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406
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116
Key Guidance
5
Quick Overview
1
Top Insights
12
Topics
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
33
Book Aid, Book Publishing Assistance, Book Donations
21
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
21
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
19
Educational Television
19
Development and Media
18
Media Assistance
16
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
15
News Agencies
14
Educational Radio Programmes
13
Book Publishing
11
World Information and Communication Order
10
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
10
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
9
Copyright Law
9
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
9
Media, Mass Media
9
Satellite Communication & Information Services
9
International Communication
8
Journalism Education & Training
8
Journalism
7
Associations & Networks of Journalists
7
Radio
7
Television
7
Agricultural Information & Extension
6
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
6
Digital Inclusion
6
ICTs and Development
6
Mobile Phone Use
5
Book Markets & Industries
5
Cinema in the Global South & Third Cinema
5
Development Assistance
5
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
5
ICT Policies
5
Education and Communication / Media
5
Audiovisual Media in Education
5
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
5
International News Flow
5
UNESCO
5
Journalists' Associations & Networks: International Cooperation & Assistance
5
Media & Communication Policies
5
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
5
Media Law & Regulation
5
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
5
Book Policies (National & International)
4
Children's Books & Literature
4
Development Education: Films
4
Intellectual Property
4
Community Radios
4
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
4
Regional Cooperation, South-South Collaboration
4
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
4
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
4
E-Governance, E-Democracy
4
ICTs and Poverty Reduction
4
ICT Development Assistance
4
Libraries
4
Literacy, Literacy Campaigns, Postliteracy, Alphabetisation Policies
4
HIV / AIDS Communication
4
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
4
Foreign News, International News
4
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
4
Indigenous Knowledge, Local Knowledge, Traditional Knowledge
4
Democracy / Democratization and Media
4
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
4
Internet & ICTs in Rural Areas
4
Non-Western Communication Approaches
4
Agriculture & ICTs, e-Agriculture
3
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
3
Copyright: Books
3
Scholarly Book Publishing, Academic Book Publishing
3
Cinema
3
Films
3
Transnational Film Co-Productions
3
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Participatory Communication
3
Development Theories
3
North South Relations
3
Social Change & Media / Communication
3
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
3
Open Access Publishing
3
Gender and ICTs / Internet
3
ICT Effects & Impact
3
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
3
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
3
Digital Economies & Markets
3
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
3
Media Assistance: Educational & Instructional Media
3
Ethics in Media & Communication
3
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
3
International Media & Communication Policies
3
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
3
Investigative Journalism
3
Business & Economics Journalism
3
Poverty & Impoverished People: Reporting & Media Representation
3
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
3
Media Assistance: Television
3
Public Opinion
3
Scholarly Journals
3
Radio Engineering & Technologies
3
Media Effects
3
Research in Media & Communication
3
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
3
Society
3
Society & Media, Media Sociology
3
Informatics
3
Open Source Software
3
Telecommunications
3
Telecommunication Infrastructure
3
Postcolonial & Decolonial Communication Approaches
3
Access to Media & Information
2
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
2
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
2
Digital & Social Media Use: Children
2
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
2
Health Information Access & Use
2
Book Calculation & Pricing
2
Book Marketing, Branding & Promotion
2
Book Publishing in the Global South, Book Publishing & Development
2
Book Publishing Management
2
Book Trade & Distribution
2
Christian Book Publishing
2
Gender and Book Publishing
2
Transnational Book Publishing
2
Catholic Press
2
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
2
Christian Communication
2
Educational Films & Videos
2
Media Assistance: Film Funding
2
Plagiarism
2
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
2
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
Community Media
2
Media Assistance: Community Radios
2
Creative & Cultural Industries
2
Cultural Diversity
2
Culture (General)
2
Culture and Development
2
Reading Promotion
2
Developing Countries
2
Behaviour Change Communication
2
Communication for Social Change
2
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
2
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
2
Digital Criticism
2
Digital & Information Literacy
2
WeChat (Messaging, Social Media & Mobile Payment App, China)
2
Electronic Commerce
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Facebook
2
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
2
WhatsApp
2
Online Learning, E-Learning
2
Mobile Phone Markets
2
ICT Research
2
Library Assistance (Development Cooperation)
2
Music Industries & Markets
2
Political Economy of Media
2
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
2
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
2
Educational Broadcasting
2
Vocational Training
2
Gaming, Video Games
2
Biodiversity Communication
2
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
2
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
2
Good Practice Examples
2
History of Media & Communication
2
Colonial Legacies
2
Colonial Period
2
Globalisation of Media
2
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
2
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
2
Satellite Television
2
Journalism Education Curricula
2
Journalists
2
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
2
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
2
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
2
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
2
Media System Analyses & Typologies
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Frequency Allocation, Radio Frequency & Spectrum Management
2
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
2
Deutsche Welle
2
Diasporas
2
Politics
2
Capitalism
2
Politics and Media
2
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
2
Press
2
Islam and Communication
2
Civil Society
2
Inequalities
2
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
2
Technology Transfer
2
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
2
Telecommunication Industries & Markets
2
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
2
Al-Jazeera
2
Flow of Information
1
Advertising
1
Government Advertising, State Advertising
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Experiences
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
1
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
1
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1
Audiences & Users
1
Audience Letters
1
Audience Research
1
Behavior Tracking & Cookies
1
Book Reading Habits, Book Readers, Book Consumption
1
Media Socialisation, Media Biographies, Media Life Journeys
1
Media Use: Children
1
Media Use: Foreign / International Media
1
Media Use: Lower Classes & Poor Population
1
Mobile Phone Use: Women
1
Mobile Phone Use: Youth
1
Mobile Phone Use: Migrants & Refugees
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Reading, Reading Habits, Reading Skills
1
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
1
Author's Writing & Publishing Guides
1
Book Professionals Education & Training
1
Behaviour Change Campaigns
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Catholic Radios
1
Child Abuse: Digital Media
1
Child Protection Online
1
Children's Rights
1
Educational Comics & Comics for Development
1
Girls and Media
1
Christian Churches: Communication Education & Training
1
Christian Radios: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christianity (General)
1
Liberation Theologies
1
Theologies of Communication
1
Copyright: Films
1
Film Budgeting & Production Costs
1
Film Industries
1
Hollywood
1
Nollywood
1
Foreign / Developing Countries: Film Representation
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Television Programme & Format Trade
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Freedom of Expression
1
Freedom of Expression Principles
1
Copyright: Music
1
Digital Rights Management
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
Translation Rights
1
Media / Communication Control
1
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
1
United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
1
Communication Strategies
1
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Public Relations
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Community Development
1
Community Development: Role of Communication & Media
1
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Storytelling
1
Traditional Music
1
Terrorism
1
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
1
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
1
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
1
Contents of Media
1
Theatre for Development
1
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
1
Cultural Policies
1
Cultural Cooperation (Development Aid)
1
Cultural Influence
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
Clothing & Fashion
1
UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)
1
Writing & Writing Styles
1
Democracy Assistance
1
Development Assistance Criticism
1
Development Education
1
Development Organizations
1
World Bank
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Nonprofit Legislation & Regulation
1
Nonprofit Management, NGO Management, Management General
1
Development Planning
1
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
1
ICT / Internet Projects (Development Aid)
1
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
1
Development Strategies
1
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
1
Development Studies, Development Research
1
International Development Cooperation
1
Religion and Development
1
Development Aid Reporting
1
Development Communication: Indigenous & Traditional Communication
1
Development Communication Research
1
Development Communication Theories
1
Development Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Information for Development
1
Radio for Development
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Television for Development
1
Algorithms & Big Data
1
Data
1
Digital Labour, Digital Work
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Skills, Digital Production Skills
1
Google
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Digital Communication
1
Indigenous Digital & Social Media Communication
1
Internet Shutdowns
1
Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
1
Social Media in Political Communication
1
Digital Market Concentration
1
Internet Markets
1
Netflix
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
1
Influencers (Social Media)
1
Telegram
1
TikTok
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
Instagram
1
YouTube
1
Social Media & Web 2.0 for Development
1
AI Ethics
1
Generative AI, including ChatGPT et al.
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Digitalization, Environment & Sustainable Development
1
ICT4D: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
ICT4D Research
1
ICT Economics
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
Software Industries
1
ICT Sector Development
1
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
1
Data Bases, Digital Libraries, Open Access Repositories
1
Documentation Systems
1
Christian Libraries
1
Library Performance & Impact
1
Library Sciences
1
Rural Libraries
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Data Economics
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Markets (General)
1
Media Ownership
1
Nonprofit Journalism, Nonprofit Media
1
Economy
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Economic Development
1
Small Enterprises, Micro Businesses, Small & Medium Enterprises (SME)
1
Industrialized Countries
1
Industries, Industrial Development
1
Foreign Investments
1
Market Liberalization, Economic Liberalization
1
Civic Education: Use & Role of Media
1
Education (General)
1
Educational Satellite Communication
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Educational Games, Serious Games
1
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
1
Educational Print Materials
1
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC)
1
Learning Processes
1
Lifelong Learning
1
Open, Distance and Digital Education (ODDE)
1
Universities
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Sports Reporting
1
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
1
Environmental Communication
1
Climate, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Extractive Industries & Mining Reporting
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Fair Technology
1
Journalism Ethics
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Responsibility
1
Health Campaigns: Monitoring & Evaluation
1
Female Journalists & Media Workers
1
Feminism (General)
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Rural Women & Communication
1
Collaboration
1
Media Conferences, Media Festivals
1
Trends
1
Health Communication
1
Child Health, Mother & Child Care Communication
1
Health Campaigns: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Health Campaigns: Experiences
1
Health Campaigns: Planning & Implementation
1
Health Information Materials
1
Health Journalism
1
HIV / AIDS (General)
1
Media Assistance: Health Communication
1
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
1
Cold War (1947-1991)
1
History of Television
1
Second World War (1939-1945)
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
1
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Population
1
Adaptation of Media Products to Other Countries / Cultural Contexts
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Image Abroad
1
Media Assistance: Transnational Exchange & Cooperation
1
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
1
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
1
Transnational Television Co-Productions, International Television Co-Productions
1
International Relations
1
UNICEF
1
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
1
Journalism Training Methods
1
Local Journalism
1
Mobile Journalism, Video Journalism
1
News
1
Inter Press Service (IPS)
1
Photojournalism
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Election Reporting
1
Linguistic Diversity: Internet & Digital Media
1
Translations & Translating
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Good Practice Examples
1
Media Assistance: Interaction with Foreign Policies
1
Media Assistance: Research Communication
1
Netherlands: Media Assistance
1
Communication
1
Communication Channels
1
Communication Systems
1
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
1
Diffusion of Innovations
1
Stereotypes in Media & Communication
1
Socialist Media Systems
1
Consumer Protection
1
Human Rights
1
Human Rights Protection
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Law Enforcement, Litigations, Legal Practice, Case Law, Jurisdiction
1
Cost-Benefit-Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness, Efficiency
1
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
1
Crowdfunding
1
Organisational Structure
1
Product Calculation & Pricing
1
BBC
1
Radio Moscow
1
Voice of America
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Music
1
Popular Music
1
Traber, Michael (1929-2006)
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Political Systems
1
Democracy
1
Democratization
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Political Transition
1
Public Interest
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
State
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Political Communication
1
Propaganda
1
Watchdog Role of the Media
1
Rural Press
1
Project Design, Project Planning
1
Project Impact, Project Effects, Project Effectiveness, Project Efficiency
1
Sustainability
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Public & State Radios
1
Public & State Television
1
Partnership
1
Religion and Communication
1
Buddhism
1
Hinduism
1
Islam
1
Religion and Politics
1
Communication & Media Indicators
1
Research Methods
1
Comparative Approaches & Methods in Communication Research
1
Data Collection, Data Collection Methods
1
Empirical Studies
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Mobile Phones in Rural Areas
1
Transnational Civil Society
1
Corruption & Combating Corruption
1
Nomades
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Development
1
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
1
Blockchain Technologies
1
Electronics
1
Computers
1
Paper & Paper Production
1
Printers, Printing Houses, Printing Presses
1
Radio Broadcasting Equipment & Technologies
1
Short Wave Radio (SW)
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Software
1
WLAN Wireless Internet Access
1
Remote Work, Teleworking, Working from Home
1
Television Programmes & Genres
1
Theories of Communication & Media
1
Suburbs, Poor Districts, Slums, Shanty Towns
1
Visual Communication
1
Infographics & Data Visualization
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
The Economics of Book Publishing in Developing Countries
Paris: UNESCO (1977), 44 pp.
"Based on the findings of a detailed survey of publishers in various parts of the developing world, this classic study identifies the key problems for the book industries in the countries of the South. Offers a general picture of the state of publishing in each of the regions, including Africa, and
...
A Filmography of the Third World: An Annotated List of 16mm Films
Metuchen, New Jers.: Scarecrow (1976), 319 pp.
"Provides titles with annotations, producer, length, date, distributor and whether color or black/white for films about the undeveloped areas of the world and also - although the title does not indicate this - major ethnic minorities in the northern nations of North America and Europe. Among the top
...
Handbuch des entwicklungspolitischen Films: Mit einer Einführung in Medientheorie und Medienpraxis
Bonn: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Katholischer Studenten- und Hochschulgemeinden (AGG) (1976), xiii, 320 pp.
Perspectives on Publishing
Lexington, Mass.; Toronto: Lexington Books (1976), 283 pp.
Training for Book Development, Incorporating a Directory of Commonwealth Opportunities for the Training of Book Personnel
London: Commonwealth Secretariat (1973), vii, 52 pp.
The Book Hunger
Paris; London: UNESCO;Harrap (1973), 155 pp.
"A brief survey of the role of the book in developing countries in terms of needs, demand, production, distribution, and copyright. An appendix gives the "charter of the book." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 992)
Kirche und Presse in den Entwicklungsländern
Communicatio Socialis, volume 5, issue 1 (1972), pp. 32-35
"Der Autor gibt kurze Empfehlungen aus der Praxis für die religiöse Presse in Entwicklungsländern. Die bestehenden Publikationen sollten nach Möglichkeit beibehalten und durch kompetente Journalisten unabhängig gemacht werden. Alle Entwicklungsländer sollten eine allgemein informierende kathol
...
Problems of the Promotion and Production of Teaching Materials in Developing Countries: Final Report. International Conference, Berlin-Tegel, October 1971
Bonn: Deutsche Stiftung für Entwicklungsländer (DSE) (1971), 229 pp.
The Innovative Consequences of Space Technology and the Problems of the Developing World
Tehran: Tehran University Press (1971), 403 pp.
Book, Textbook and Library Development: A Selected List of References for A. I. D. Technicians
Washington, DC: USAID. Bureau for Technical Assistance. Office of Education and Human Resources (USA) (1970), 36 pp.
La Formation des Journalistes: I. La « Légion étrangère » de « Columbia University »
Cahiers de l'I.I.P. (Zürich), volume 18, issue 5 (1969), p. 6
"Parmi les étudiants qui suivent les cours de journalisme à la Columbia University, on constate un pourcentage relativement important, constitué par des étudiants originaires de pays en voie de développement — Activités de la Section de Journalisme, résultats heureux." (Jean-Marie Van Bol,
...
La pluralité de la presse dans les pays en voie de développement
FIEJ Bulletin (Paris), volume 21, issue 82 (1969), pp. 19-21
"Rappel de la motion adressée à l'Unesco, au Congrès de la F.I.E.J. en 1967, relative à la pluralité de la presse dans les pays en voie de développement. Il faut surtout poursuivre l'eeuvre de conviction auprès des gouvernements afin que ces derniers encouragent le plus grand nombre possible
...
Liberté d'expression dans les pays en voie de développement
Interstages (Bruxelles), issue 57 (1969), pp. 1-15
"Comment se pose le problème de la liberté d'expression dans les pays en voie de développement — Pour une liberté progressive — Le chemin est encore long pour la lutte pour une presse libre en Afrique — La liberté de la presse est une nécessité et non un luxe, pour les pays en voie de d
...
Books for Developing Countries: A Guide for Enlisting Private-Industry Assistance
New York: Franklin Book Programs (1969), 46 pp.
La Documentation Française
Journalisme (Strasbourg), issue 30 (1968), pp. 53-56
"La « Documentation Française » est un organisme politique rattaché au Cabinet du Premier Ministre et relevant directement du Secrétaire Général du Gouvernement français — Sa tâche est de constituer une documentation couvrant les questions politiques, économiques et sociales de la France
...
Pas de développement économique sans information
Croissance des Jeunes Nations (Paris), issue 80 (1968), pp. 19-26
"L'auteur decrit les besoins et les difficultés qu'éprouvent les populations des pays neufs à satisfaire leur faim intellectuelle — Il note qu'au manque de moyens financiers et techniques s'ajoutent fréquemment l'obstacle d'une hétérogénéité linguistique et celui, plus difficilement réso
...
La Révolution par les Satellites
Presse Actualité (Paris), issue 41 (1968), pp. 39-48
"L'auteur décrit la révolution que va déclencher l'avènement des satellites de télécommunications qui transmettront, dans chaque foyer, journaux, radio, télévision, courrier, etc... ou encore, mettront les ordinateurs situés à l'autre bout du monde à la portée locale — Prendre l'initia
...
Les services d'information dans l'Etat moderne et particulièrement dans les pays en voie de développement
Journalisme (Strasbourg), issue 30 (1968), pp. 9-13
"L'information revêt un caractère différent selon qu'il s'agit d'un « pays neuf » ou non — Dans ces derniers, la radio est prédominante — L'information a pour but de cristalliser la conscience nationale et d'ouvrir la voie au développement économique — L'auteur préconise une concentra
...
De « Notre Monde » au « Monde en direct »
Revue de l'U.E.R. (Genève), issue 109B (1968), pp. 10-11
"Les préoccupations actuelles des responsables des moyens de communication à une échelle internationale: La mise en place de moyens de communication à l'échelle mondiale - L'utilisation qui peut être faite de la télévision par les pays en voie de développement pour assurer leur promotion -
...
La radiodiffusion
Journalisme (Strasbourg), issue 30 (1968), pp. 28-31
"Les pays en développement ont besoin de journalistes polyvalents, surtout en matière de radio, pour diffuser largement et vulgariser les questions d'intérêt commun — Il faut développer les stations régionales, leur accorder une certaine autonomie et accroître les échanges de programmes en
...
