Toolbox Management & Financing

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DIV-A: Diversity Accelerator. A Practical Guide to Setting Up a Digital, Diverse, Media Business

Council of Europe (2018), 51 pp.

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Managing Diversity: A Guide for Media Managers

World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) (2018), 15 pp.

"This handbook has been produced by the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA) to help media managers successfully manage diverse teams, with a focus on gender diversity. It is hoped that it will assist managers to be more gender 'aware' in their day to day management decisio ... more

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Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs
Deep Insights

Janine Warner, Mijal Lastrebner, Dulce Ramos, Jordy Meléndez, Ernesto Aroche, Mauricio Jaramillo, Sérgio Lüdtke, María Eugenia Álvarez et al.

SembraMedia; Omidyar Network (2017), 68 pp.

"The main finding of this study is that digital media entrepreneurs are deeply transforming the way that journalism is conducted and consumed in Latin America. They are not just producing news — they are generators of change, promoting better laws, defending human rights, exposing corruption, and ... fighting abuses of power. They are driven to produce independent news in countries that are highly politically polarized — and some of them are paying a high price for it [...] Nearly half the journalists interviewed for this study reported threats and physical attacks in response to their coverage. More than 20% of the founders and directors we interviewed admitted that they avoided covering certain topics, people, and institutions because of threats and intimidation. Others face punitive lawsuits, cyber-attacks, never-ending audits, and the loss of advertising revenues in retaliation for their coverage. Digital natives in Latin America have an even more important role to play than their counterparts in the over-saturated media markets of the developed world. News ownership is highly concentrated in these countries, and government advertising is frequently used to reward compliant media outlets. Even in the face of these legal, financial, and physical threats, entrepreneurial journalists are building sustainable businesses around quality journalism. The advent of social media and easy-to-use web design tools has made it possible to launch a digital media venture almost entirely on sweat equity. More than 70% of the ventures in this study started with less than $10,000, and more than 10% of those now bring in at least a half million dollars a year in revenues. After analyzing data on traffic, finances, revenue sources, staffing, and years in business, we identified four distinct tiers of business development. Diversified revenue was key to success, especially in the mid tiers, and we found more than 15 distinct revenue sources, including events, training, membership, crowdfunding, and native advertising. More than 65% reported they were earning revenue in at least three ways. In the top tier, where audiences reach more than 20 million visits per month, advertising is the top revenue source, but not the only one. In the mid ranges, there is no dominant business model and diversified revenue sources that combine advertising with audience-driven sources, such as events and crowdfunding, are crucial for sustainability. When we analyzed the lower tiers, we found lots of opportunities for improvement. Despite their dedication to quality journalism, more than 30% brought in less than $10,000 in total revenues in 2016. Broadly speaking, we found two paths to growing these businesses: building audience to drive traffic and advertising, or leveraging the loyalty of the audience to inspire micro-donations and the 15 other ways they are making money." (Executive summary, pages 6-8) more

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Building Successful and Sustainable Film and Television Businesses: A Cross-National Perspective

Eva Bakoy, Roel Puijk, Andrew Spicer

Bristol: intellect (2017), 300 pp.

"This edited collection focuses on successful small and medium-sized film and television companies in Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Using original interviews with company founders and other employees, contributors explore case studies of businesses that have made successfu ... more

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La presse en ligne en Afrique francophone: Dynamiques et défis d'une filière en construction

Sokhna Fatou Seck-Sarr

Paris: L'Harmattan (2017), 235 pp.

"L’auteure considère que des stratégies d’acteurs sont observables au coeur de la filière en construction de l’information en ligne et qu’il existe une redéfinition des rôles autour de la production, de la diffusion et de la consommation de l’information en ligne. L’ouvrage envisage ... more

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Punto de inflexión: Impacto, amenazas y sustentabilidad. Estudio de emprendedores de medios digitales latinoamericanos
Deep Insights

SembraMedia; Omidyar Network (2017), 68 pp.

"Este estudio es el primer estudio exhaustivo sobre el impacto que tienen emprendedores de medios digitales, los riesgos a los que se enfrentan, y si ha surgido un modelo de negocio viable para el periodismo digital independiente y de calidad. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, SembraMedia, con ... more

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The Movie Business Book

Jason E. Squire (ed.)

New York; London: Routledge, 4th ed. (2017), xxiii, 628 pp.

"Tapping experts in an industry experiencing major disruptions, The Movie Business Book is the authoritative, comprehensive sourcebook, covering online micro-budget movies to theatrical tentpoles. This book pulls back the veil of secrecy on producing, marketing, and distributing films, including bus ... more

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The State of Technology in Global Newsrooms

International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2017), 76 pp.

"The State of Technology in Global Newsrooms is the first-ever survey on the adoption of digital technologies in news media worldwide. The International Center for Journalists, working with Georgetown University, conducted the study in 12 languages, and received more than 2,700 responses from journa ... more

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Transforming Media: Neue Geschäftsmodelle in der digitalen Welt

Markus Kaiser, Stefan Sutor (eds.)

München: Hooffacker (2017), 192 pp.

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A Journalist's Guide to Copyright Law and Eyewitness Media

Sam Dubberley

First Draft (2016), 52 pp.

"Eyewitness media (videos, photographs and audio clips captured by individuals at the scene of a news event) has become critical to how stories are discovered and reported. News organisations have used eyewitness media in the aftermath of nearly every major news event of the past decade1 and many ne ... wsrooms now have dedicated teams or specialists focused on the monitoring and verification of content shared online. Newsgathering on social media raises a wide range of questions: ethical questions around immediately contacting people who may have witnessed a truly tragic event; managerial questions around viewing pictures that could be deeply distressing; and legal questions around the right to use this content without infringing on copyright. The latter range of questions is the focus of this guide. Our goal is for readers to come away with an understanding of how copyright laws apply to eyewitness media and to highlight some of the pitfalls that news organisations should avoid when looking to use it in their reporting. [...] Although case law is limited, in this guide we will look at some cases that have been brought against news organisations and discuss how they may help us to understand what newsrooms can and cannot do when using eyewitness media. This guide is designed to give an overview of eyewitness media and copyright law regimes. We start by offering some thoughts about the use of eyewitness media by news organisations and the workflows that they need to follow before deciding to publish a piece of content. We show how these processes should actually help protect the copyright holder as well as allow news organisations to balance the need for speed with respect for the law. We look at some of the misconceptions around copyright in relation to the social media platforms and explore the dichotomy between digital news and analogue law — especially as platforms emerge that provide new opportunities. We then turn to specific countries and jurisdictions. We look at six legal regimes in some of the leading global news markets and discuss the challenges for news organisations headquartered in these countries. A review of each legal context is accompanied by short interviews with journalists and editors from major news organisations in each country to illustrate how they have attempted to address the need to use eyewitness media while also respecting copyright. An important discussion here is to compare the terms fair use and fair dealing. These terms are often used (and misused) as a defence for featuring an eyewitness photograph or video discovered on social media without copyright clearance. However, it’s important to understand that these terms present different legal considerations from country to country." (Introduction, pages 6-7) more

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Digital Journalism Start-ups in India

Arijit Sen, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2016), 48 pp.

"In this report, we analyse six examples of digital journalism start-ups developing new editorial priorities, distribution strategies, and funding models for an increasingly digital Indian media environment. After years of slow growth, internet use and digital advertising has grown very rapidly in I ... more

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Gender Equality Policy

Amsterdam: Free Press Unlimited (2016), 11 pp.

"Free Press Unlimited believes that gender equality is central to achieving its overall long-term objective that media and journalists constitute a diverse and professional media landscape and function as change agents. As such, they contribute to the overall vision of a just, inclusive and peaceful ... more

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Publishing for Peanuts: Innovation and the Journalism Start-Up

J. J. Robinson, Kristen Grennan, Anya Schiffrin

Columbia University, School of International and Political Affairs; Open Society Foundation (2015), 200 pp.

"Our remit was to look for innovative media outlets that are producing high-quality news, that are technologically innovative and that might actually survive financially. Accordingly, we spent three months interviewing media innovators around the world and reading what others have written on the sub ... ject. This report is divided into seven sections: 1) this introduction, 2) our main findings, 3) two sets of recommendations, one for the media development community and another set for people starting a media outlet, 4) an “Innovation Index” listing practices that we found around the world, 5) a description of our methodology, 6) a review of practitioner reports we read, 7) write-ups describing 35 media outlets, based on interviews we conducted [...] We were inspired and encouraged by what we saw. All over the world, independent media outlets are innovating and overcoming obstacles. Globally, start-ups are demonstrating the drive to take risks for the sake of a good idea. The challenges facing these outlets—and the innovations employed to tackle them—broadly fall into four categories: editorial, business, distribution and security. Operating with agility, media start-ups are finding creative ways to gather and disseminate information. In India, Gram Vaani uses a mobile phone social network to connect the rural poor and circumvent legislative prohibitions on radio broadcasting. In Zimbabwe, The Source survives in the repressive media climate by focusing on business journalism. Oxpeckers in South Africa uses geomapping to report on rhino poaching. Crikey in Australia has built a successful business model based on soliciting tips and scandal from the same audience it reports on and Kenya’s African SkyCAM deploys drones to avoid negotiating with police for access to disaster zones [...] Instead of finding a clear model for what works, we found confirmation of many things we knew or suspected. Independent media outlets vary in size, ambition and model. Few have fully succeeded, while many do one thing well, which typically reflects the founder’s particular strength—usually in journalism or technology [...] Most media outlets we found are small, run by a few full-time staff supplemented by volunteers and freelancers, and supported by a combination of grants, donations and haphazard business endeavors. The leaders at most organizations we interviewed were motivated by a desire to produce high-quality journalism rather than meet particular financial or audience goals." (Executive summary, page 5-7) more

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Television on the Wild, Wild Web: And How to Blaze Your Own Trail

Marx H. Pyle

Studio City, Calif.: Michael Wiese Productions (2014), xxi, 182 pp.

"Indie filmmakers have discovered that web television is a fantastic way to break into the industry, creating many opportunities. This book walks you through the crucial steps on how to fund, film, market, and distribute your web series opus." (Back cover)

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Gender Pay Gap in Journalism: Wage Indicator Global Report 2012

Amsterdam; Brussels; Bratislava: Wage Indicator Foundation; International Federation of Journalists (IFJ); Central European Labour Studies Institute (CELSI) (2012), 18 pp.

"The main purpose of the first Wage Indicator Global Wage Report – Gender Pay Gap in Journalism is to compare international and gender wage differentials for the journalist workforce. In addition to wages comparison, other important areas of journalists’ employment are studied, namely: (a) emplo ... more

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Funding Guide for Arab Documentary Producers

Irit Neidhardt

Beirut: DOCmed; Euromed Audiovisual (2012), 66 pp.

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Communicating Financial Management with Non-Finance People

John Cammack

Rugby: Practical Action Publishing (2012), xiii, 138 pp.

"Strong financial management skills are essential to promote high standards in international development organizations. Many non-finance people find numbers and financial techniques difficult, however, NGO managers and staff are responsible for sound financial management and without full understandi ... more

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Chasing Sustainability on the Net: International Research on 69 Journalistic Pure Players and Their Business Models
Deep Insights

Esa Sirkkunen, Clare Cook, Risto Kunelius (eds.)

Tampere: Tampere Research Centre for Journalism, Media and Communication (2012), 125 pp.

"The SuBMoJour study has mapped journalistic startups in nine countries. It has created an online database detailing the business models of journalistic startups that are deemed sustainable (www.SuBMoJour.net) and this accompanying narrative report. The study supports research to date that online en ... more

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The Story So Far: What We Know About the Business of Digital Journalism

Bill Grueskin, Ava Seave, Lucas Graves

New York: Columbia Journalism School, Tow Center for Digital Journalism (2011), 146 pp.

"While this report will examine some traditional, or “legacy,” business models for media, our focus is on the economic issues that news organizations—large and small, old and new—face with their digital ventures. This report focuses on news organizations that do original journalism, defined ... more

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'Hitting the Glass Ceiling': Gender and Media Management in Sub-Saharan Africa

Maria Zuiderveld

Journal of African Media Studies, volume 3, issue 3 (2011), pp. 401-415

"The aim of this study is to discuss the importance of gender in editorial leadership in African countries. Women in leading positions in the media industry work in a traditionally male-dominated area. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with five women on their work in media manag ... more

Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs Deep Insights

Punto de inflexión: Impacto, amenazas y sustentabilidad. Estudio de emprendedores de medios digitales latinoamericanos Deep Insights

Chasing Sustainability on the Net: International Research on 69 Journalistic Pure Players and Their Business Models Deep Insights

Inflection Point: Impact, Threats, and Sustainability. A Study of Latin American Digital Media Entrepreneurs
Deep Insights

Punto de inflexión: Impacto, amenazas y sustentabilidad. Estudio de emprendedores de medios digitales latinoamericanos
Deep Insights

Chasing Sustainability on the Net: International Research on 69 Journalistic Pure Players and Their Business Models
Deep Insights