"In this chapter we have discussed a number of concrete strategies and practical examples on how to implement digital media literacy projects even in a difficult political and socio-cultural context like South Sudan. These are based in developing a holistic approach that considers citizen interactio
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n with media via the accessible vehicle of social media platforms, as an integral part of both a peacebuilding as well as literacy development strategy. From raising awareness of the direct effects of media-induced hate speech on the conflict, even for citizens who are not media literate, to the training of technical ICT, text messaging and social media skills, familiarizes people with a technology and social process such that they feel empowered to take action to move beyond conflict. Social media interaction can also be transformed from a very individual practice, into a truly social and collaborative exercise, for example through "peace jamming" or integrating social media into the many peacebuilding conferences and youth actions that regularly take place across the country. Where often the manipulation of social media with the intention to exacerbate conflict and instability comes from outside the country, learning counter-messaging skills, employing and understanding social media ethics, and identifying the vocabulary of dangerous speech can act toward occupying an undefined social media space with a language of peacebuilding, rather than leaving that space open to agents of conflict." (Conclusion)
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"Segmented media audiences often reflect deeper divides within a society. As the relationship between race and class is dynamically changing in South Africa, I investigate to what extent students from different racialised and socio-economic backgrounds differ in their media consumption habits. I con
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ducted a survey (n = 1221) and two focus group interviews (N = 14) at a relatively integrated and prestigious university. Bi- and multivariate analysis revealed that both race and socio-economic background genuinely affected the formation of consumption habits. Students from all groups used local journalistic products, but white students rarely consumed local entertainment productions. Among students from stronger socio-economic backgrounds, consumption preferences converged towards a global entertainment orientation, with types of schooling being more influential than household income. I discuss language barriers, physical access, the relatability of global/local media content, and peer group dynamics as potential underlying mechanisms." (Abstract)
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"The aim of this handbook is to support the work of reporters in covering the variety of conflicts and fragile situations in Africa and beyond in ways that are both gender-transformative and conflict-sensitive. The handbook provides tools for challenging negative stereotypes of masculinity and femin
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inity, portraying women’s lives in conflict settings more accurately and ensuring greater accountability for Women, Peace and Security commitments in the continent. It seeks to contribute to the increase in quality coverage about and by women in Africa. The handbook addresses the specific challenges faced by women reporters when covering conflict settings, and seeks to promote the engaging of more women in reporting on peace and security issues. The goal is to encourage and support men reporters, as key partners to promoting the cause of gender equality and women’s empowerment, to create more inclusive stories." (Page viii)
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"I am proud to present the first ever Media Development Policy. This is the first time in the history of the country that Government has come up with a policy that sets out its vision and mission to promote freedom of expression by guaranteeing press freedom. The Policy is anchored on four main pill
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ars namely: media freedom, media pluralism, media independence and safety of journalists. In this regard, the policy seeks to achieve the internationally agreed media development indicators namely: a system of regulation conducive to freedom of expression, pluralism and diversity of the media, professional and infrastructural capacity building and support institutions that underpin freedom of expression and media as a platform for democratic discourse." (Foreword)
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"Ebonyi State of Nigeria is among the states where the incidence of Lassa fever has become endemic; and has consequently led to the death of many people including health practitioners in the state. To mobilize the people against the disease, government and stakeholders in the health sector resorted
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to health literacy campaigns through Ebonyi Broadcasting Corporation (EBBC). The most popular and dramatic of these campaigns is the one that advocates for total stoppage in the consumption of all species of rats. It is titled: bu gunu be unu na ahu? Meaning what are you roasting. As rat consumption is age long habits of the majority of the Ebonyi people, particularly, those in the rural areas, it becomes incumbent that the effectiveness of the campaign notwithstanding its popularity should be empirically evaluated. Survey research method was adopted for the investigation. Consequently, 380 copies of structured questionnaire were administered on respondents systematically drawn from three rural communities, one each from three senatorial zones of the state. Using mean computation for the test of hypotheses, the study among others found that though the campaign created awareness of the disease among the people, majority of them do not agree that all rats are potential vectors of Lassa fever virus, and that, the people's knowledge and belief about the disease is significantly independent of their exposure to the EBBC campaign. Consequently, the study among others recommended that the framing of such radical health campaign message should be reflective of the people's culture, and that the campaign should highlight the reason(s) why all rats are considered to be potential vectors of Lassa fever virus." (Abstract)
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"Local radio stations have mushroomed in Africa, including Tanzania, partly due to increased support from international donors. However, research results show that the lack of economic viability is a major constraint for local radio stations. They can hardly generate sufficient revenues from adverti
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sers to sustain the station. This leads to high turnover of staff due to low pay, low quality of content, and lack of capacity in serious programming. Based on a market model, the goal of this paper is to identify these problems from both a business and a journalism perspective and to find possible solutions. The results of this analysis show that a viable economic model in Africa requires simultaneous support for three different fields, (a) development of good content, (b) development of media management capacities, and (c) media research covering the extent and satisfaction of local audiences in order to develop local advertising markets that serve local media." (Abstract)
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"The study tested the following hypotheses: the use of subsidised services only forms part of data use; people do not move beyond the use of subsidised services; using the internet first through subsidised services leaves people with less of an understanding of the Internet. Using subsidised data fo
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rms one of many strategies to use the Internet, confirming the first hypothesis. However, the second hypothesis was not confirmed, as respondents moved beyond subsidised data. Concerns that zero-rated data, such as Free Basics locks users into one application, because it is fully subsidised were not supported by this research. What was apparent was the lack of awareness of and favour for this free service. Free services, in particular from mobile network operators, are viewed with scepticism, as the perception is that nothing is completely free. In order to understand the ways in which people make use of the Internet (the third hypothesis), the study had to take into account a number of factors, which included the options to access the internet, motivations for Internet use, why they use the Internet the way they do, and how they use it. Context is a stronger determining factor contributing to what respondents use the Internet for than subsidised data. For example, respondents in rural South Africa favour operators that are dominant in the market because of extensive network coverage and the availability of signal; because family and friends are on the same network; and because of the promotions or rewards that come with using the network. The network that offers subsidised zero-rated content and a lower priced, service specific bundle is not used in the rural community, primarily because it is not available or the quality is poor. Most respondents access the Internet to facilitate efficient communication and find information. Only in Nigeria do respondents use the Internet when they have received rewards data (data received as a bonus or extra after purchasing a service) after recharging from their operator." (Conclusion, page 37)
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"Beneficiary Communication is a program which emphasizes the use of communication equipment in passing relevant, timely and accurate lifesaving information to communities. The program supports an environment of transparency and accountability through creation of feedback mechanism. It is about provi
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ding practical, useful information at the right time, listening to people’s needs and opinions and using this information to improve the programming and operations of Partner national society (PNS), National Society (NS) and International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). Beneficiary Communication program utilizes technology like SMS, Radio, Mobile Cinema, Posters, Sound tracks, Wall painting or traditional channels like drama and community meetings to pass lifesaving information to communities.
The impacts listed in this report cannot be solely attributed to the use of beneficiary communication tools. The impact is the contribution of the tools to the realization of the results of the projects in which the tools were mainstreamed. Indeed, the results of the programs in which beneficiary communication tools was mainstreamed are the impact of the use of tools by proxy.
The levels of knowledge of the beneficiaries with regards to causes of malnutrition and prevention of diseases which are caused by unhygienic conditions such as cholera have increased tremendously. This is evident from the results obtained through the pre and post mobile cinema evaluation on the above mentioned thematic areas, from the sites where the Red Cross Societies have implemented projects aimed at addressing malnutrition and hygiene.
The activities of the beneficiary communication program were well received by the target communities in all the five countries. The communities appreciated the mobile cinema and drama perhaps due to ease of learning from audio visual or observation. The putting to practice the knowledge gained in various thematic areas is another way of determining how well the beneficiaries have received beneficiary communication activities. A random check of households by personnel in-charge of community health in Rwanda revealed that nine in ten beneficiaries put to practice the knowledge they acquired from the mobile cinema shows.
The use of audio visuals and drama in local languages in all the countries sampled has proved to be an effective way of training both literate and illiterate members of the society. This is because both illiterate and literate members of the community simply learn through listening and observation." (Executive summary)
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"The impact assessment comprised a survey, focus-group discussions and key informant interviews as its sources of data. The survey covered 194 members of the Peace Radio listener clubs, in which members discuss the Peace Radio contents and initiate peace initiatives on the basis of a standardised qu
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estionnaire of open and closed questions [...] The impact assessment came to the following conclusions: The Peace Radio approach, using broadcasts in combination with listener club meetings, has the potential to reach a broad audience effectively. It was generally found to be well appreciated and considered relevant by its target communities. The diversity of media formats used in the Peace Radio make the programme attractive and unique, as different media formats correlate with different listeners’ preferences. The very high attendance of listener club meetings indicates its high level of attractiveness. Listener clubs are appropriate forums where people from different (ethnic) groups – even from conflicting parties – come together and discuss issues in a constructive and peaceful manner. The clubs are an essential part of the Peace Radio Programme. The programme equips listener club members with basic peace-building skills, with members feeling able to apply them. Changes in attitude are very difficult to achieve. Increasing tolerance and respect towards other groups and communities usually takes years, if not decades, to achieve. As the findings of the impact assessment indicate, the Peace Radio approach was able to achieve measurable change in attitudes in a short time period of 2-5 years. Prejudices and stereotypes which had previously served as a breeding ground for conflicts were significantly reduced through the broadcasts but also through the interaction in the (joint) listener club sessions. This is a very impressive result." (Executive summary)
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"Mit dem Media Services Act, 2016 ist in Tansania am 3. Februar 2017 ein neues Mediengesetz in Kraft getreten, das die Pressefreiheit drastisch einschränkt und in klarem Widerspruch zur Verfassung von 1977 steht. Die umstrittenste Bestimmung betrifft die Verpflichtung von JournalistInnen zur Akkred
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itierung. Weitere Regelungen – wie z. B. die Möglichkeit zur Einstellung von Printmedien – entstammen früheren Gesetzen, deren Wurzeln bis in die Kolonialzeit reichen. Der Beitrag analysiert die unterschiedlichen Verordnungen seit 1912 und dokumentiert die Auswirkungen auf die journalistische Produktion in der jeweiligen Periode. Dabei zeigt sich, dass einmal eingeführte Kontrollmechanismen in den nachfolgenden Gesetzen weitgehend beibehalten wurden. Der Media Services Act, 2016 kann daher als drakonisches Mediengesetz mit kolonialen Wurzeln beschrieben werden." (Abstract)
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"The first of four thematic sections, “African Newspaper Networks,” considers the work that newspaper editors did to relate events within their locality to happenings in far-off places. This work of correlation and juxtaposition made it possible for distant people to see themselves as fellow tra
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vellers. “Experiments with Genre” explores how newspapers nurtured the development of new literary genres, such as poetry, realist fiction, photoplays, and travel writing in African languages and in English. “Newspapers and Their Publics” looks at the ways in which African newspapers fostered the creation of new kinds of communities and served as networks for public interaction, political and otherwise. The final section, “Afterlives, ” is about the longue durée of history that newspapers helped to structure, and how, throughout the twentieth century, print allowed contributors to view their writing as material meant for posterity." (Publisher description)
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"This book examines under what scope conditions foreign policy actors adopt media logic. The authors analyze media logic under three specific scope conditions: uncertainty, identity, resonance. First, they lay out the general adaptation of media logic in the general debate of the UN General Assembly
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1992-2010. They then explore the adaptation of media logic in Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom concerning the cases of humanitarian intervention in Côte d’Ivoire and Libya, both in 2011. The results indicate the need to move beyond the assumption of a general process of mediatization affecting politics in total. Instead, they point in the direction of a nuanced process of mediatization more likely under certain scope conditions and in certain political contexts." (Publisher description)
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"Nigerian researcher Jacob Udo-Udo Jacob compares the impact on people in the Kivu provinces of eastern DR Congo of United Nations Stabilization Mission in the DR Congo (MONUSCO) communication programmes encouraging militia to return to the country and Radio Okapi’s informative debate programme 'D
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ialogue between Congolese' at a time, between 2008 and 2010, when Fondation Hirondelle was co-managing that radio station with the UN. He concluded that the UN communication programmes provoked emotional reactions that were not very favourable, while 'Dialogue between Congolese' gave its listeners a better understanding of the political situation and a sense of collective responsibility to resolve the conflict." (Sacha Meuter, Legal adviser and research coordinator at Fondation Hirondelle, in News from Fondation Hirondelle, Nr.54, Winter 2017-2018, page 2)
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"Press freedom worldwide deteriorated to its lowest point in 13 years in 2016, driven by unprecedented threats to journalists and media outlets in major democracies, intensified crackdowns on independent media in authoritarian settings, and moves by the Russian and Chinese regimes to increase their
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influence beyond their borders. The share of the world’s population that enjoys a Free press according to the Freedom of the Press report criteria stood at just 13 percent, meaning fewer than one in seven people live in countries where coverage of political news is robust, the safety of journalists is guaranteed, state intrusion in media affairs is minimal, and the press is not subject to onerous legal or economic pressures." (Page 3)
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