"This comprehensive guide has four sections taking you through preparations, planning, developing, and implementing to monitoring and evaluating your campaign. We do not expect you to read this document in one sitting, but rather use it as you develop your social media campaign." (How to use this gu
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ide)
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"Few studies have examined the relationships between the different aspects of vaccination communication and vaccine attitudes. We aimed to evaluate the influence of three unique messaging appeal framings of vaccination from two types of messengers on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in India. We surveyed
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534 online participants in India using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) from December 2021 through January 2022. We assessed participants' perception of three messaging appeals of vaccination -COVID-19 disease health outcomes, social norms related to vaccination, and economic impact of COVID-19 - from two messengers, healthcare providers (HCP) and peers. Using a multivariable multinomial logistic regression, we examined participants' ad preference and vaccine hesitancy. Participants expressed a high level of approval for all of the ads, with >80% positive responses for all questions across ads. Overall ads delivered by health care workers were preferred by a majority of participants in our study (n = 381, 71.4%). Ad preference ranged from 3.6% (n=19) social norm/peer ad to 32.4% (n = 173) health outcome/ HCP ad and half of participants preferred the health outcome ad (n = 279, 52.3%). Additionally, vaccine hesitancy was not related to preference (p = .513): HCP vs. peer ads (p = .522); message type (p =.284). The results suggest that all three appeals tested were generally acceptable, as well as the two messenger types, although preference was for the health care provider messenger and health outcome appeal. Individuals are motivated and influenced by a multitude of factors, requiring vaccine messaging that is persuasive, salient, and induces contextually relevant action." (Abstract)
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"The purpose of the current paper is to provide an overview and describe methods in this emerging field, present use cases, describe a future agenda, and raise central questions to be addressed in future digital health research for behavior change. Digital media for behavior change employs three mai
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n methods: (1) digital media interventions, (2) formative research using digital media, and (3) digital media used to conduct evaluations. We examine use cases across several content areas including healthy weight management, tobacco control, and vaccination uptake, to describe and illustrate the methods and potential impact of this emerging field of study. In the discussion, we note that digital media interventions need to explore the full range of functionality of digital devices and their near-constant role in personal self-management and day-to-day living to maximize opportunities for behavior change. Future experimental research should rigorously examine the effects of variable levels of engagement with, and frequency and intensity of exposure to, multiple forms of digital media for behavior change." (Abstract)
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"The Government of Madhya Pradesh is committed to ensure the overall development of all its residents, especially women and children. The Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) works to sustainably improve health and nutrition outcomes for women of reproductive age and children below 6 yea
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rs, enable holistic development and protection of children and ensure safety, equity and empowerment of women. The department implements the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme for improving maternal and infant nutrition and health. It also implements the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) and various other schemes and programmes for health, gender equality and women empowerment. Over the years, a lot of progress has been made. However, there are still a few indicators that are not doing well as expected. Census 2011, National Family Health Survey – 4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21) have found that low sex ratio, lack of women empowerment, experiencing gender-based violence, substance abuse, low female literacy, child marriage and small landholdings are some of the determinants of poor health and empowerment of women and children. Individual and community behaviours, attitudes, social norms and practices are some of the reasons for such indicators.
To bring about an improvement in these indicators and positively transform the status of women and children in Madhya Pradesh, a comprehensive state-specific social and behaviour change (SBC) strategy has been developed for DWCD. This strategy is supported by the recommendations provided in the department’s other policies. The state’s Nutrition Policy (2020-30) emphasizes on the importance of designing SBCC plans in local dialects for its acceptability and greater involvement of the community. The centre’s Poshan Abhiyan which DWCD follows stresses on community mobilisation and behaviour change, highlighting the need to take-up sustained efforts requiring multi-pronged approach and bring grass-root synergy and convergence. The state’s Child Protection Policy (2020) also highlights the need to build awareness and stakeholder capacities to strengthen implementation and the enabling environment to ensure child well-being and protection. This document details the SBC strategy which includes thematic area-wise priority and desired behaviours that should be practised by the target groups for improved indicators, barriers and enablers to its adoption, key messages to be communicated and strategic approach and interventions that will facilitate positive change." (Introduction)
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"Human behavior plays a central role in reducing the spread of coronavirus. Communication by government entities and other trusted sources about desirable or mandated behaviors during the pandemic is critical. As policymakers, funders, and program staff, it is our responsibility to ensure that commu
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nications are clear, concise, and accurate. We can go one step further with messaging that is behaviorally informed, contextually relevant, and communicated through novel delivery channels. Effective communication will ensure that everyone hears, understands, and follows guidance necessary for COVID-19 mitigation." (Page 1)
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"Dieses Buch bietet eine systematische Einführung in die wichtigsten Theorien der Kommunikationswissenschaft und Gesundheitspsychologie sowie deren Anwendung in Kommunikationskampagnen. Basierend auf dem aktuellen Forschungsstand wird aufgezeigt, welche Strategien für die gezielte Veränderung von
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Wissen, Einstellung und Verhalten Erfolg versprechend sind und welche Herausforderungen und Risiken dabei bestehen. Weitere zentrale Themen sind die gesellschaftliche Einbettung von Kampagnen und die Kampagnenevaluation." (Verlagsbeschreibung)
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"To support national advocacy efforts, we’ve created a toolkit for patient organisations, NGOs and individuals working in the field of viral hepatitis. It will equip supporters with the information and knowledge to get their decision-makers to take this problem seriously and push them to act to me
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et the WHO targets, before we miss our opportunity to eliminate viral hepatitis. The toolkit also aims to introduce supporters to advocacy methods that are working across the world to address viral hepatitis, and to understand when their use is appropriate." (About this toolkit)
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"Celebrity endorsements are often sought to influence public opinion. We ask whether celebrity endorsement per se has an effect beyond the fact that their statements are seen by many, and whether on net their statements actually lead people to change their beliefs. To do so, we conducted a nationwid
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e Twitter experiment in Indonesia with 46 high-profile celebrities and organizations, with a total of 7.8 million followers, who agreed to let us randomly tweet or retweet content promoting immunization from their accounts. Our design exploits the structure of what information is passed on along a retweet chain on Twitter to parse reach versus endorsement effects. Endorsements matter: tweets that users can identify as being originated by a celebrity are far more likely to be liked or retweeted by users than similar tweets seen by the same users but without the celebrities' imprimatur. By contrast, explicitly citing sources in the tweets actually reduces diffusion. By randomizing which celebrities tweeted when, we find suggestive evidence that overall exposure to the campaign may influence beliefs about vaccination and knowledge of immunization-seeking behavior by one's network. Taken together, the findings suggest an important role for celebrity endorsement." (Abstract)
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"The GSMA mHealth programme, under the mNutrition Initiative funded by UK aid (the UK Department for International Development, DFID), has been working with mobile network operators (MNOs) and other mobile and health sector stakeholders to support the launch and scale of mobile health (mHealth) valu
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e-added services (VAS). As of December 2017, these services have cumulatively delivered lifesaving maternal and newborn child health (MNCH) and nutrition information to over 1.59 million women and their families across eight Sub-Saharan African markets: Malawi, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia, Uganda and Mozambique (Figure 1). Key findings: Adopting a HCD approach to product development and optimisation led to increased user engagement; mHealth service users demonstrated improved nutrition behaviours over non-users across all implementing markets; mHealth services resulted in an average improvement of 12 percentage points in overall nutrition knowledge among users across all eight markets; Mobile information services improve knowledge, even when existing knowledge around certain nutrition topics is reasonably high; Mobile information services have a stronger impact with poorly understood concepts; Repetition of messages about key health practices reinforces the behaviour; Forty-two per cent of mNutrition service users report sharing the information they learn with their family, friends and communities [...]" (Executive summary)
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"Este libro relata la gestión de la campaña de lucha contra la desnutrición infantil realizada por el Grupo RPP y difundida de forma ininterrumpida a traves de su principal emisora radial, desde el 2006 hasta el 2010. Dicha experiencia representó una apuesta empresarial donde se evidenció que l
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as campañas sociales bien estructuradas, que reciben el compromiso de alta dirección de la institución y logran el involucramiento de los grupos de interés, pueden llegar a ser una eficiente estrategia de responsabilidad social a mediano plazo." (Editorial)
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"Mass distribution campaigns of insecticide-treated nets for malaria prevention are usually accompanied by intensive behaviour change communication (BCC) to encourage hanging and use of nets. However, data on the effectiveness of these communication efforts are scarce. In preparation for the next ro
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und of mass campaigns in Nigeria, a secondary analysis of existing data from post-Campaign surveys was undertaken to investigate the influence of BCC on net hanging and use. Surveys were undertaken between 2009 and 2012 in ten states in Nigeria using standardized questionnaires. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to select households in each study site. Outcomes were defined as the effects of BCC message exposure and recall on knowledge, attitudes, perception as well as intentions and actual use. From the univariable analysis, potential confounders and explanatory variables were identified and key effects explored in multivariable linear or logistic regression models; terms in the models were kept if they had a marginal significance with p<0.2. To quantify the effects from BCC, a treatment effect model was used with an inverse-probability weight regression adjustment. More than half of the respondents (58.4%; 95% CI 56.0, 60.7) had heard a message about net use or hanging during or after the distribution campaign, with media cited as the most common source of information. Attitude towards net use was positively linked to the number of messages recalled and was overall better in the northern study sites. The number of messages recalled was also the strongest predictor of knowledge (p<0.001). All BCC outcomes showed a significant increase in net use, which was strongest for the confidence to take action regarding nets with an overall effect of 17%-point increase of net use comparing poor and excellent confidence levels. Intention to use every night increased net use by 15%-points and discussing net use in the family by 8% points. All these effects were statistically significant (p<0.001). Multichannel BCC campaigns as well as other media were effective in contributing to an increase in net culture, hanging and use, particularly by vulnerable groups." (Abstract)
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"Many people recognise that mass media is important in promoting public health but there have been few attempts to measure how important. An ongoing trial in Burkina Faso (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01517230) is an attempt to bring together the very different worlds of mass media and epidemiology: to me
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asure rigorously, using a cluster-randomised design, how many lives mass media can save in a low-income country, and at what cost. Application of the Lives Saved Tool predicts that saturation-based media campaigns could reduce child mortality by 10–20%, at a cost per disability-adjusted life-year that is as low as any existing health intervention. In this Viewpoint we explain the scientific reasoning behind the trial, while stressing the importance of the media methodology used." (Abstract)
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"Through a systematic review of the literature, this article summarizes and evaluates evidence for the effectiveness of mass media interventions for child survival. To be included, studies had to describe a mass media intervention; address a child survival health topic; present quantitative data fro
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m a low- or middle-income country; use an evaluation design that compared outcomes using pre- and postintervention data, treatment versus comparison groups, or postintervention data across levels of exposure; and report a behavioral or health outcome. The 111 campaign evaluations that met the inclusion criteria included 15 diarrheal disease, 8 immunization, 2 malaria, 14 nutrition, 1 preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV, 4 respiratory disease, and 67 reproductive health interventions. These evaluations were then sorted into weak (n=33), moderate (n=32), and stronger evaluations (n=46) on the basis of the sampling method, the evaluation design, and efforts to address threats to inference of mass media effects. The moderate and stronger evaluations provide evidence that mass media-centric campaigns can positively impact a wide range of child survival health behaviors." (Abstract)
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"Behaviour change communication is vital for increasing the enactment of particular behaviours known to promote health and growth. The techniques used to change behaviour are important for determining how successful the intervention is. In order to integrate findings from different interventions, we
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need to define and organize the techniques previously used and connect them to effectiveness data. This paper reviews 24 interventions and programs implemented to change four health behaviours related to child health in developing countries: the use of bed nets, hand washing, face washing and complementary feeding. The techniques employed are organized under six categories: information, performance, problem solving, social support, materials, and media. The most successful interventions use three or even four categories of techniques, engaging participants at the behavioural, social, sensory, and cognitive levels. We discuss the link between techniques and theories. We propose that program development would be more systematic if researchers considered a menu of technique categories appropriate for the targeted behaviour and audience when designing their studies." (Abstract)
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"To encourage smoking cessation, persuasive messages can be used to raise smokers' risk perception. This article discusses challenges and solutions in designing a study to evaluate the effect of two different communication strategies ("gains from quitting" vs. "losses from continuing smoking") in en
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couraging calls to a quitline. The authors conducted an intervention study in two subway stations for 4 weeks, considering only 1 strategy per station. Large posters containing non-age-specific images and texts, on the basis of the theme "shortness of breath," were displayed on central dividing columns on the boarding platforms. Call rates from the selected stations, and respective rate ratios, overall and per study week, were calculated. Passengers who were smokers, exposed to the positive-content message, called on average 1.7 times more often than did those exposed to the negative-content message (p = .01). Moreover, call rate ratios did not decline over the 4 weeks of the study (p = .40). The effectiveness findings suggest that antismoking campaigns could use positive-content messages in order to recruit a larger smoker population. The proposed methodology can also be used to evaluate effectiveness of messages for "capturing" individuals with other health problems (e.g., alcohol abuse), thereby increasing its potential impact." (Abstract)
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"Working on Health Communication provides a practical guide to the process of designing, implementing and evaluating campaigns. The book follows the campaign design process step-by-step. It covers every stage from selecting theoretical models and identifying the message and target audience, right th
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rough to running the campaign and evaluating its success. "Real-life examples" of actual campaigns are used throughout to show how theoretical ideas work in practice." (Back cover)
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"The purpose of this document is to highlight cases in which Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) interventions have contributed to a positive outcome of tuberculosis (TB) control activities directed to a range of audiences and settings. It is intended for on-the-ground stakeholder
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s who are interested in successfully integrating ACSM strategies and activities into TB control programming, as well as for decision-makers who can provide greater political and financial support for ACSM activities at the national, sub-national and international level. ACSM is a relatively new technical component within the Stop TB Strategy, but its application is increasing quickly. In recent years, many partners and countries have adopted ACSM models – notably including the engagement of communities and patients in TB care and prevention – with the purpose of expanding the reach of TB programmes in innovative and effective ways. A significant differentiator of ACSM strategies is their focus on patient and community empowerment. This element promotes the integration of community-based programming into the otherwise medical and vertical health service delivery model that has traditionally been employed by TB control programmes." (Introduction)
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"This handbook is primarily intended for staff that plan, organize and supervise tuberculosis (TB) control activities at the national level. Because tackling TB requires commitment and work at all levels, this guide can also be used by TB control staff at the provincial, state, and regional levels;
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by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and others involved in TB control, including communications officers, epidemiologists, program supervisors, TB medical specialists, nurses, bacteriologists, statisticians, health educators, logistics officers and trainers. Health managers of refugee and displaced population camps, prisons and large private enterprises, such as factories and mines, will also find this handbook useful. Additionally, teachers in medical, nursing, laboratory and public health schools may find valuable information for training their students in effective, multi-disciplinary TB control." (About this handbook)
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"The Spot on Malaria guide focuses on malaria prevention and treatment messages and ways to tailor them to reach communities often missed by national malaria programmes. The guide shows how to adapt or localise materials from national malaria programmes and how to create original radio spots or adve
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rtisements to respond to local needs. It offers tools to help navigate the production process. The guide also encourages collaboration with colleagues and local experts. It suggests that gathering a team to provide advice and share some of the work will make the products stronger. The Spot on Malaria guide takes the reader through a 7-step process for planning, adapting or creating, testing and producing radio spots. It also offers tips on: securing adequate and appropriate airtime; deciding whether to use free or paid airtime; monitoring and evaluating spots. The Spot on guide also includes: resources about malaria, radio and communication - many available free on the web; planning, research and implementation tools, including a sample pretesting guide and screener; more than 15 sample scripts on various malaria topics, including treatment, insecticide-treated nets and intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant women; a sample five-day agenda for conducting a Spot On training workshop; a glossary of malaria, radio, research and scriptwriting terms." (Communication Initiative)
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