Examining Uganda’s increasingly fractured media landscape, this report finds that the media is vulnerable to government intimidation and self-censorship.
"The exponential media growth in Afghanistan over the last decade is due to the enthusiasm of Afghan entrepreneurs and to support from the United States and other nations, states this report. According to the executive summary "support from the United States, the biggest donor, has waxed and waned.
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From 2002 to 2005 USAID spend $23 million to launch news media outlets and train journalists, and from 2006 to 2010 funding totaled $20.64 million. That included a couple of lean years, 2007 and 2008, when spending was only $3.3 million each year. But with the Obama administration’s Afghan military surge of 2009 there also came a media spending surge. USAID funded a $22 million project called the Afghanistan Media Development and Empowerment Project (AMDEP) for 2011, and a separate $7 million project to put news on cellphones was put to bid. Meanwhile, $183 million was allocated to the U.S. embassy in Kabul for a wide array of media projects in 2010 and 2011. And the Defense Department budgeted $180 million for information operations in Iraq and Afghanistan for 2011 alone, some portion of which went to support Afghan media. The effectiveness of all this spending is difficult to gauge, but the smaller and more focused projects–such as creating new radio stations–tend to be seen as generally successful, while the value of the larger and broader projects–such as an anti-insurgency message campaign–is harder to judge." (Executive summary, page 4-5)
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"The study did not aim to carry out new surveys or collect information that was not already publicly available. Since the toolkit is aimed at providing media development organizations with a tool to assess media landscapes without having to carry out extensive new research, the Ghana study worked on
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ly with materials, surveys, and other information available at the time of writing. In testing the toolkit in Ghana, the study found that the indicators selected and the methodology based on collecting direct information and materials already available is a useful approach to create a comprehensive media landscape assessment. It allowed us to provide an overview of the situation in which media in Ghana operate and to identify areas for future media development programs." (Methodology, page 3)
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"International donors came to see media development as a silver bullet for democratization efforts to foster freedom of speech, civil society, good governance, as well as an engaged citizenry. Donors and practitioners initially believed that institutions, once established, would function in a specif
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ic way, and coupled with assistance to professionalize and commercialize the media sector, would create or at least jump start systems similar to those in the US and Europe. Over the years, policy makers have identified the vital parts of a democratic media system, but what they have failed to fully understand is the dynamic interaction among them. Now, more than fifteen years after the end of the Bosnian war and twelve after the end of the war in Kosovo, numerous assessments by government sponsors and independent evaluators have reported success in achieving fundamental media freedoms in these countries, yet these media sectors have not demonstrated their anticipated transformative power – leaving struggling or dysfunctional organizations in the wake of donor financial retreat. This study argues that media organizations and institutions are trapped between pressures to commercialize and professionalize, which have become conflicting rather than enabling forces when combined with weak economic environments. In each of the countries in this study, a lack of synchronization among reforms, political divisions, and poor economic growth have contributed to a web of interrelated challenges. Despite significant economic reforms, growth and stability have never reached a threshold for systemic change." (Abstract)
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"The article presents the main results of the investigation, ‘Current Situation and Prospects of Spanish Cooperation in Culture and Communication with the Rest of Ibero-America, 1997–2007’. The text offers an overview of the initiatives which took place during the period studied, by country, c
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ultural and media sectors, agents involved, and type of activity. Spain’s role in terms of cooperation in culture and communication is analysed, and a reflection on the possibility of building an Ibero-American cultural space appropriate to the new digital scene is also included. Although Ibero-America has traditionally been a privileged geopolitical space for Spanish cooperation policy, this was not developed until well into the new millennium, evolving from simplistic and rhetorical visions based on instrumental conceptions of culture and communication to a gradual recognition of the fact that cooperation is much more than the classical actions of dissemination and promotion of Spanish cultural products." (Abstract)
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"At the request of the Norwegian, Swedish and subsequently Danish Embassies in Bangkok, International Media Support (IMS) conducted an assessment of the current media environment inside Myanmar during two missions between July and November 2011. The assessment was motivated by a democratic reform pr
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ocess initiated in March 2011 when the 50-year reign of the military was replaced by a civilian government. A number of small steps taken so far by the Myanmar government in relation to media have provided an opening to expand the country’s freedom of expression space. The objective of the assessment was thus to identify opportunities and provide a set of recommendations for potential international interventions on media development within the country for the short and long-term perspective." (Executive summary)
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"Press freedom indices such as those administered by Freedom House, IREX, and Reporters Without Borders have emerged as crucial tools, not only for the general public, but also for donors, implementers, and academics in their attempts to understand the relationships among media assistance, democrati
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zation, and other forms of development. Bringing together a variety of viewpoints and perspectives on evaluating media assistance, Measures of Press Freedom and Media Contributions to Development offers a critical reflection on the theories and tools of measurements that are used by the academic, donor, and civil society communities. A variety of theoretical and geographic perspectives are drawn upon, offering a timely debate from both academics and practitioners." (Publisher description)
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"This guide will take you through the essential steps for designing an evaluation of your community information project. These steps explain what to do and consider at different stages of the evaluation process: 1. Describe your project and identify your target audience. 2. Identify the evaluation
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s purpose and key questions. 3. Design the evaluation using effective methods. 4. Communicate and report the evaluation findings to make decisions and take action. We have included tips, tools and examples from community information projects that are currently being implemented by several grantees of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation’s Community Information Challenge (KCIC)." (Introduction, page 4)
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"This report investigates the relationships between media freedoms, financial sustainability of media in emerging markets, and international media support. It is based on a survey of more than 220 newspapers and media executives in more than sixty countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Americas,
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and on five in-depth country studies: Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Mozambique and Vietnam. Research results indicate that media executives see the greatest opportunities in three principle areas: investing in new technology and multimedia operations; developing journalists’ skills; and enhancing the skills of staff in commercial departments to improve revenue and efficiency." (Publisher description)
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"Seven key findings emerged from this research: 1. Overall donor funding for free expression work has increased–not decreased–over the past three to five years [...] 2. Under current conditions, it is impossible to conclusively measure the amount of free expression funding. Donors themselves hav
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e a hard time extracting specific annual dollar amounts for free expression funding because it is housed in so many different programmatic areas and operating under so many different definitions [...] 3. Changes in the political landscape of individual countries have a major impact on whether, how, how much, and what kind of freedom of expression activity is funded [...] 4. Many donors are experiencing economic pressures as a result of the 2008 global financial downturn [...] 5. The community of free expression funders is evolving: new ones are emerging, while some long-time supporters are leaving the field altogether or shifting their priorities. 6. Internal and structural reorganizations are taking place across the board, in both government and private funding organizations. These changes bewilder NGOs and program officers alike [...] 7. The field of freedom of expression has been broadening with the addition of emerging Internet freedom organizations. The field has been complicated by mission overlap between established freedom of expression groups and emerging groups focused on technology and human rights." (Executive summary, page 4-5)
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"A critical review of project reports, studies, and evaluations was conducted to distil lessons learned and find out what really works and why. The results of this review are close to a paradigm shift: Starting as a magic solution from its beginnings, ICTs are now considered as just another normal m
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edia channel useful for enhancing the effectiveness of development cooperation programs; It is not the technology that counts; it is the economic and social processes behind the technology that drives the change; Thus, ICTs are instrumental, not a goal in itself, and they should serve to improve the practice of development cooperation; The once harsh contrast between ICTs and old media is already close to be overcome, and both are seen as just different instruments for different purposes applicable to different target groups; To reach the poor and marginalized and get their participation ensured (‘voice’), radio is still the most appropriate media channel, at best combined with mobile telephony, to which all segments of society are increasingly gaining access; Internet and PCs are more appropriate for the urban elite, for NGOs and other intermediaries to the poor and marginalised. Thus, a target group specific approach to ICTs and media is the most promising for improving development cooperation projects." (Executive summary)
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"The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is a public broadcaster with a Charter obligation to ‘transmit overseas programs of news, current affairs, entertainment and cultural enrichment’. The Corporation delivers extensive audio and screen-based content for audiences throughout Australia a
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nd internationally. It also operates facilities and communications infrastructure, publishing and commercial activities, and is a Registered Training Organisation (RTO). The ABC has a formal Strategic Partnership Agreement with AusAID through its International Projects group. ABC International Projects is responsible for managing and delivering on the Corporation’s international development assistance commitments. Its primary role is to enhance the value that public interest media plays in Asia and the Pacific by developing the capacity of regional media practitioners and related organisations. ABC’s International Projects has worked extensively with a range of international bodies to provide training and capacity development assistance to media in the Pacific, Asia, southern Africa and the Middle East. To date, the focus of both bilateral and regional media development assistance managed by ABC’s International Projects has been on driving a demand for better governance through developing media capability. Through its International Projects group, the ABC is working with AusAID on drafting a strategic framework that will provide clear direction to any future effort adopted by the agency in respect to media and communications for development. Given its long association with media in Asia and the Pacific, the ABC has developed a grounded understanding of what can constrain as well as enable an effective, well functioning communications environment. This is especially critical in a fragile states context, and approaches to driving a demand for better governance in those settings." (Introduction)
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This publication outlines four communication approaches used by United Nations organizations: (i) behaviour change communication; (ii) communication for social change; (iii) communication for advocacy; and (iv) strengthening an enabling media and communications environment. The second part provides
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an in-depth exploration of Communication for Development efforts within seven United Nations agencies, programmes and funds: FAO, ILO, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF and WHO, followed by case studies that demonstrate C4D in practice either as part of a larger project or as a ‘stand alone’ project contributing to the strategic objectives of the organization.
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"This handbook is designed for those who may be interested in supporting media development programs, but are unclear about the whys, hows, and whens. It introduces the fundamentals of media development, provide ways to conceptualize and analyze the sector, and helps guide programming based on politi
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cal economy analysis as well as individual country context. It also includes ideas on monitoring and evaluation of media development programs, suggestions for conflict environments and new media, and links to further resources." (http://siteresources.worldbank.org, September 27, 2011)
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