metodologias e abordagens de formação de formadores." (Objectivo do manual, página 8)
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"Este manual destina-se a apresentar um quadro de formação para as OSC envolvidas em trabalho de apoio à promoção e protecção dos direitos humanos. O manual estabelece uma norma para o conteúdo de formação sobre o direito à informação para as OSC em África. O manual também serve de fe
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rramenta de referência/informação para formação das OSC em África sobre o direito à informação; Ferramenta para a formação de formadores sobre o direito à informação; e um guia para formação de formadores sobre metodologias e abordagens de formação. Este manual destina-se a intervenientes da sociedade civil que trabalham para promover questões de transparência e responsabilidade, boa governação, direitos humanos, estado de direito e prestação de serviços, entre outros. O manual também pode ser usado por organizações comunitárias, grupos de agricultores e todas as organizações e indivíduos que possam ou devam requerer informação de qualquer organismo público ou órgão privado detentor de informação pública." (Objectivo do manual)
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"Este manual de formação visa alargar os conhecimentos dos participantes sobre o direito à informação; estimular uma interpretação do direito à informação como ferramenta para o jornalismo de investigação; desenvolver a capacidade dos participantes na promoção do direito à informaçã
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o; espelhar a aplicação prática de leis do direito à informação nos países dos participantes; e definir o papel dos jornalistas na promoção do direito à informação." (Introdução)
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"The central aim of this study is to unpack the major trends in the field of access to information laws and their implementation. In order to understand the trends, the report examines the activities of trendsetters. It focuses on awareness-raising by UNESCO, Member State recommendations in the Univ
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ersal Periodic Review, the commitments of the Open Government Partnership, actions of civil society organizations, and the standard-setting activities of such regional intergovernmental organizations as the Council of Europe, the African Union and the Organization of American States." (Scope of the study, page 8)
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"This report shines light on the following trends:
- Blasphemy and apostasy laws are often overbroad and can be used to limit a variety of religious expression. These laws violate international human rights law and should be repealed.
- Hate speech laws are also generally overbroad and can be used t
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o limit a variety of religious expression. These laws should be re-drafted to comply with international standards.
- Laws restricting the media and free press are often used to prohibit hate speech on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, and other factors, with the written intent to protect those individual identities; however, these laws are also often open to misuse for political purposes.
- Hate speech laws often lack independent oversight mechanisms and have inappropriate punishments.
- Hate speech laws often are not integrated into larger plans aimed at effectively reducing intolerance and hatred in society. Where speech is protected and therefore not able to be limited through legislation, states can use other strategies and tools to address problems of hate speech and discrimination against certain groups. Meaningful and inclusive partnership with civil society is key for governments to achieve these goals." (Executive summary)
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"Incidents of blasphemy and religious defamation occur around the world, often provoking angry, and sometimes violent reactions from religious adherents. However, laws prohibiting blasphemy and religious defamation are heavily criticised as being against freedom of speech, despite their effect on ra
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ce relations. This article highlights the position of blasphemy and religious defamation according to International Law, and presents counterarguments of the main objections to such laws. It also highlights the issue from the Islamic perspective, and offers an alternative approach to interpreting human rights. This article concludes by explaining the need for human rights and free speech to be interpreted according to common moral and religious values, and emphasising the purpose of human rights and free speech—which should be for the attainment of justice." (Abstract)
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"The Palgrave Handbook of Methods for Media Policy Research covers the craft that is and the methods used in media and communication policy research. It discusses the steps involved in conducting research, from deciding on a topic to writing a report and everything in between and, furthermore, deals
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with a wide variety of qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The handbook invites researchers to rediscover trusted methods such as document analysis, elite interviews and comparisons, as well as to familiarize themselves with newer methods like experiments, big data and network analysis. For each method, the handbook provides a practical step-by-step guide and case studies that help readers in using that method in their own research. The methods discussed are useful for all areas of media and communication policy research, for research concerning the governance of both mass media and online platforms, and for policy issues around the globe." (Publisher description)
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"Following the enormous political, legal, and media interest that has surrounded high profile cases of whistleblowing, such as Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden, the fundamental ethical questions surrounding whistleblowing have often been obscured. In this fascinating book Eric Boot examines the et
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hical issues at stake in whistleblowing. Can the disclosure of classified government documents ever be justified? If so, how? Why does it require justification in the first place? Can there ever be a duty to blow the whistle? When is breaking the law justified? On a more practical level, this book also considers the various whistleblower protection documents and finds them often lacking in consistency and clarity, before providing an argument for a plausible "public interest" defense for whistleblowers." (Publisher description)
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