"Kurze Darstellung und "lessons learned" von 7 Fallbeispielen, v.a. Radiosendern. Der Autor stellt u.a. fest: "Medienprojekte werden von westlichen NGOs erst dann gestartet, wenn ein gewaltsamer Konflikt vorbei ist. Medienprojekte mit ausgesprochenem Präventionscharakter sind nahezu unbekannt, auch
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wenn sie dringend nötig wären" (Seite 39). Er empfiehlt u.a. eine "Revitalisierung" der früheren GTZ-Medienarbeit, denn diese stelle eine "gelungene und international renommierte Mischung aus professioneller Beratung bei der Institutionalisierung von demokratischen Mediensystemen und Sozialarbeit mittels Medien" (Seite 47) dar." (commbox)
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"Government has taken the bold step of setting up an independent agency that will address some of the problems of media development and diversity in South Africa. It is important to stress that the proposed Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA) will not interfere in the content of any newspa
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per, television or radio station. Its primary purpose is to help create an enabling environment for media to develop and meet the diverse needs of all South Africans. This includes those marginalised because of factors such as gender, race, disability, geographical location, class or income, as well as marginalised schools of thought. While the scale of what is required to fully address media imbalances will be beyond the scope of the MDDA, it will play a key catalytic role through its funding, facilitation and research. This Position Paper was formulated through consultation with a wide range of stakeholders, including statutory bodies, the media and advertising industry, community media, NGOs, academics and trade unions. It is now government policy, and informs the draft legislation that will be presented to Parliament for consideration during 2002." (Foreword, page 6)
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"Talking Drum Studio - Sierra Leone (TDS-SL) began start-up operations in April 2000. Within a few months TDS-SL created five radio programming strands that are currently airing on eleven stations for a combined airtime of over 10 hours per week. Though each programming strand has a different format
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, all of them have the same goal: to encourage peace and reconciliation. Over the last two years, TDS-SL has been successful in reaching all areas of Sierra Leone. This was evident from the surge in the percentage of listeners, from about 40% in December, 2000, to 85% in March, 2002. Consistent with SFCG’s policy of conducting periodical comprehensive evaluations of its projects, an evaluation mission was conducted in March 2002, in order to assess the effectiveness of TDS-SL in achieving its goals and objectives." (Executive summary, page iv)
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"The media cannot be neutral towards peace: While news journalists may react strongly against such a claim by holding their ’professional objectivity’ above everything else, they must realise that the way in which they report on and about a certain conflict can drastically affect the audience’
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s perception of the situation and thus may influence further developments. While we would not want to endorse the idea that the news media may be controlled and used for specific purposes, even that of peace, the perception that journalists ought to be ‘neutral’ needs to be overcome. Simply by being there and reporting on a conflict, the media alter the communication environment and are thus inherently involved in the conflict and non-neutral. Furthermore, there is a very fine line between discarding one’s objectivity and viewing events with a certain attitude towards conciliation. In other words, though the media are usually run for profit, and, moreover, conflict sells better than cooperation, journalists should ensure balanced reporting with a view to preventing the escalation of tensions. It is possible to move in this direction by covering peace initiatives - at the very least – in as much detail as renewed escalations, by choosing to counter hate speech, and thus reducing the negative potentials of the media in conflict situations. Media that are sensitive towards the task of promoting tolerant and diverse viewpoints can be both informative as well as entertaining and have a large potential audience. In strengthening local capacities’ efforts, assistance can focus on three different aspects of local media structures: creating an open media culture that allows different voices to emerge and be heard, enhancing professional training and education for journalists, and supplying technical equipment to local media institutions." (Pages 2-3)
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"The International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) was created by UNESCO in 1980. The pivotal aim was to increase co-operation and assistance for the development of communication infrastructures and to reduce the gap between countries in the communication field. The programme e
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merged from debates within UNESCO about a New World Communication and Information order, and reflections on the importance of communications media as tools for development.
Norway has supported IPDC from the very beginning, and was, one of the main founders of the program’s Special Account. Down the years Norway has contributed a total of US$ 11 428 000 to the Special Account from 1982 to 2000. The Norwegian contribution has however gradually decreased from 1 052 000 US$ in 1988, to around 2 million NOK annually in recent years (varying between 226,432 and 308,315 US$ according to the exchange rate). During the last six years Norway has allocated 1 576 474 US$ to the Special Account. Norway is the second largest donor after Denmark. Until 2001 support to IPDC was specified as a separate item in the budget of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For the 2001/2002 budget it was decided to allocate support to the IPDC under the heading of “Good governance” (UD 2002: post 74, page 153–154).
The financial contributions to the IPDC have always been inadequate, and the problem worsened after 1995 due to the drastic drop in funding. In 2001 a moratorium was put on new projects and 46 approved projects were waiting to be financed. Given Norway’s relationship to the IPDC, it is not surprising that it would like to see an evaluation both of the program’s impact and its current impecunious situation. The role of projects in the area of media and communication must be considered within the framework of Norway’s total development policies, but particularly in relation to the commitment to strengthen democracy, accountability and transparency where the media play a central role. The present evaluation is intended to serve as a background for a renewed discussion of the continuation of Norwegian support to the IPDC, and of the reorientation and renewal of the programme." (Fact sheet, page 6)
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"In order to promote a mass media that is both professional and supportive of democratic culture, funders should give special attention to distinguishing opposition media from independent media, integrating media support with other efforts at civil society and democratic development, and ensuring di
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versity within the mass media." (Page 117)
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"During the last six years, the Asociación Latinoamericana de Educación Radiofónica (ALER) carried out two main investigations on popular radio in Latin America: on the one hand an external evaluation (in 1996/97) of the strengths and weaknesses of ALER's strategies and lines of action, and on th
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e other hand (in 2000/2001) a diagnosis of the impact of the associate members. The author, one of the two coordinators of the second study, compares the different objectives, methodologies and results of the two experiences. The two studies met their main objectives. The 1996 evaluation led to the implementation or correction of some aspects of the institutional logic, while the 2000 diagnosis led to a broad process of reflection." (Summary)
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"This guide considers the role of media in conflict and crisis areas, examines media projects established to provide information to affected populations in conflict situations, either during crisis or in the post-conflict period. Its four main sections discuss: Designing programmes for populations i
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n crisis; Humanitarian information programmes; Media projects for peace-building; Measuring impact: The difficult field of impact evaluation. Produced with the support of the European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO), the guide originated from a conference in 1998 entitled Strengthening Lifeline Media in Regions of Conflict, which brought together media professionals and experts in conflict resolution to examine how media could impact on peace-building in conflict situations." (https://reliefweb.int)
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"The media can be a major force for improving the quality of government in developing and transitional countries – which is critical if opportunities for the poor and disadvantaged are also to improve. To fulfil this role the media need room to manoeuvre – tight government regulation and censors
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hip produce media which are ineffective and lacking in credibility. Too little regulation, on the other hand, may lead to the domination of commercial media ruled by advertising, to the detriment of serious content and of the interests of those without purchasing power – i.e. the poor. What is needed are policies that impose responsibilities as well as freedoms on the commercial sector, and that clarify and facilitate the role of the public service media. Effective media also need good management, and good professional and technical skills. The main purpose of this guide is to help governments and development agencies to decide whether to support the development of the media, and if so how." (Introduction, page 3)
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"The project ran from November 98 to May 2001, involving 13 rural women’s clubs in the Mpika district of Zambia, 600 km north of Lusaka. The clubs recorded their discussions of development issues or requests for development support; the tapes were sent to a radio producer in Lusaka, who recorded a
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response from a relevant service-provider or politician. The discussion and response were edited into one programme and broadcast as a regular weekly programme by the national broadcaster, ZNBC. The clubs listened to the programmes and discussed them at their weekly meetings. This evaluation assessed the development impact of the project, principally by talking to members of the clubs and others in their communities. An audience survey was also carried out, in three different areas. The main findings of the evaluation were: The project has brought substantial material benefits and new information to the communities. To some extent the clubs and communities have been empowered to access development inputs themselves, though the mediation of the radio programme producer has also been an important factor; The success in achieving material benefits for the communities was probably a strong force in building community support for the clubs in the early months of the project, but now their role in providing information and stimulating discussion is equally appreciated; The Clubs have not achieved material benefits specifically for their own incomegenerating activities, which was the original aim of the project, and which they see (on a video) happening in Zimbabwe. Income-generating is still the clubs’ main purpose, so the project should seek to help them strengthen their income-generating activities; The project has stimulated intense discussions, in the clubs and the communities, about social issues. The clubs’ ability to discuss and present issues clearly is greatly appreciated by men and young people in the communities; There is an emerging perception of a role for the clubs as educators for their communities. They are confidently passing on their own experience, and information from outside sources, as well as “hosting” outside experts in their radio programmes; The programmes are widely listened to and appreciated all over Zambia." (Summary)
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